Byte Sep 1980
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Byte Sep 1980
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OFTEN FIRST ·ALWAYS THE BEST When we introduced the "S" system l~st year we knew that we were ahead of the industry. We didn't realize just how far.WE KNEW THE NEEDS-When we began designing the S/ 09 computer! we knew that the normal eight-bit microprocessor sys tem was not adequate for any but the smallest, single user business applications . What was worse there was little that could be done to expand the capabilities of the system if the customer neeqed it. There is nothing much worse to a business customer than a "dead end" system .MEMORY IS THE KEY-Obviously a business system should be able to operate with multiple terminals if needed. It shou Id also be able to do a variety of jobs; not just data processing, but also word processing _and·com puter aided instruction. With a system limited to 64K bytes of memory addresses such a system is just not practical. The amount of user memory available to each terminal is too small for useful work .HOW DO YOU GET IT-The common solution to this problem is called bank switching. This process is similar to a selector switch that turns on the bank of memory that you want to work with. This, however, has a few pro blems. It is inefficient, therefore expensive, plus being slow. It is also extremely clumsy when data must be exchanged between two different pro grams. Besides with all this you still cannot use more than 64K of memory for any one program . So what is the alternative?DO IT RIGHT-The alternative is an address bus with more than the normal 16 bits found on eight-bit microproces sors. By using 20 address bits you can, for instance, address up to a million memory locations directly.This way you have access to any part of memory at any time without any intermediate processe~. Pro gram interaction is now no problem at all. ,~SOFTWARE MUST MATCH-So far we have a computer system with a large memory capacity and the ability to operate with many terminals, but this is not enough . You need an operating system just as sophisticated as thehardware to complete the job. It must be a multi tasking (therefore multiuser) operating system and it must be fast if it is to be useful with multiter minal systems. UniF LEX® fills these requirements and more . It also has multiple directories, log-in and password features. UniF LEX® was patterned after UNIXT.M.,which is one of the most highly re garded operating systems around.PERIPHERALS TOO-To complete the system we offer our smart ter minals, and a variety of disk systems. We have everthing from a 390K byte floppy to a 40 Meg/ byte Winchester drive. All peripherals are compa tible and so you can start with a small single terminal system and upgrade if necessary to a fully expanded system-16 terminals, 768 bytes of RAM memory and 96 Meg/bytes of disk storage.GET THE WHOLE STORY-If you are planning to install, or sell business systems you should get our information package on the most versatile and cost effective system on the market, the S/09 . You can get a 128K system (less printer) for a little over $5,000.00.*UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories.SYSTEM SOFTWARELanguages Assembler BASIC FORTRAN Pascal PILOTData Processing General Ledger Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable Payroll Job cost Inventory Mai I ListOperating Systems FLEX* UniFLEXWord Processing Word Processing Editor Text ProcessorUtilities Debug Package Sort-Merge Diagnostics *Supplied with over 40 utilitiesSOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION219 W. RHAPSODYSAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216(512) 344-0241Circle 353 on inquiry card.Management Information DisplayLOW-PRICED, TOOHere' s a color display that has everything: professional-level resolution, enormous color range, easy software, NTSC conformance, and low price .Basically, this new Cromemco Model SDI* is a two-board interface that plugs into any Cromemco computer.The SDI then maps computer display memory content onto a convenient color monitor to give high-quality, high resolution displays (756 H x 482 V pixels) .When we say the SDI results in a highquality professional display, we mean you can't get higher resolution than this system offers in an NTSC-conformingdisplay. The resolution surpasses that of a colorTV picture.BASIC/FORTRAN programmingBesides its high resolution and low price, the new SDI lets you control with optional Cromemco software packages that use simple BASIC- and FORTRAN like commands.Pick any of 16 colors (from a 4096-color palette) with instructions like DEFCLR (c, R, G, B) . Or obtain a circle of specified size, location, and color with XCIRC (x, y, r, c).' U.S. Pat. No . 41 21283 TModel SDI High-Resolution Color Graphics Interface HIGH RESOLUTIONThe SOi ' s high resolution gives a professional-quality display that strictly meets NTSC requirements . You get 756 pixels on every visible line of the NTSC standard display of 482 image lines. Ver tical line spacing is 1 pixel.To achieve the high-quality display, a separate output signal is produced for each of the three component colors (red, green, blue) . This yields a sharper image than is possible using an NTSC-composite video signal and color TV set. Full image quality is readily realized with our high quality RGB Monitor or any conventional red/green/blue monitor common in TV work.~ttModel SDI plugs into Z-2H 11-megabyte hard disk computer or any CromemcocomputerDISPLAY MEMORYAlong with the SDI we also offer anoptional fast and novel two-port memorythat gives independent high-speed access to the computer memory. The two-port memory stores one full display, permit ting fast computer operation even during display.CONTACT YOUR REP NOWThe Model SDI has been used in scien tific work, engineering, business, TV, color graphics, and other areas. It' s a good example of how Cromemco keeps computers in the field up to date, since it turns any Cromemco computer into an up-to-date color display computer .The SDI has still more features that you should be informed about. So contact your Cromemco representative now and see all that the SDI will do for you .Circle 1 on Inquiry card.[3\ ~1:'!~~~~.~280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 · (415) 964-7400~ Tomorrow's computers todayBYTE September 1980 1Here's the state of the art in low-cost hard-disk computers 11 MEGABYTES OF FAST HARD-DISK STORAGE Yes, the Cromemco Model Z-2H is in a class by itself in the computer field.These Z-2H features tell you why:· 11 megabytes of hard-disk storage · 64 kilobytes of fast RAM · Two dual-sided floppy disk drives · Z-SOA type processor · Fast 4 MHz operation-150 nanosecond access time · Fast hard-disk transfer rate of5.6 megabits/second · Low costAnd that's not all you get. Not nearly.BROAD SOFTWARE SUPPORT You also get Cromemco software support-the broadest software support in the microcomputer field. Soft ware that Cromemco is known for. Like this:· Structured BASIC · FORTRAN IV · RATFOR (RATional FORtran) ·COBOL · Z-80 Macro Assembler · Word Processing System · Data Base ManagementAnd more all the time.FIELD PROVENThe Z-2H is clearly in a class by it self. We introduced it last summer. It's field proven. It's reliable.And it's rugged. Housed in a sturdy, all-metal cabinet.EASILY EXPANDABLEAs always with Cromemco, you get expandability. The fast 64K RAM in this Model Z-2H can be expanded to 512 kilobytes. That amount of RAM combined with 11 megabytes of hard d isk storage gives you enormouscomputer power-the equal or even beyond what much larger computers sometimes offer.What's more, this computer gives you a 12-slot card cage. That's to plug in your special circuits as well as additional RAM and interface cards.This expandability is supported by still more Cromemco value- the Z-2H's heavy-duty power supply that gives you 30A at 8V and 1SA at ± 18V to support plug-ins.LOW COST - SEE IT NOWThe Z-2H is real. It's been in the field for many months. It's proven itself.You should see the Z-2H now. Con tact a Cromemco representative and arrange for a demo. Learn that Cro memco is a survey-winner for reli ability.And learn that the Z-2H is under $10K.In the long run it always pays to get the best.Circle 1 on inquiry card.[3 ~t:'!~~~~e~ 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 · (415) 964-7400 Tomorrow's computers todayPage 26 Page 46 Page 76 Page 126Rill September 1980Volume 5, Number 9Foreground26 BUILD A LOW-COST, REMOTE DATA-ENTRY TERMINALby Steve CiarciaThis terminal increases the flexibility of computer home-control systems.46 AN 8088 PROCESSOR FOR THE S-100 BUS, Part 1 by Tom CantrellPart 1 covers the basic design considerations of an S-100 processor board based on Intel 's 8088 microprocessor.86 PENNY PINCHER'S JOYSTICK INTERFACE by Steven WexlerFor about $6 and one night's work , you can add this interface to your sys tem .116 APL CHARACTER GENERATOR by John W Langer This is a simple modification for any video display employ ing the MCM6571 character generator. 126 CONSTRUCTION OF A FOURTH-GENERATION VIDEO TERMINAL, Part 2 by Theron Wierenga Part 2 helps you to complete the construction of the terminal and learn to use the built-in debugging features.242 KHACHIYAN'S ALGORITHM, Part 2: Problems with the Algorithmby G C Berresford, A M Rockett, and J C StevensonA practical BASIC program can be used to explore the power and lim itations of this new algorithm .270 EXPLORING BALLISTICS WITH YOUR COMPUTER by Robert W JenksThis BASIC program helps the target shooter to calculate the complex path of bullets.282 AN INTERRUPT-DRIVEN REAL-TIME CLOCK FOR THE TMS 9900by Thomas G Morris JrThree selectable interrupt rates make the Texas Instruments 16-bit processor count time .328 A BASIC FLOPPY-DISK ACCOUNTING SYSTEM by Joseph J RoehrigHere's a complete six-program package to keep your budget records in order.Background76 DISSECTING THE TI SPEAK & SPELL by Michael A RigsbyWith these notes you can move toward the eventual goa l of ge tting this toy to talk under personal compu ter control.102 MACHINE PROBLEM SOLVING, Part 1: Trial-and Error Search, AMechanical Plan to Save the Missionaries by Peter W FreySimple games help to ex press this method of solving problems with compu ters.180 FCC REGULATION OF PERSONAL- AND HOME-COMPUTINGDEVICES by Terry G Mahn New rulings by the FCC will affect the use and manufacture of personal computers . 206 VARIETIES OF THREADED CODE FOR LANGUAGE IMPLEMENTATION by Terry Ritter and Gregory Walker Some kinds of threaded code are position and system independent. 230 EDUCATION FORUM: NEW CULTURES FROM NEW TECHNOLOGIESby Seymour PapertChildren should learn to compute in the same way they learn to talk .Nucleus6 Editorial: Intellectual Ethics and Software14 Letters 66, 322, 324 Programming Quickies 304, 308, 310 Book Reviews 94 Languages Forum 96, 194, 314, 318, 321, 326 TechnicalForum 114, 312 BYTE's Bits164 BYTELINES 172 Ask BYTE 256 Clubs and Newsletters 260 Event Queue 268, 313 BYTE's Bugs 336 What's New 398 Unclassified Ads 399 BOMB, BOMB Results 400 Reader ServiceSeptember 1980 © BYTE Publications In c 3Publishers Virginia Londoner, Gordon R Williamson Associate Publisher John E Hayes Assistant Cheryl A Hurd Founding Editor Carl T Helmers Jr Editor-in -C h i e f Christopher P Morgan Editors Richard S Shuford, Gregg Williams, Curtis P Feigel, Harold Nelson Stan Miastkowski Consulting Editor Mark Dahmke Book Editor Bruce A Roberts Chief Copy Editor David William Hayward Copy Editors Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson , Robin M Moss, Anthony J Lockwood Assistant to the Editors Faith Ferry Assistants Debe Wheeler, Karen A Cilley New Products Editor Clubs, Newsletters Charles Freiberg Drafting Jon SwansonProduction Director Nancy Estle Assistant Production Director Christine Dixon Production/Advertising Coordinator Wai Chiu Li Production Art Holly Carmen LaBossiere, Deborah Porter Chief Typographer Sherry McCarthy Typographers Debi Fredericks, Donna SweeneyAdvertising Director Thomas Harvey Assistants Ruth M Walsh, Ms. Marion Gagnon Barbara J Greene, Janet AmesSpecial Projects Coordinator Jill E Callihan Marketing Coordinator Laura A HansonCirculation Manager Gregory Spitzfaden Assistants Agnes E Perry, Melanie Bertoni, Barbara Varnum, Louise Menegus, Andrew Jackson Dealer Sales Thomas YanniController Daniel Rodrigues Assistant Mary E Fluhr Accounts Receivable Specialist Karen Burgess Accounts Receivable Assistant Jeanne CilleyReceptionist Jacqueline Earnshaw Traffic Department Mark Sandagata, Rob HanningsOfficers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company : Paul F. McPherson , President; Executive Vice Presidents: James E. Boddorf , Gene W. Simpson ; Group Vice President: Daniel A. McMillan ; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson , Business Systems Development ; Stephen C. Croft, Manufacturing; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E. Hackett , Controller; William H. Hammond , Communications; Eric B. Herr, Planning and Development; John W. Patten , Sales; Edward E. Schirmer, International.Officers of the Corporation: Harold W McGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board; Robert F Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J Webb, Treasurer.BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc , 70 Main St , Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-owned subsidiary ofMcGraw-Hill , Inc . Address all mail except subscriptions to above address: phone (603) 924·9281 . Address subscriptions,change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Controlled circulation postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 · USPS Publication No . 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadiansecond class registration number 9321 . Subscriptions are $18 for one year, $32 for two years , and $46 for three years in theUSA and its possessions . In Canada and Mexico, $20 for one year, $36 for two years , $52 for three years. $32 for one year airdelivery to Europe. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copyprice is $2.50 in the USA and its possessions , $2.95 in Canada and Mexico, $4.00 in Europe, and $4 .50 elsewhere. Foreignsubscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank . Printed in United States of America.Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned ifaccompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by theauthors are not necessarily those of BYTE . Entire contents copyright © 1980 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved.BYTE ® is available in microform from University Microfilms International , 300 N Zeeb Rd , Dept PR , Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row , Dept PR , London WC1R 4EJ ENGLAND.Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485eMemberOffice hours : Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM , Friday 8:30 AM - Noon , Eastern Time Aud.i\ Bureauof CirculationsNATIONAL ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES:NORTHEAST (817) 444-3946Hajar Associates 280 Hillside Ave. Needham Heights MA 02194MIDWEST (312) 884-3467 Hajar Associates 2405 Lawndale Evanston IL 60201EAST & SOUTH (212) 682-5644 Hajar Associates 521 Fifth Ave. New York NY 10017SOUTHWEST (714) 540·3554NORTHWEST (415) 964·0706Haj ar Associates1000 Elwell Ct., Suite 227 'J.lPalo Alto CA 943031,4 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc- - + Circle 2 on inquiry card.MICROANCELOHIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERbySCIONCORPORATIONRS-170 com posite or direct drive outputLocal orexternal sync generation4or5Mhz Z80 micro proc or60 hertz real time clock8 leve1 interrupt tie-mIEEE SlOO bus compatibleScreenwareTM Pak IA 4K byte operating system resident in PROM on MicroAngelo!M Pak I emulates an 85 char acter by 40 line graphics terminal and provides over 40 graphics commands. Provisions exist for user-defined character sets and directly callable user extensions to Screenware Pak I.SCION Corporation8455-D Tyco Road Vienna, Va. 22180(703) 827-0888Light pen interfaceTime multi plexed refresh4K resident Screenware 'M Pale l operatmg system32KRAM isolated from host address spaceHigh speed communica tions over parallel busportsHost Resident Terminal SoftwareAn interface software package that coordi nates input/output from the MicroAngeloTM graphics board, the MicroAngeloTMkeyboard, and your computer. The result is a flexible, yet sophisticated graphics terminal.Europeain Dlalrlbutor.Micro Diversions UK ltd.17/19 Mesnes Street Wigan, Engl·nd WN 1 1OP09-423 4 11Now-Break Through The 64K Micro-Memory Limit!SWEET SIXTEEN E~it()Pial Bank Selectable 16K Static RAM,l·i .~~SAVE $50.Q.9 LIMITED TIME OFFERDon't buy any more antique RAMs (RAM without bank select) - now there 's Netronic's new SWEET SIXTEEN board featuring auniversal soft ware bank select syst em. SWEET SIXTEEN is capable of addressing 2.048 different banks. With SWEET SIXTEEN boards you can add mem ory beyond the 64K limit. or expand to a multi terminal system.LOOK AT THESE FEATURES:· 300 NS, low power 2114's. · Software Bank Selector - Universal decoderworks with Cromenco. Alph a Mi cro. Netronics. most other systems. or your design . Onboard dip swit ches , Bank Se lect Enabl e: Reset Enabl e: Reset Di sable : Port Address: Port Data . · All Inputs And Outputs meet the proposed IEEE standards for the S-100 bus. · 4.0 MHz Operation. · Schmitt Trigger Buffer on all signa ls for maximum noi se immun ity.· Addressable On 16k Boundaries. 0-64k. dip swi tch se lec tabl e.· Phantom Option, dip switch selectable. · PWR/MWRITE Option, dip switch se lectable. · LED Indicator to display stat us. · Glass Epoxy PC Board with gold-p lated contactsand double-sided so lder mask. · Fully Socketed. · Four Separate Regulators for maxi mumstability.10-0ay Mon11y-811ck Policy For Wir11d & T11sted Unit: Try a fu ll y wired board - then either keep it . return it for kil. or simply return it in working condi tion . Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers· ···· ·. · · ·. Outside Connecticut: ····· · ······CALL TOLL FREE:800-243- 7428From Connecti cut Or For Ass is1ance.: ·(2031 354-9375: Please send the items checked bel ow:D SWEET SIXTEEN kit; No . S-16 . (reg . price$249 95) now $199.95* D SWEET SIXTEEN. fully assembled , tested,burned in; No. S-16W (reg . price $289 95)now S239 95* *Plus S2 postage & insurance . Connecticut residentsadd sales tax.Total Enclosed: S - - - - - - - - - 0 Persona l Check D Money Order/Cashier's Check0 VISA 0 Master Charge (Bank No.)Acct. No .Exp . Date_ _Si g n a t u r e - - - - - - - - - - - PNraimnte _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __Address - - - - - - - - - - - City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ _ __l\\NETRONICSRESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT. LTD .333 litchlield Rd.. New Milford. CT 06776Intellectual Ethics and SoftwareAn Inquiry Into the Nature of Ideas, Academia, and Commerce Carl HelmersRecently, I encountered an old problem again . A problem in this sense is a body of questions and my tentative answers . An old problem is like an old jacket. You get familiar with the intricacies of its individual creases, wrinkles, and holes. It may not be currently stylish, or even in the best of conditions. Yet it is hardly worth throwing out because of a shared body of experience. So, I had long ago packed this problem away in my mental baggage.The problem I refer to is ethical in nature; it has epistemological attributes as well. It is the problem of interfacing the world of ideas with the world of com merce . In its simplest form it is a two-part question: "who originated an idea?" and "what is the value of that idea?" The problem, which has great practical implications in our technological civilization, is that of encouraging innova tion by means of rewards in the worlds of ideas and commerce. The ethical position implicit in my viewpoint is simple honesty. Its intellectual expression is that credit should be given where credit is due in a freely operating world of ideas. In a laissez-faire world of commerce, its expression is that value in the marketplace should be given where value is due, in a framework of freely chosen relationships.We humans have two worlds of activity: the intellectual world and the world of commerce. Each has its own characteristics. One deals with ideas and thoughts freely expressed. The other deals with material goods freely traded in the marketplace . We can engage in both of these very natural human pursuits to the extent that we are politically free of arbitrary laws and interference.What, you might ask, brings about a discussion of ethics in the marketplace at this time? The particular impetus to this discussion is an incident that came to my knowledge at a recent trade show. Inasmuch as the incident is far from closed, I will not disclose the names of the parties involved. But the situation in its abstract form is worth using to explore some of the ethical problems of commerce in ideas, particularly software for small computers.Several years ago, a small group of academics began pursuing a particular line of inquiry that related to the nature of computer design for human interac tion . The charter of this group of researchers might have been expressed as: "Find the problems of human interaction with computers, and experiment with any solutions you may find. " As in any academic pursuit, the inquiry generated many published papers over more than a decade. The fact that these papers also generated some exciting hardware and systems software entered the picture along the way.Both the software and hardware developments of this group's research have been and are generously underwritten by the sponsoring organization where the activity takes place. In fact, the sponsoring organization did not expect the research to have any immediate practical expression in the marketplace, because it was basic research.6 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Pub licatio ns Inc"For reliable data storage, I recommend systems with Shugart dl·Sk dri·ves'' TomKnight,Presidem-· Nycom, Los Altos, California"The last thing you need when you put your personal computer or small business system to work is a disk drive that you can't rely on. If the drive quits, your system 1s out of business~'That's why more and more manu facturers and dealers depend on Shugart disk drives for reliable data storage. These professionals don't want disk drive prob lems any more than you do. Shugart has aT 1\1 -,\1inilfoppy i ~ a traJt.:mark o f Shugart A :.-., rn.:1atc-,.large family of drives, too-in all sizes and capacities to suit your system storage needs. For the smaller system, the original 51/i-inch Mini.floppy ·· stores 250 to 500 kilobytes (single or double-sided)-that's about 50 to 100 pages of printed material. Our single and double-sided 8-inch floppys store 800 to 1600 kilobytes. And for systems that need a larger data base, our 8-inch or 14-inch fixed disk drivesstore from 5 to 58 megabytes. No other manufacturer offers such a wide variety of disk storage for personal computer and small business systems.Word processing, general business, accounting-big system or small, you can rely on Shugart drives.We're known as the Headstrong company for good reason. We're Headstrong about reliability, quality, and value. Ask your dealer. He knows us.Relyonthe Headstrong Compa~~ ® Shugart475 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale , California 94086OUR PRICES Naturally, the members of theARE group communicated with others at similar academic and industrialTOO LOW research laboratories of the land, by means of conversations at con ferences and meetings, as well as writTO ten communications of academic pro fessional organizations. This type ofcommunications between peers is anADVERTISE! essential part of any productive research field . In short, word of theirCHECK THEM-CALL TOLL FREE!ideas got out. Enter the publicist.800-243-7428 Now, intellectually and ethically we cannot argue with the followingLOOK WHAT WE OFFER! ,thought: when an opportunity is available to pursue some perceived value, we should go ahead and pur· HAZELTINE sue it. There is no way one could complain about this kind of actionTerminals since it is the essence of human ac tivities. This attitude is a prelude to· CENTRONICS all research and innovation. The publicist had all the rightPrinters words. He was fluent in the jargon of computers. He perceived the enthus· LEAR-SIEGLER iasm with which the researchers described their activities personallyTerminals/ Printers and in print. He thought it would be good to tell the world about what was· DATAPRODUCTSgoing on. And that is what he pro ceeded to do by means of a selfPrinterspublished work which was indeed ahead of the technology of practical· ANADEXgeneral-purpose microcomputers. Up to this point, our publicist hadPrintersdone nothing to which we could ob ject. He was taking published works,analyzing them and pointing out theBE SMARTimplications that these works have. But having caught the enthusiasm, he was beginning to grow impatient.DON'T BUY After all, our researcher friends are involved in research, not in entrepreneurial activities. What ourUNTIL YOU publicist had done, however, was create among people stimulated bysmall computers an intellectual andCHECK OUR commercial demand for an excellent concept.PRICES! Enter the entrepreneurial program mer. He is the archetypal program mer who, given a challenge, immedi__ MASTERCHARGEately proceeds to code. Probably as a result of the ballyhoo created by the__ VISA __ CODpublicist, the entrepreneurial pro__ PERSONAL CHECK __ MONEY ORDERgrammer proceeded to dig up the published works of our thinker friends.These works were indeed complete,l\\NETRONICS and can be found in the technical journals published during the 1970s.RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT. LTD . They even include all the information333 Litchfield Rd . New Milford. CT 06776 necessary for the entrepreneurial programmer to implement a version of one of the crude, early approaches our researcher friends investigated in their pursuit of the problem. Now, as a published work, these documents were intended for use by other researchers and anyone else with a programming problem.The problem arises when we ex amine the manner in the which the publicist was going to use the pub lished works of our researchers. It is one thing to implement a version of a program and sell the particular exam ple as a toy. But it is quite another thing to name it the same as our researchers' ongoing project, imply in advertising that it is the same (when it is not) , and generally imply that its use is sanctioned by its original authors at the research establishment. This is not the same as simply crediting the source in a published work and proceeding to implement a version under a different name and with particular variations.Here, we find the complicity of the publicist and the entrepreneurial pro grammer as a pair. The publicist now had an opportunity to reach for the brass ring of the software that our research friends had not yet made available to him . He found the ring in the entrepreneurial programmer's product. So, the publicist has recently been pushing the entrepreneurial pro grammer's product at whatever forum he can find. This situation had been fermenting for some time when all parties showed up at a recent con vention.The situation came to a head at the convention when our researcher friends arrived on the scene. I became involved to the extent of providing a sympathetic ear in conversation with one of my friends from the laboratory in question. By all reports, the en trepreneurial programmer later be came involved in some heated dis cussion of these points with the pub licist, my research friends , and several individuals well aware of the issues involved (not including myself) .As of this writing, the matter re mains unresolved. The entrepreneur still has not decided whe ther to change the name of his program or not, but I hope that, through the mediation of several individuals who know the facts of the matter, he will recognize the error of his ways and, in so doing , learn a bit about the in8 Sep tembe r 1980 _i::. BYTE Pub lic ati o ns IncAt lntersystems, 'tlump'' is an instruction. Not a way of life. (Ot; when you're readv for IEEE S-100l will your computer be ready for you?) We're about to be gadflies again. While everyone's been busytrying to convince you that large buses hou sed in stro ng metal boxes wi 11 guarantee versa ti Iity and ward off obsolescence, we've been busy with something better. Solving the real problem with the first line of computer products built from the ground up to con form to the new IEEE 5-700 Bus Standard. Offering you extra ver sat ility in 8-bit app licat ion s today. And a full 16 bits tomorrow .We ca ll our new lin e Series WM And even if you don't need the full 24-bit add ress for up to 16 megabytes (!) of memory right now, they're something to think about. Because of all the performance, flexibility and economy they offer. Whether you're look ing at a new mainframe, expandi ng your present one or upgrading your system with an eye to the future . (Series II boards are com patible with most ex isting S-100 systems and a// IEEE S-100 Stan dard cards as other manufacturers get around to building them.)Consider some of the fea tures: Reliable operation to 4MHz and beyond. Full compatibility with 8- and 16-bit CPUs, pe ripherals and other devices. Eight levels of prioritized interrupts. Up to 16 individually-addressable OMA devices, with IEEE Sta nd ard overlapped operat ion. User-selec table functions addressed by DIP switch or jumpers, elimin ating so l dering. And that 's ju st for openers.The best part is that al l this heady stuff is avai lab le now! In our advanced processor - a full IEEE Bus Master featuring Memory MapTM addressing to a fu ll mega byte. Our fast, flexible 16K Static RAM and 64K Dynamic RAM boards . An incredibly versat il e andeconomica l 2-seria l, 4-parallel Multiple 1/ 0 board . 8-bit A/ D-0/A converter. Our Double-Density High-Speed Disk Controller. And what is undoubtedly the most flex ible front panel in the business. Everything you need for a com plete IEEE S-100 system. Available separate ly, or all together in our new DPS-1 Mainframe!Whatever your needs, why dump your money into obsolete products labe ll ed " IEEE timing compatib le" or other words peo ple use to make up for a lack of product. See the future now, at your lntersystems dealer or cal l/ write for our new cata log. We'll tell you all about Ser ies II and the new IEEE S-100 Bus we helped pioneer. Because it doesn ' t make sense to buy yesterday's products when tomorrow's are already here .Dooaceo~~JY~aceooo~TMIthaca lntersystems Inc. , 1650 Hanshaw Road / PO. Box 91, Ithaca, NY 14850 607-25 7-0190/TWX: 510 255 4346 tellectual versus co mmercial rea lmsTbs days of complicat11d, unr11/iab/11, dynamic RAM ar11 gon11:of endeav o r. I ha ve lea rned tha t so me sort of decisio n w ill proba bl y havebeen made by the tim e you rea d thi s.As fo r the publicist, he continu es inhi s inimita ble sty le to spin w hee ls offa ncy .In th e intellectua l ma rke tpl ace ofideas , the coin o f the rea lm isINTRODUCINGth o ught. He or she who owns aJ I · reputation as a result of careful th ought has a purse full of go lden coins ready fo r the bazaar of ideas. A ma rketplace of ideas or commerce is athe ultrabyte memory boardhuman activity where all pa rties$19 9. 95 (completekit ) with 16K memorybenefit as a part of trade. One ca nnot expect willing and b ountiful tradingNetronics consistently offers innovative products at un beatable prices. And here we go again -with JAWS,the ultrabyte 64K S100 memory board.ONE CHIP DOES IT ALLJAWS solves the problems of dynamic RAM with astate-of-the-art chip from Intel that does it all. Intel'ssingle chip 64K dynamic RAM controller eliminates high-current logic parts . . . delay lines massive heat sinks . .. unreliable trick circuits.REMARKABLE FEATURES OF JAWSLook what JAWS offers you: Hidden refresh . . fastperformance ... low power consumption ... latcheddata outputs 200 NS 4116 RAMs . . . on-boardcrystal ... BK bank selectable . . fully socketed .solder mask on both sides of board ... designed for8080, 8085, and ZBO bus signals ... works in Explorer,Sol. Horizon, as well as all other well-designed SlOO computers.I GIVEYOURCOMPUTERABIGBmoFMEMORYPOWERWITHJA~-SAVEUPTOl900NIINTRODUCTORYLIMITED-OFFERSPECIAi. PRICES/UNDECIDED? TRY A WIREO /GK JAw.I' IN YOUR COMPUTER ON OURI0-0A Y MONEY- BACK OFFER (Sl'fCIFY YOUR COMPUTER).-------------~-------------- ·CONTINENTAL U.S.A. CREDIT CARD IUYERS OUT SIDE CONJrUCTICUT CAlL·: CALL TOLL FREE 800-243·7428 :!li\\iiiRDNlc's·~·~~~t~~~5E~TDL~~j333 Litchfield Road, New Milford,CT06776 1Please send the items checked below:0 JAWS 16K RAM kit. No. 6416, $199.95." [l JAWS 16K RAM fully anembted, tested, burned in,No. 6416W. $229.95 · Cl JAWS 32K RAM kit. No. 6432, (reg. price $329.95).SPECIAL PRICE $299 .95.· Cl JAWS 32K RAM fully anembled, tested, burned in,No. 6432W, (reg. price $369.95). SPECIAL PRICE $339.95 .·Cl JAWS 48K RAM kit. No. 6448, (reg. price $459.951.SPECIAL PRICE $399.95.*Cl JAWS 48K fully assembled, tested, burned in. No.6448W. (reg price $509 95) , SPECIAL PRICE$449.95.* CJ JAWS 64K RAM kit. No. 6464, (reg. price $589 95).SPECIAL PRICE $499.95.*CJ JAWS 64K RAM fully anembled, tested, burned in. No. 6464W. (reg. price $649 95) . SPECIAL PRICE $559.95 .*CJ Expansion kit. JAWS 16K RAM module. to expand any of the above in 16K blocks up to 64K. No. 16EXP. $129.95.· "All prices plus $2 postage and handling. Connecticut residents add sales tax. Total enclosed : $_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~CJ Personal Check CJ Money order or Cashiers CheckCJ VISACl MASTER CHARGE (Bank No. _·· JAcct. No. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Exp. Date _ _Signature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __Print Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __City _ _._Stat eZip _ _ __c2 1_ m! ~e~d_ ~~':_i~~~!!_o~ _____________ _w hen one party plays by a set of rul es different a nd incompa tibl e from th e o ther 's se t.The producti ve results of inn ova ti on a nd th ought ca rry a requirement fo r th e respec t of the rules of the ga me. One of these rul es in th e in tell ec tu a l wo rld could be sta ted "th o u sha lt no t ta ke th y neighbo r's reputa ti on as thine ow n ." When you use a n idea , credit its source where ap p ro pria te, but d o no t pretend to impl y that your version of the th ought is the sa me.It is perfectly fine to use an inspira tion from someone's published thought in a commercial product of your own. But be sure that you make clear that the product is your own ! Credit the inspiration to be sure. However, if you do not have an en dorsement from the source of the in spiration, do not attempt to advertise that thought in any way as a product endorsed by the source of the inspira tion.Naturally , the ideal state is that in which the researcher is also able to capitalize directly on the results of his or her innovation. By being the first to it and the best able to understand the problem, an inestimable advan tage is gained over the nonoriginal machinations of those who merely implement the published designs.The main rewards of research must be understood for what they are: an appreciation of difficult problems and the satisfaction of seeing them through to a better understanding.Occasionally in research a com mercial gold mine is found that ex udes some of its wealth on the in novator . But this is a small part of motivation for a life of ideas. The in novator's reputation is based on a mutual trust and fascination withideas . Entrepreneurs with a long-term point of view respect this trust by avoiding any semblance of potential violation of that trust. End of com mentary .* * *A NoteThe lives of individuals are marked by a series of changes through growth _ Enterprises evolve in much the same way. BYTE has gone through many such changes. It began as an idea in the minds of my associates and me five years ago. After much hard work it matured to the point where it now has a circula tion in excess of 160,000 and an assured future as a member of the family of magazines published by McGraw-Hill. This issue marks the fifth anniversary of BYTE's first issue, published in September 1975.Since BYTE has matured to the point where a founder's day-to-day input is no longer a requisite to the continued health of the venture, I am now in the fortunate position of being able to indulge in my other interests and goals. While continuing with many of the functions at BYTE that have occupied me over the last five years, I will be able to engage in con sulting activities related to the technology of, and markets for, small computer systems. Such activities have always been of great interest to me. Only with the evident maturity of BYTE and the cooperation of McGraw-Hill am I now able to spend about half of my time on such ven tures.The day-to-day operations of the magazine will be in the very capable hands of my successors, Chris Morgan and the technical editors of BYTE's staff. My new relationship with BYTE is reflected in a new title on the masthead: "Founding Editor. " With my continued intimate involve ment with BYTE, I shall truly have the best of both worlds.. . .CH·The American Economic System.We should all learn more about il .10 September 1980 © BYTE Publ icatio ns IncCirc le 3 o n inquiry card . ....... Maybe we cansave you a call. Many people have called with the same questions about the AIO. We'll answer those and a few more here .Q: Does the AIO have hardware handsh a kin g'' A: Yes. The se rial po rt acco mmoda tes :1 types - RTS. CTS . and DCD. The paralle l po rt handl es ACK. ACK. BSY. STB. and STB.Q: What equipm e nt can be used with th e AIO'' A: A partial list of devices that have actua ll y been tested with the AIO includ es: IDS 440 Pape r Ti ge r. Ce ntro nics 779. Qume Sprint 5. NEC Spinwriter, Com print. Hea thkitH 14 . IDS 125. ID S 225 . Haze ltin e 1500. Lear Siegler ADM-3. OTC 300. AJ 841. Q: Does the AIO work with Pasca l ·1 A: Yes. Th e current AIO se rial firmw a re works greatwith Pascal. If yo u want to run th e para ll e l port. o r both th e serial and pa ralle l po rt s with Pascal. o rd e r o ur " Pascal Patch e r Disk:· Q: What kind o f firmw a re o pti o n is available fo rth e parallel interface? A: Two PROM"s tha t th e use r in stall s o n the AIO ca rd in place o f th e Serial Firmware PROM's provide: Va ri able margin s . Variable page le ngth. Variableind e nt a tio ns . a nd Auto-line-feed on ca rriage return. Q: How do I interface my new printe r to my Apple usin g my AIO card ? A: Interco nn ec ti o n diagrams fo r man y po pularprinte rs and o the r dev ices are co ntain ed in th e AIO Manual. If your printer is no t me ntio ned . please co ntact SSM's Tec hni cal Suppo rt De pt. and th ey will he lp you with th e proper connections.Q: I want to use my Apple as a dumb te rmin al with a mode m o n a tim es ha ring servi ce lik e The Source. Can I do th a t with th e AIO'! A: Yes. A " Dumb Te rmin a l Ro utin e" is listedin th e AIO Manu a l. It provides fo r full and half duplex. a nd also c hec ks fo r prese nce of a carrier. Q: Wh a t length cables a re provided "' A: For the serial po rt. a 12 in c h ribbo n cablewith a DB-25 socket o n the use r e nd is suppli ed. For th e para llel port. a 72 inch ribbo n cab le with a n unt e rminat ed use r e ncl is provided . Other cab les a re ava il ab leo n spec ial volume o rd e rs.The A IO is just o ne of seve ral boards for the Appi e that SSM will be introducing o ver th e nex t year. We are a lso rece ptive to deve lo pin g products tomeet special OEM requirements. So pl ease contac t us if you have a need and th e re is no thing ava il able to mee t it.SSM Microcomputer Products 2190 Paragon Drive San Jose, California 95131 (408) 946-7400ht and the Apple. · If you could talk to Thomas Edison,high speed and low cost. No· ~ ; · he'd tell you what it was like to turn the wonder this drive is the mostlights on in 1879. You could tell him about popular on the market.:· .. f ~ some bright ideas of the 20th century...But now Apple goes one~-particularly, a technological phenomenon better with the DOS Tool Kit.· that can handle everything from solar heat Aseries of utility programs,· ..__. : · control to lighting your home via voiceit gives you the freedom tocommand. The Apple personal computer. easily design 280hx192vgraphic displays in a palette:11t~~ Expand your ownof living color ... dependinginventiveness with the· ~ ; always-expandable Apple.on your choice of Apple system.Edison was first with the· ·Take a look inside your local computer.: ". ;~ store.There'sa range of Apple systemsfor you .. .whether you want expansionmovie camera and projector. Now, with Apple's DOS Tool~ -~ ,Kit, you can be first to work ·· e. ; capabilities of four or eight accessorywonders with colorful· slots ... or memory expandable to 64Kcreative animation.: 4 t bytes or 128K bytes. With this kind of flexi(.... ·········· "t.;, · ···········bility, the possibilities for creating your own computer system are endless.Want to add an Ato Dconversion board? Apple makes it happen. Want to plug into time sharing, news and elec-Imagine the Pobrfroosagodrfate.mYs..Tt,,aslrienevee.......Apple,s broad 1m. e ofEdison had thefirst movie camera ... andApple has the DOS 1bol Kit that takes yoofuaninimtoatthioenc.olorful worldPascal, FORTRAN, PILOT and 6502 assembly language. Use these languages to score a sonata. Apple will play back your musical master piece on its built-in speaker.Edison listened to his voice on a revolutionary phonograph in the 1800s .. . now you can listen to the sounds of today with Apple's inventive family of personal computers.Where to find even more illuminating Apple experiences.There's always something new being invented at Apple to set your imagination soaring. And there's always an expertll all b to te you a out it in adIerteaaild. yYoowurnAapnpAlepdpe1ea,lethr.eIrfey'souperipherals is equalled only - - - - - - - - a whole future ahead toby the most extensive line of softwarechallenge man, mind and machine.you'll find in the personal computing. If you're considering a personal com-world. Since more than 170 companies puter, stop by the computer store andoffer software for the Apple family, youcompare. Apple's reliability, proven perforcan have one of the most impressivemance and recognized technological leader-program libraries ever.ship will help you see the light. Don'tWhen you write your own programs, let history pass you by. Visit your nearestyour Apple speaks creatively in BASIC,Apple dealer, or call 800-538-9696.In California, 800-662-9238.With Apple, Edison could've written aprogram to determine why somefilaments burned longer than others.apple!®computczrtronic mail services? Apple does it all. Because Apple is the most popular per sonal computer with the least complicated interface, over 100 companies supply peripherals for the Apple family ... includ ing an IEEE 488 bus for instant control.Disk drives, a tool kit and creativity in color.Apple was one of the first to use disk drives for increased performance and application versatility. Today, our Sf" disk drive offers high density (143K byteCircle 4 on inquiry card .Cromemco LaudedAfter reading of the many horror stories of poor documentation and ser vice within the microcomputer industry, I want to point out the excellent treat ment I have received from Cromemco Inc.In July , 1979, I purchased a System III with four disk drives and most of Cromemco's available software . Lately, Ihave added the 3102 Terminal and the 3355A Printer. I have found the documentation very complete. The manuals for the above products form a pile 10 inches high .When I first received the System Ill , I had some difficulty using the third and fourth disk drives. Because I was not too familiar with the system, and the drives worked in certain situations, I concluded that the drives were probably OK, andthat I did not understand some detail of the system's operation. Several weeks ago I was forced to conclude that the drives were defective, and I called Cromemco . Even though the warranty on the drives had expired six months earlier, they accepted the responsibility for the defect and had the repaired drive back to me within two weeks.In addition, I have begun receiving updated software on disks. The software has been considerably enhanced . There is no charge for the additional features. I don't even have to pay for the disks.Finally, though I had done a lot of programming on large systems and am quite knowledgeable about electronics, I had never worked with FORTRAN or COBOL, and initially I was not up to speed on the system aspects of microcomputers, especially the use of the disk drives. My questions were always answered courteously, even when they were naive, and my tele phone calls were always returned .The equipment is conservatively designed and well constructed. The soft ware and operating system are capable and straightforward to use .I have never been more pleased with all aspects of a purchase than I am with my Cromemco system.Wil Schuemann Sage Instruments 501 Maple St Parkersburg WV 26101Making MusicHal Chamberlin's article on"Advanced Real-Time Music SynthesisTechniques" (April 1980 BYTE, page 70)was timely and informative . Since I havebeen experimenting with similar techniques for several years, I can vouch forthe viability of his procedures, but INew1980-81would also like to comment on several points raised in the article .Product Catalog... plus our newI agree that most digital synthesizers on the market do not have sufficient control for either education or seriousTour Guide. Phone or write formusical work. A recent informal poll of musicians showed that the majority desired at least four voices, and comyour copies today!plete control over envelope, timbre, loudness, and pitch for these purposes.12"'(,).~::> CJ c:P11·er-11neWhile Mr Chamberlin's technique pro vides for the important change of timbre with time that is so often neglected , his sequence table is stepped through at ac:rate determined by the tempo setting, so0"~"''i3B.t:. PB·er SUPPL/esPower-One , Inc. · Power One Drive· Camarillo, California 93010a voice will behave differently at slowCircle 6 on inquiry card. __..,.Phone: (805) 484-2806 · (805) 987 -3891 ·TWX: 910-336-1297TRS-80*Model I ComputerOwnersThe Doubler rn : Percom's newPlug the DOUBLER TM into theproprietary double-densitydisk controller chip socketadapter for the TRS-80* com-of your Expansion Interfaceputer.and .. .tStore up to 354 Kbytes of formatted data on five-inch disks.· Increase formatted storage · Includes DBLDOS ,"' a · The DOUBLER "'capacity of your minidiskettes from TRSDOS * compatible double circuit card includes1112 to almost 4 times.density disk operating system.high-performance· Use with standard 5-inch drives · CONVERT utility, on DBLDOS "' data separator, writerated for double-density operation. minidiskette, converts files and pro precompensation cir· The DOUBLER TM reads, writes grams from single- to double-density cuits for reliable disk read operationsand formats either single- or double or double- to single-density.- even on 77-track drives.density disks.· Plug-in installation: No strapIntroductory price, including· Proprietary design allows you to ping. No trace cutting. Restore your DBLDOS TM and format conversioncontinue to run TRSDOS*, NEW Expansion Interface disk controller utility on minidiskette, only $219.95.DOS f , Percom OS-80 n· or other to original configuration by simply Use the coupon for even greatersingle-density softwa re without removing the DOUBLER TM and re savings.making any changes to software or installing the original disk controller Call toll-free, 1-800-527-1592,r-----------, hardware.Mini-Disk Systemschip.for the address of your nearest dealer, or to order direct from Per-More storage ca pacity, higher re liability from Per com, the industry leader. One-, twoPERCOM DISCOUNT COUPON Iworth $20ItowardThe Purchase of aIDOUBLER TMICoupon No. 810101Icom.t Percom TFD-200 '" drive , OS-800 " operating system(~E~llClM ).and three-drive configurations inExpires December 30, 1980L ------------1 either 40- or 77-track format, start I Void where prohibited by law. Iing at only $399.PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC .211 N. KI RB Y GARLAND . TE XAS 75042 (2 14) 272-34 21PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.TM trademark of Pen:om Data Company, Inc.·trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation which has no relationship to Percom Data Company.t trademark of Apparat Company. Inc.and fast tempi. Most musical instru ments, however, vary their amplitude (tremolo), pitch (vibrato), and timbre (we need a word for this-tambolo?!) at a rate almost independent of the score tempo, but in a manner suited to the in strument and type of music played. This could be accomplished by adding one more counter for vibrato-tremolo tambolo update independent of the tempo counter.The computation of signal/noise (SI N) ratios for synthesizers can be misleading. If the intent is to reproduce a musical sound , then a resolution of 60 to 80 dB is a necessity . However, if the intent is to produce music from scores, a much lower SI N ratio can be tolerated if the distortion partials are harmonic. After all, the "noise" content of flutes or harpsichords can be very high, but is considered part of the natural sound of the instrument. Eight-bit D I A (digital-to analog) converters and 256-byte wave tables do seem adequate for music synthesis experimentation, at least until computer memory and power become somewhat cheaper.Mr Chamberlin's method of generating up to 8 K bytes of waveform tables is well suited to single D I A output but re quires extensive dedicated storage, plus time spent in creating the wave tables. This can be markedly reduced by notingthat the ratios of the harmonic amplitudes remain nearly constant for ~ considerable fract ion of the note dura tion for many instruments. This suggests that if the envelope amplitude were pro vided by a separate DI A converter and its output were multiplied by a waveform multiplying D I A converter, that many fewer waveform tables would be necessary since they would contain only waveshape information, not envelope information, and they could better be reused for other voices. The additional $10 for a multiplying D I A converter would be more than offset by the savings in memory. Incidentally the envelope "volume control" must precede the waveform D I A converter, not follow it as implied in the text, so that the required envelope filter does not cut off the harmonics of the waveform.Finally, there is a very serious prob lem with the low sampling rates (6.9 kHz to 8 kHz ) mentioned in the ar ticle. Suppose that the highest fun damental desired is C. ( == 2100 Hz) and that at least four harmonics are necessary to produce the desired timbre (both of these figures are very conser vative ). Then the highest frequency pre sent in the sampled waveshape is == 8400 Hz, and since a "headroom" of at least 10 % is needed for the anti-aliasing low pass filters, the filter stop-band edge canbe no lower than == 9300 Hz . So for these requirements, the sampling fre quency must be at least 18,600 Hz by the Nyquist criterion. A lower sampling frequency will:1) produce aliasing distortion, or 2) limit the highest fundamental to asmaller value, or 3) force you to accept fewer harmonicsin the waveform (at least at higher pitches) if aliasing is to be prevented.A solution might be to use different waveform tables with fewer harmonics for the higher pitches, but this further complicates the algorithm, requires more waveform storage, and introduces pitch breaks into a voice's timbre like that of an organ mixture stop.The length of my comments reflects favorably on the thought-provoking nature of this article . Mr Chamberlin's work should be of great help to new ex perimenters in the field of music syn thesis, and will , I hope, stimulate discus sion on this topic.Donald L Shirer Director, Computer-BasedInstruction Laboratory University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721A CREATION OF COMPUTER HEAD WARESuspected Brain Malfunction rJ!J(J)(jJ?Jfjf]JJ~ Disables Op Code Equivalence My article in the June 1980 BYTE "ZBO Op Codes for an 8080 Assembler" (page 64) contains a monumental goof,which I can only explain in terms of(Wow! How't/llHTIKI! brain malfunctions and the like . To define a symbol such as XAF asbeing equivalent to hexadecimal 08, one doesn't write "XAF DB 08H"; obviouslyStuffgetIn There?) one writes "XAF EQU 08H". Table 2 on page 70 makes sense only if you put EQU statements between the columns,not DBs and DWs as I said .Judging from letters I have received,BYTE readers aren't dumb enough toA sophisticated, self-indexing filing system believe everything they read, thankflexible, infinitely useful and easy to use, goodness. My intelligence seems to have gone down about 10 DB or if you like,that adapts to your needs. 10 DW. Sorry, people.WHA TSIT comes ready to run on your Apple, NorthStar, or CPIM computer. See your dealer ... or write or call: NEW! NhOaWMl8c~ro81·1uawb~lreAsTfoSrITAIP tandard soAT All the s .plusfeaturceasP.8.billtieS·lflltU)ll1l'I'oortwanzP.O. Box 14815 · San Francisco, CA 94114 · Tel: (415)621-2106Bill Powers 1138 Whitfield Rd Northbrook IL 60062Z80 Op Codes ...The Continuing Saga There is an error in the article "Z80 Op Codes for an 8080 Assembler" which appeared in the June issue of BYTE. On page 64 the statement "XAF DB 08H" should read "XAF EQU 08H". As writ16 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 7 on inquiry card.FINALLY AN ALTERNATIVE TO DISKSTHE EXATRONSTRINGY FLOPPYLOW COST RELIABILITYSPEED(MASS STORAGE SUBSYSTEM)$299 .50INFORMATION PACKAGES AVAILABLE NOW FOR:APPLEOSIRS-232PETKIM/SYM/AIMSTD-BUSTRS-80S-100OEMeexatronCALL OUR HOT LINE TODAY 800-538-8559 TO REQUEST AN INFORMATION PACKAGEEXATRON , INC. · 181 COMMERCIAL STREET · SUNNYVALE, CA 94086Circle 8 on inqu iry card.BYTE September 1980 17Circle 9 on inquiry card.ten, XAF is assigned the address toHave some which a byte of value 8 is assembled. The actual intent is to assign XAF the value 8. The pseudo-operation EQUserves the function of an "equivalencegreatstatement. " Using mnemonic conventions such asthose developed in this article, it ismemories. simpler to use Z80 code on an 8080 assembler. However, the readability of the resultant programs will be poor. I would suggest the use of macroinstructions in lieu of the OW... DB sequences.If a macroassembler is not available,then a preprocessor could be created toexpand the 280 instructions into sequences understandable to an 8080assembler. Either way, the source codewill retain readability and will probablybe less error-prone .I believe that the basic software toolsmake a tremendous difference to thequality of software produced . Every Z80computer should have at least one goodZ80 assembler.Lest I seem too critical, I did enjoythis article very much .Anthony Skjellum 1695 Shenandoah Rd San Marino CA 9110816R PROM boards.· PROM card has 2708-type memory · Quality board construction · 0-4 wait states · Address any 4K group to any 4K boundary · Control up to 8 banks of memory · Fully assembled and tested · PRICE- $300 (California residents add 6% sales tax)Expandable 5 MHz RAM boards.8-32K expandable RAM board uses Tl 4044 memory · Runs at 5MHz · Fast 250ns access time · Bank select · Address any 4K block to any 4K boundary · Quality board constructionPRICE- 8K- $210; 16K- $378; 24K-$570; 32K- $744; 8K add-on kits- $162(California residents add 6% sales tax)Call or write Artec for detailsInformation PleaseAre any of my fellow BYTE readers willing to share information with me on interfacing microcomputer systems to the IBM Models 50 or 60 electronic typewriters? I would like to use my Model 60 as an output printer, and I would appreciate some advice, if any is to be had. Thanks very much.Michael Pinneo 3757 Vienna Dr Aptos CA 95003Selectric Information SoughtDo any readers of BYTE know of any commercial devices that can interface a Radio Shack TRS-80 to an old model of an IBM Selectric typewriter (a Model 71)? I would also like to hear from anyone who has bought an already interfaced Selectric from McClain and Associates or from Worldwide Elec tronics. Thank you.N Vijayan 1332 Notre Dame Dr Davis CA 95616ARTE:C E:LE:CTRONIC), INC.605 Old County Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070 Telephone (415) 592-2740Performance ImprovementsI have studied the article 'TRS-80 Performance Evaluation by Program Timing," by James Lewis (March 1980 BYTE, page 84 ) with interest . I am only concerned here with the Level IIBASIC program. The largest number a figure is divisibleby without becoming redundant is its square root. If we include the statement:20 C=INT(SQR(A)) +land change the second FOR-NEXT loop to :30 FOR B=3 TO C STEP 2we will find the program runs much faster. For example, in the original pro gram 9901 goes through the inner loop roughly 4500 times. Using the modified program, the second loop is o nly used 50 times which is ninety times faster. I find this version will run in about 25 minutes.Here is a listing of the modified pro gram:1 CLS:PRINT "1 2 3" ; 10 FORA=5T010000STEP 220 C = INT(SQR(A)) + 130 FOR B = 3 TO C STEP 2 40 D =AIB 50 IF INT(D) = D THEN NEXT A 60 NEXT B 70 PRINT A; 80 NEXT ABrian Glover POB 2102 lnuvik, Northwest Territories XOE OTO, CanadaMore ImprovementsMr Lewis, in his article in the March 1980 BYTE, seems to compare two dis similar computers. It was unclear to me what could be gained by this kind of comparison. The run time of a program is not only sensitive to the computer be ing used, as well as the programming language, but also to many other seem ingly trivial factors .For instance, Mr Lewis wanted to find all the prime numbers less than 10,000. His method was to divide by successive odd numbers. If division occurred without a remainder, then the number being divided is not a prime . The prob lem was that he kept dividing until the divisor was half of the dividend. For ex ample, to check a number that was almost 10,000 he would keep dividing by numbers until he has used up all those less than 5000 . It is easy to show that the time to stop is at the square root of the number, not half the number. He could have stopped after checking numbers up to 100 instead of 5000.This is true because, if some number greater than 100 is divided without a re mainder, the quotient would be some number less than 100 and this would have been revealed before ever reaching 100.18 September 1980 © BYTE Pub licatio ns IncCircle 10 on inquiry card. ~Mountain HardwareLeadership in Computer Peripherals A Division of Mountain Computer. Inc. 300 Harvey West Blvd. Santa Cruz. CA 95060 (408) 429-8600 PERIPHERALS? Send me information.ADDRESSI wrote the following short program, PRIME, and ran it on my North Star computer in about 24 minutes:10 REM PRIME 20 FORK= 5 TO 10000 STEP 2 30 I =3 40 IF INT(K/I) = Kil THEN 80 50 I= I +2 60 IFl12<=KTHEN40 70 !K 80 NEXT 90 ENDDivision for a conventional microcom puter for which double precision is necessary is slow, and the fewer occur rences in a program the quicker the pro gram will run . When I eliminated one division in my program to produce PRIME 2, the running time was reduced to 17 minutes:10 REM PRIME 2 20 FOR K = 5 TO 10000 STEP 2x 30 I =340 =Kil 50 IF INT(X) = X THEN 90 60 1=1+2 70 IFl12<=KTHEN40 80 !K 90 NEXT 100 END But the most important consideration is how the translator works; an inter-preter is devilishly slow . A computer will run considerably faster because machine code is actually executed . I wrote a short Pascal program for my North Star, primes, and was surpiised to find that it executed in 1 minute and 46 seconds. (See listing 1.)Mr Lewis' results for the large IBM computer was 1 minute and 19 seconds using a PL/I compiler. Does this mean that my microcomputer is almost equiv alent to this huge IBM machine? I think not.Comparisons of this sort do not prove much; they just show how many vari ables are involved in determining the time it takes to run a program!Ivan Flores Flores Associates Computer Consultants 108 8th Ave Brooklyn NY 11215Comparisons of this sort may not prove much, but you (and many other readers) found the idea interesting enough to experiment with . Evaluation of performance encourages programmers and designers to work their crafts with efficiency, and to search for the elegant ly simple solutions that improve .... CPFListing 1program primes; {writes out a number of primes} var i, j, k, n : integer; begink : = 2; while k < = 5000 do begin n : = 2*k + 1; = = j·=1· i · = 3· while' (i .* i <' n) and (j 1) do beginif n mod i = O then j : = Oelse i: = i + 2;end ·if j ; 1 then write(n, ' ');k : = k + 1;end ; end .Pascal PrecisionThe letter from Martin Berman con cerning numerical precision in UCSD Pascal (BYTE, June 1980, page 17) struck one of my current concerns . The actual precision available in UCSD Pascal is 7.2 decimal digits; ie: the data type real will accommodate integer values as large as 16,777,216 (224 ) exact ly. However, the output routine is limited to six significant digits . To print the remaining available 1.2 digits will re quire either a revision to the system output routine or an output routine custom-made for the application.I am not privy to the design process at UCSD, but suspect that this is an at tempt to "protect" the user from round off error. I, for one, deplore such attempts at protection since the user who actually knows what he is doing is forced to "program around" the system. A reasonable precaution is to give no more precision than the system has (eight digits in the case of UCSD Pascal), although even this is open to question-a fellow programmer was once caught by this type of "protection" even though he was using only powers of two which are exactly represented throughout the range of the system.Incidentally , there is a routine available for determining the actual preci sion of floating-point routines. It may be found in Pascal News, number 13 (December 1978). I enclose a copy of the code as I ran it on my UCSD Pascal system, along with the output it generated.Circle 11 on inquiry card.Shipped with CP/M 2.0; the controller reads . and writes IBM-standard single density. Automatically determines disk density single or double. Supports PerSci auto eject, plus fast-seek for voice coil systems.2810 Z80 CPU Boord. Capable CPU for S-100 Systems operates at 2 or 4MHz, is fully Altair/ Imsai compatible. Z-80 monitor is available separately. Includes auto addressing to 4K boundaries, plus a serial port for serial devices, including terminals and printers. Supports both front-panel operation and power-on memory jump, plus wait-state gen eration for slower memories. Compatible with proposed IEEE S-100 standards.2032A32KStallc RAM. Fast static memory operates without wait states at a full 4MHz. Supports full and partial bank select, for expansion beyond 64K. Addressable in BK blocks at SK boundaries. Address and data lines are fully buffered, and there are no DMA restrictions.2018 l&K Slallc RAM. Fully buffered board features 2114 static RAMs for +5v operation. Bank select available by bank port or bank byte, for system expansion beyond 64K. Addressable in 4K blocks at 4K boundaries. LED indicators for board selection and bank selection. Available in 200, 300, or 450 nsec versions. All versions support 4MHz operation with no wait states.2200A Mainframe. Rock solid, heavy gauge cabinet includes 12-slot, actively terminated S-100 motherboard, fan, and power supply. R>wer supply features 105, 115, or 125 volt AC input power; provides +8vDC at 20 amps, ± 16v DC at 4 amps. Available in five colors. Includes convenient, front mounted, lighted reset switch.2501A Moltler Board. 12 slots, actively terminated, with all S-100 connectors included. Distributed power line bypass, low induc- . tance interconnect-extremely low bus noise.Prototype Boards. Four high quality prototype boards: Solder Tail, Extender/Terminatoi; Wire Wrap, and Etch.P2802AA 8S02 CPU. Stand-alone CPU generates fully S-100 compatible 1/ 0 signals; executes 6502 machine language. Operates at 2MHz; capable of DMA operation.Available nationally.California Computer Systems industrial quality S-100 products are available at over 250 computer retailers. Volume customers should contact the marketing department atccs.CCS. Industrial standards.. You-systems builders who need top quality, full 'featured, worklwrse S-100 building blocks at the most competitive prices now have a source. CaliforniaComputer Systems.Industrial quality means top grade materials, com ponents, and assembly, plus complete testing for absolute reliability.Industrial quality means solid designs, a full complement of the important features you require, and a product line that delivers performance.Industrial pricing comes from mass production. Webuy at the right prices, and build in quantity, usingstate-of-the-art facilities and techniques. Including complete bum-in, for full performance right off the shelf.Our industrial point of view means you get higher performance, greater reliability, and lower prices. If these are features you would like to see in your S-100 system, see things our way.Because for serious users with serious uses for the S-100, these are the industrial standards.I-i i California Computer Systems 250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 734-5811Circle 12 on inquiry card.SUPER BRAIN~ Listing 1program representation;var base, numberofdigits, i rounding epsiloninteger; boolean; rea l;32K or 64K !Double or Quad Density units available) . Uses two Z-80 CPU 's. Commercia l type terminal with 12" monitor . Dual double density minifloppies . Over 350 kilobytes of storage !twice that with quad density drives ). Two serial RS232 ports, 1/ 0 ports standard . Expandable with optional S-100 S-100 inter fa ce. Comes with CP / MTM 2 .2 operating sys tem. MiniMicroMart includes BASIC inter preter an d ca n supply a wide range of CP I M Development and Application software .$2685 w / 32K Double Density, List $2995 .w / 64K Double Density , List $3345.$2883w / 64K Qua d Density , List $3995 .$359564K Special Quad Version . . ..... .. .. . $3395INTERSVSTEMSformerly ITHACA AUDIODPS-1 , List $1795LIMITED TIME $1299*The new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHz Z-80A CPU and a full -feature front panel. 20 slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25 amp power supply (50 / 60 Hz operation , incl . 68 cfm fan) .COMPLETE SYSTEM with lnterSystem 64K RAM, 1/ 0 Board w / priority interrupt and double density disk controller board . Full 1-yearwarranty, List $3595 ONLV$2895*Above less disk controller, $3195 . ... . $2539**Limited Time offer expires Sept. 15, 1980.HEWLETT-PACKARD HP-85A Desk-Top ComputerI\. ~z······'r· e .. i I II" I , ! 1 I 1 1' 1! 111 1 11111 I i I I I II I II I· \\ ' 1/ 11111111 \ \ \· \ \ · Call for Price!F.O . B . shipping point . A ll prices subject to c hange and all otters subject to withdrawa l without notice . Advertised prices are for prepaid orders . Credit card and C .0 .D . 2 % higher. C.O.D. may require deposit .- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -MiniMicroMart1618 James Street Syracuse, NY 13203 (3151 422-446722 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publications IncprocedJre enquiry (var radix , digits : integer;var rounds : boolean);var number, increment: real;begin(*find large integral value just beyond integer limits*)number: = 2;while (((number+ 1)- number) = l) donumber : = number * 2;(*end while*)(*manufacture the next largest real value*)increment : = 2;while ((number + increment) = number) doincrement : = increment * 2;(*end while*)(*subtract these to give radix of representation*)radix : = trunc((number + increment) - number);(*see if it rounds or truncates by adding (radix - l) * )rounds : = ((number+ (radix -! )) NEQ number);(*work out how many digits in mantissa*)digits: = O;number:= l;while (((number+ l) - number) digits : = digits + l ;l) do beginnumber : = number * radix;end; (*while*)end; (*enquiry* )begin (*find out basic properties*)enquiry(base ,numberofdigits, rounding ); writeln(' Base = ', base); writeln(' Number of digits = ',numberofdigits); if rounding thenwriteln(' Rounded') el sewriteln(' Truncated'); (*end if*)(*compare the precision bounds* ) epsilon : = l; for i : = l to numberofdigits doepsilon : = epsilon/base; (*end for*) if rounding then epsilon : = epsilon/base;(*print the best and worst precision*) writeln(' Best and worst precisions are ',epsilon,(epsilon *base) ); end .My hard-copy terminal does not have greater-than or less-than symbols. Thus "NEQ" is inserted for the Pascal "not equal" symbol.Base = 2 Number of digits = 24 Rounded Best and worst precisions are2.98023E-8 5.96046E-8Fred Crary 7750 31st Ave NE Seattle WA 98115May We Suggest a Gasp Mask? Philip K Hooper is not alone . I too noticed the foul odor of the magazine.(See Letters, April 1980 BYrE, page 16. ) Not only do I love computer science, but I love my body, and my health is paramount. I therefore abstain from the inhalation of foul vapors and fumes.A Healthy Minority Jon Dattorro 1379 Kingstown Rd Apt IA Kingston RI 02881I am told that our printer used an im proper glue to bind the pages together, causing the unusual smell. The printer has promised to henceforth use a dif ferent glue, and we expect that the odor problem will not recur.. .. RSS ·Circle 13 on inquiry card . . . . . . . When It Comes To Add-on Memory.·· LOBO Has It All. LOBO DRIVES manufactures a full line of S-100 computer compatible disk drives. All drives are software compatible with most S-100 disk operating systems and applications software programs . Only LOBO DRIVES offers you the variety and choice of floppy and fi xed disk drives. Choose from 5 V· and 8-inch floppies. 5V. and 8-inch Winchester technology fixed disk drives , and several Floppy/Fixed disk combi nations . Each LOBO DRI VES system is thoroughly tested and burned-in and has the famousLOBO DRIVES One Year, 100 % Parts/Labor Warranty .MODEL 400 5~·1NCH FLOPPY . DISK MEMORY SYSTEM A high-speed (298) Msec Access) , high reliabil ity (8000 hrs MTBF) , low-cost floppy disk memory system . It is available in both soft and hard sector formats , and a choice of single or double density configurations .· Up to 220 KBytes Capacity · Single/Double Density · Soft Sector Format · Complete Software CompatibilityMODEL 800/850 DUAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE MEMORY SYSTEM LOBO DRIVES offers you a choice of single-sided . single or double density (Model 800) or double-sided , single or double density (Model 850) dual 8-inch memory subsystems . Each system comes complete with chassis and power supply, cables , controller and interface.· Compatible with Most S-100 DOS Systems· Up to 3.2 MByte CapacityMODEL 1850 DUAL FLOPPY/FIXED DISK MEMORY SYSTEM No more worries about back-up. LOBO DRIVES has combi ned the latest state-of the-art Winchester technology with the pro ven reliability and dependability of its Model 850 8-inch floppy disk drive to bring you the ultimate in memory expansion for your S-100 computer. The Model 1850 is the ideal memory system for small business and word processing applications .· 5 or 10 MByte Fi xed Disk Capacity · 1.6 MByte Floppy Disk Capacity · Software Compatibility · Sealed Environment · Winchester Reliability · 70 Msec Average Access TimeMODEL 950 DUAL FLOPPY/FIXED DISK MEMORY SYSTEM All the advantages of Wi nchester technology fi xed disk memory : large capacity (6 .38 MBytes), high speed (170 Msec avg . access time), and exten ded reliability, combined with the convenience of a built-in floppy disk back-up in one cabinet. Only LOBO can bring you the storage capacity of 16 mini-floppies at a fract ion of the price .· The Storage Capacity of 16 MiniFlo ppies· Built-in Back-up · 170 Msec Access (Avg) · Software CompatibilitySee yo ur nearest dealer, call , or write for the complete LOBO DRIV ES story... fi nd out just how competitively priced a quality drive can be.INTERNATIONAL935 Cam ino Del Sur Goleta, Cal iforn ia 93017 (805) 685-4546 Telex: 658 482ATARI: PERSONAL COMPUTERSTART WITH A BETTER COMPUTER. Atari personal computers have built-in capabilities you can't even add on to many other personal computers. Three programming formats (slip-in ROM cartridges, disk and cassette). A srkey upper/lower case ASCII keyboard with 29 keystroke graphics . u8 colorsand hues. Four separate sound channels and a built-in speaker. Four game and graphics controller ports. A built-in RF modulator. FCC approval for connection to any TV Plus, nationwide Atari Authorized Service Centers. And more .ADD MEMORY. The ATARI 800"' comes with i6K of memory. Expand up to a full 48K of memory with 8K or i6K RAM Memor y Modules"' you install yourself. In less than a minute .TheATARI 400"' is supplied with 8K of RAM which can be expanded to i6K at Authorized Service Centers. Both models may be expanded to 26K of ROM with slip-inROM cartridge programs.ADD PERIPHERALS. Atari peripherals are specifically© 19 80 . Atari . Inc G A Warner Com mun1cat 1ons CompanyAtar i reser ves th e r1g h1 to m ake ch an g e s to produc ts or programs without noticedesigned to complement your system. Add the ATARI 410"' Audio-digital Program Recorder. Add disk drives (single or dual double -density*). The ATARI 800 individually accesses up to four drives. Add the ATARI 850"' RS232 Interface Module. Add high-speed 40 or 80-column dot-matrix printers, or, a 40-column thermal printer. Add an acoustic modem for remote data access. Add a light pen ~ And there are more Atari peripherals on the way.ADD PROGRAMS. Atari 's rapidly expanding software library includes some of the most useful, enlightening and entertaining programs available. (Some programs may require more than i6K RAM .) · Personal Finance and RecordKeeping. Sophisticated investment analysis programs, including bond analysis, stock analysis, stock chart ing and mortgage and loan analysis.*Available Fall . 1980Circle 14 on inquiry card.SYSTEMS THAT GROW WITH YOU · Personal Interest and Development. Conversational lan guages~ Music composition. Touch· Programming Languages. An ATARI BASIC~typing. Biorhythm. And more.cartridge is· Professional Applications.included. AnGraphics. statistics and programmable Assembler/calculator programs. Plus VisiCalc / the Editor Cartridge"what if" problem solving program. is available for theadvanced programmer.·Education. ATARI Talk & Teach"'PILOT, extended BASIC andprograms offer instruction fromPascal will be available primary through college level.in 1981. Plus, instructive games for all ages. · Small Business Accounting.·Information &Communication.General Ledger. Accounts Turn your Atari into an interactiveReceivable. Accounts Payable .cartridge, terminal. Access stock quotations,Inventory Control. Order Entry.disk or cassette . news services and other useful dataADD IT UP FOR YOURSELF.And if you run abanks. Transmit and receive data over Compare the Atari to any personalbusiness, ask your Atariregular phone lines. And more .computer in its price range . Compare retailer about the Atari Accountant;"· Entertainment. Colorful, exciting built -in features. Compare expand)I~ the complete, computerized accountprograms include Star Raiders:"ability. Compare peripherals anding system for small businesses.Chess, Blackjack ...and many more.·Tradema rk Pe rsonal Sohwa re. IncATARI" accessories. Compare program-ming and formats (ROMAt Atari we 're building computer systems you won't outgrow.PERSONAL COMPUTERS1265 Bo rregas Avenue , Sunn yvale . CA 94086 Call toll -free (800) 538·8547 (Excep t Alaska and Hawaii) (In Cali fo rnia: (800) 672·1404) for the name o f yo ur nearest Atari retailer. lJisPcis's lJiPceit lJsllsP Copyright c · 1980 by Steven A C1arc1a All rights reserved.Build a Low-Cost, Remote Data-Entry Terminal Steve Ciarcia POB 582 Glastonbury CT 06033 Remote data-entry terminals are not something new. They are devices which provide a means of direct, specialized communication with a computer. In July's Circuit Cellar I said that a pushbutton switch on the end of a long cable is probably the least expensive and most secure form of remote data entry. This is still true, but now it is time to look at more sophisticated forms of remote data entry.There is no formal definition of what constitutes a remote data-entry terminal. The application defines the classification. While a regular video display terminal can be used for data entry, remote data-entry terminals are usually specially fabricated to fit the application and environment. Remote data-entry terminals almost always communicate in duplex mode, and are capable of displaying com puter directives to the operator as well as sending operator input to the computer.A further refinement is that the buttons on the panel frequently have function / numeric nomenclaturerather than the character set we nor mally associate with keyboards. A key bearing the label "START" may in fact transmit an ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Inter change) "A" when pressed . Applica tion software running on the control computer is used to recognize that a letter "A" means "initiate the process. " The transmission length and protocol should be preset to reduce operator error and entry-panel complexity.Remote data-entry terminals are usually specially fabricated to fit the application and the environment.For example, an entry terminal as sociated with a dip-plating line in a factory would probably have a panel with a numeric keypad and function buttons labeled "Bath 1", "Bath 2","Anode Current", ''Voltage", "Time", and "Temperature". If the operator has to set the anode current in the plating tank, he presses the "Anode Current" button and then enters a four-digit value on the numeric key pad. When the control computer de tects the anode-current function but ton being pressed, it reads the next four characters as numeric informa tion pertaining to the anode-current function . Other function keys could have entirely different entry sequences.To minimize error, most industrial data-entry terminals rely on con siderable handshaking. At the very least, they include an accept/reject in dicator for the operator. If the numeric portion of the anode-current entry did not fit within the limits prescribed for the process, a reject signal must be given to the operator so the data can be reentered.In the more sophisticated units, the data-entry panel often incorporates an alphanumeric display . Usually, it is unnecessary to display textual material to the operator, and these26 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncThat's the MEASUREMENT systems & con trols OM B Ser,es of S-100 bus memory modules, fully compatible with ALPHA MICRO, CROMEMCO, NORTH STAR, MP/M, and most other S-100 systems.Definitely a winner, the DMB Series is avail able with Bank Select (DMB6400) or without ( DM6400) and utilizes Industrial quality con struction, provides outstanding reliability, and Is backed by dedicated customer service and a one year guarantee.The DMB6400 uses 110 port addressing for the bank select feature. A switch provides the ability to select any one of the 256 110 ports for addressing the memory banks. The mem ory Is configured as four totally independent 16K software selectable banks, with each bank addressable on any 16K boundary.mm:IGroupjA Division of MEASUREMENT systems &. controlsIncorporated .Outstanding features such as those listed below make the DMB series the UNBEATABLE S-100 Memory.· Four independent 16K software select able banks.· Each bank is independently addressable on any 16K boundary.· Switch selectable bank sizes - from 16K to 64K in 16K increments.· Eight banks (512K) per 110 port for each of the 256 ports.· Z-80 4MHz operation with no wait states using transparent refresh. · On-board diagnostic LED's. · Low power - 8 watts maximum. · Reliable, tested and burned-in memory. · IEEE S-100 compatible timing. · One year guarantee. · Attractive Dealer & OEM Prices.See your nearest computer dealer, or contact us for the . complete story on the UNBEAT ABLE S-100 Memory.867 North Main St. I Orange, Calif. 92668 / (714) 633·4460 TWX/TELEX: 678 401 TAB IRIN Photo 1: Deluxe remote data-entry terminals , intended for industrial use, often contain specialized equipment to read card-badges, or control unusual function s. Many are con structed with a hazardous environment in mind, and are waterproof or blast-proof. This particular unit is a function / numeric panel (FNP) manufactured by General Digital Corporation in East Hartford CT.displays are generally limited to a single line of sixteen to eighty characters. Gas-plasma displays or alphanumeric LED (light-emitting diode) matrices work well and are cost-effective in these applications.Since the panel can communicate in both directions, it is possible for the operator to interrogate the process data base in the computer for specific information. Pressing the "Bath 1" and 'Temperature" buttons could result in the appearance of "#1 TEMP = 192 C" on the sixteen-character display for example.The entire remote data entry terminal can be constructed with only two integrated circuits.Entry Panels for Personal ComputersDeluxe industrial data-entry ter minals include numeric keypads, function buttons, badge readers for operator identification, Hollerith card readers for part identification, alphanumeric displays, and elaborate self-test features . A typical unit isshown in photo 1. They can be made waterproof, blast-proof, and idiot proof as required by the application. These are hardly attributes that sug gest their use in the home. However, the concept of remote data-entry panels connected to a personal com puter is not as alien as it once seemed.In the past few months I have been presenting articles on various aspects of home control. If you have attached any control devices to your computer and have it controlling the lights and appliances around your home, you undoubtedly are using a program which manipulates logic outputs based on time, status of input sen sors, and operator commands. What you have is in fact a practical, even if rudimentary, process-control system. It has fundamental similarities to the dip-plating system previously discussed .There seems to be considerable in terest in home control these days. Many new systems and peripheral devices have been introduced to meet the demand. In my opinion, how ever, they address only half the prob lem. They all seem to be limited to central-system use with no facility for remote data entry or effective human engineering.The handheld remote-control devices I detailed in my July article28 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE- Publicat ions IncCircle 15 on inqu iry card.:J:· ':t§l!-!:l:r-1-=!!;!;,,_.- . ~- : ~.- . " ~ 1~... ='--~ ' -.~..:'·.,·.-:a;\t..1..,ruiuo1ufu11hu1fu.,,,,·EXPANDABLE+ DYNAMIC MEMORY(111to841)a.. Board181< Kit16KA&T 32K Kit 32K A&T48K Kit48KA&T 64K KlMKA&Ts 50.00$280.00$325.00 $360.00 $420.00$440.00 $500.00 $510.00$570.00Z+ao CPU REV Jl.··' ' ..IAVAILABLE SEPrEMBER lCLOCK CALENDAR+ '1, "-'···,,.?'ET" + 1K Rllll On llolnl + 2 ,,.On-8olnl 1K.2K or 4K EPROM......._ Tilwlmua-~c+anA1M11lrMOlnrlJlulllllll1l t1D1..,S1eK11oc1r1o21K1 b(1O1u0ntdDllYBO+>P+nlOllIHl/OllllnPlarEtPR+OM~ Ull.111111111.1 .R.ii_iModt, A11Dw1nD 1111 841< RAM tD Ill Ulld +USM1' IDr~ or AQndlral._ RS-232 Oplllllon (lerlll l/O Port>s 11111 Bolld45.00Kl$190.00A&T$280.001K Memory Kit S 12.00l·. ,,· ,+ Tine of ~ in Hours. Minufll 11111 SlcDnlls + 24 Haur Timi Fomlll + Monlll llld Day Diii f1lncllon + lllrnple Reid lnlllucllanl MM Simplecan lnterflce ID Biiie. CPM, Elc. + Wll Aull Wllll 411fl flnlclaorl+ be Loc:llld 11 111Y Group of 4 llO Part Addl9lllll + On 8mnl8lllry Blck·llPBn lolnlKit MTs 45.001100.00 1150.00vo+- - .- .:J.J.j·I.-..'-I Itra~-- '- =- - -== .. --- 91I,/.'----~llnllolnl Kil A&Ts 88.llD$275.00 1375.00SILENCE+ MOTHER BOARDS+ No Nied for Terminlllon + Vely Hlgll CrOlllllk AlilclDrl + lSJ AMlrlndlcllDr + Fiii in Molt ....... + 8, 12 llld 11811* AVllllllll. a + Has Operllld tD 14 QiilllyMl.OT12-aor~an 11o1n1Kit124.115 ... 11o1n1 $39.115 Kil· · · ..,. 11o1n1 181.96 ICIA&T$48.96 A&T... A&T18-SLOTs 48.15 s 18.95$138.95+ QT MAINFRAMEMF+Includes cabinet, 30 amp ~r SUPDlv. llld the IEEE S-100 motllerboard (12 or 1kloi). The QT MF+ is fln.aloled. has N. line flllll' to ellminlte EMI. llld Is fully-assembled llld faclory-llllld. Power llld 18911 switches are locllld onfront panel.MF+12 $450.00MF+18 $500.00MF+ Wllllout Mother Board$350.00!STOCKIMF+MD(Ac:apts 2 llCtl 5v.'' Dille Drlws)GTIYlllll+ . ' I~·C?i- ;NII W/P.S. llld flll + TllMllDTermlllll + CPU-Jm-4..a~~~84Kl+2K Dllkc..=.~A~~.......lrid Ill* 8lal .. 2711EPROM +· 1!11 tD 8K 1111nyOD1111i1n111an on CPU + Hird Dlill Cllmplllbli+ +2 Slrilll2 ....... Parts EPNJM ,....._ ++ 111111 Timi Cloe* CPM, 2.2or1.4~ __. + MPM ComDllllll + Fulliil of liiillrilll sollwlre ......SYSlBl+SS $4500.00 (DBL DEN SIN6lE SIDED) SYSTEM+DS l5500.00 (DBL DEN DUAL SIDED)M.QT TECHNICAL HOTLINE (213) 973-2619WARRANlY - 1 YEAR AGAINST DEFECTS IN MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP FROM DATE Of SHIPMENT DN ALL OT PRODUCTS~ L!J~ lllP<JTERCircle 16 on inquiry card .GETIT OFF THE FLOOR Photo 2: The remote data-entry terminal . Using a new serial keyboard-interface in tegrated circuit, construction is simple and inexpensive.were only one part of the solution.They facilitate operator feedback, toa limited degree, but like anytransmit-only wireless device, theycannot be relied upon in critical applications. Consistent success in conNow that you have a shiny new computer terminal , what are you going to put it on? Computer Furni ture and Accessories makes a variety of furniture for a wide range of com puter applications. In combinations of six widths, three depths, and three heights. With "L" shaped returns,trol can be obtained only with closed loop communications hard-wired directly between the operator and the control computer. If you press a but ton on the entry panel, the computer signifies acceptance of the command by flashing an LED or displaying "HEY, GOOD BUDDY. "Micro shelves, data shelves, RETMAThe easiest way to satisfy the remounting, and printer stands. With optional drawers, doors, CRT turn tables, and casters. Sizes, shapes and colors designed to fit your office or computer room environment. Rea sonably priced and shipped from stock.quirements of direct communication is to use a standard video-display ter minal at each remote location. The environment in the average home is not as hazardous as a factory plating line. With video terminals at $700 each, it is at least worth thinkingCall CF&A. We'll get your system up where you can really put it to use.about.limitations of Video TerminalsHowever, one problem is that mostCPAvideo-display terminals have an RS 232C serial output which is not sup posed to be used for communication line lengths over 50 feet. Before you throw out the terminal you wereComputer Furniture and Accessories, Inc. saving to put in the bedroom at the end of the hall (51 feet from the com1441 West 132nd Street puter), I should point out that thisGardena, CA 90249 (213) 327·7710 specified limitation becomes signifi cant only at a data rate of 19,200 bps(bits per second). At 300 bps, the problem is of less concern . I have personally driven 1000 feet of transmission line at 300 bps through an RS-232C port. This is a little un orthodox so don't tell anyone I told you.There are many computer owners like me who don't particularly care to put a $700 terminal in the garage. If your garage is anything like mine, you'd either have to keep it wrapped in plastic or periodically wipe the oil off, and dump the leaves and the dirt out of it. The average open-chassis video terminal would last about a week. Terminals specifically designed for these extremes would be very expensive and probably come in NEMA 4 or NEMA 10 (National Elec trical Manufacturers Association specifications) oil- and water-tight enclosures.Build a Low-Cost Data-Entry TerminalThe personal computer applica tions which would warrant using a $5000 submersible data-entry panel are limited in number. I prefer instead to build something that is less expen sive. A remote-entry panel, in the garage for instance, might only re quire functions such as lights on and off, alarm on and off, and maybe a few heating-system functions. A unit installed in the bedroom might have a couple additional functions.For my own use, I felt I could be satisfied with a combination of ten numeric digit codes (0 thru 9) and ten function inputs. Control-system response could be handled adequately with an 8-bit display. Proper choice of components used in construction (with regard to temperature and voltage ranges, etc) would allow use of the panel in a slightly heated garage as well as the bedroom, and make it inexpensive enough to almost be considered disposable.Thanks to a new serial keyboard interface integrated circuit from Na tional Semiconductor, the entire remote data-entry terminal, shown in photo 2, can be constructed with only two integrated circuits. The entry panel, which communicates with the host computer in standard 1200 bps serial format, can be placed as far away as 2 miles from the control computer with the addition of a line driver and receiver. With the excep tion of the hexadecimal display shown on the prototype, the entire30 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 17 on inquiry card . ......26MEGABYJES ·~ ) $4995. 1Sudd~ly, s-100 microcomputer systems can easily handie100 millionbyfes.'Because Morrow DesignsTM now offers the first 26 megabyte hard djskIT)8mory for s-100 systems-the DISCUS M26TMHard Disk System,It has 26 megabytes ofuseable memory(29 megabytesunformatted).And irs expandable to 104 megabytes.,The DISCUS M26TMsystem is delivered coma 26 megabyte hard disk drive, controller, cables and operating syste .jusf $4995. Up to three additional drives can be added, $4495 apiece.The DISCUS M26TMsystem features the Shugart.....uvuWinchester-type sealed media hard disk drive, in ahandsome metal cawith fan and power supply.1The single-board S-100 controller incorporates igence to supervise all data transfers, communicating with the CPU viathree 1/0 ports (command, status, and data). The controller has the abilgenerate interrupts at the completion of each command to increase systthroughput. There is a 512 byte sector buffer on-board.And each sector canIndividually write-protected for data base security.The operating system furnished with DISCUS M26..systems is the widely accepted CP/M* 2.0.See the biggest, most cost-efficient memory ever induced for S-100 systems, now at your local computer shop. If unavailable9'locally, write Morrow Designs]'-1 5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA~call (415) 524-2101, weekdays 10-5 Pacific Time."CP/M is oITodemark of Digital Research.terminal can be built for under $50. The heart of my entry panel is theMM57499 serial keyboard-encoder circuit. This device bears some similarity to other scanning keyboard-encoder read-only memories sold by many manufac turers. It scans a 12 by 8 key matrix and produces the ASCII code for each key. However, using an inexpensivecolor-burst (3 .579 MHz) crystal and an internal data-rate generator, it transmits the characters serially at 1200 bps. In addition, it has the capability to receive serial data (1200 bps) as well. This information can be displayed 1 byte at a time using a single 8-bit shift register. The com munications protocol in either case is fixed at 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 stopPhoto 3: It is amazing what can be done with so few parts. Most of the components shown here are quite common and easily available. The use of such materials as a color burst crystal and a standard hexadecimal keypad make this project reliable and nearly bulletproof.Photo 4: This twenty-eight-pin integrated circuit keeps things simple by performing the keyboard encoding and transmitting resulting data serially. It also takes care of display functions, with the addition , in figure 2a, of a single shift register.bit, and no parity bit. The data rate can be changed by selecting a dif ferent crystal or injecting a TTL (transistor-transistor logic )-level clock signal into pin 2 of the MM57499.A block diagram of the interface is shown in figure 1, and the schematic diagram is illustrated in figure 2. The keyboard I used is a standard twenty key hexadecimal pad. The keys are individually connected across the X and Y matrix inputs as shown. When the A key is pressed, it will short Ys and X1 together sending out the ASCII code for lowercase "a". Press ing the shift key and the A key together will send an uppercase "A". The ten letters A thru E and a thru e constitute our primary function keys. The numeric-digit keys 0 thru 9 are wired into the matrix in a similar manner. Pressing the shift key and a digit can provide ten more ASCII symbols as function indicators if needed. The key codes corresponding to the cross points of the matrix are outlined in figure 3. To change a par ticular key, simply determine which scan and strobe lines produce the desired code and wire the key be tween those points.Three keys, F, H, and Lin my unit, are given operations that are different from what their nomenclature might indicate. The F key is wired as a semicolon";", the L key is wired as a Control "CTL" key and, the H key is now an Escape "ESC". These three keys facilitate using the program mable phrase feature of the MM57499.During normal use, pressing the A key will send an "a". This could be interpreted by the host computer as the set-alarm signal to the home security system. To reduce potential problems, a numeric code or pass word could be required with all en tries. Fortunately, frequent transmis sion of a lengthy password is not a problem.The MM57499 contains a fourteen character programmable memory. Pressing a Control-Escape enables this function and automatically transmits a hexadecimal FA to tell the control computer that the panel is in the program mode. The next one to fourteen keystrokes (character or control) will be stored in memory. To halt the entry process, for instance after entering a password of "abAB", we just type a Control-semicolon. This will transmit the stored message32 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 18 on inquiry card. ~INTERTEC'S NEW $2500 MULTI-USER SMALL BUSINESS COMPUTER At last, there's amulti-user microcomputer system designed and built the way it should be. The CompuStarTM. Our new, low-cost "shared-disk" multi-usersystem with mainframe performance. Unlike any other system, our newCompuStar offers what we believe to be the most practical approach to almost any multi-user application. Data entry. Distributed processing. Small business.Scientific. Whatever! And never before has such powerful performance ·been available atsuch modest cost. Here'show we did it ...The system architecture of the CompuStar is based on four types of video display terminals, each of which can be connected into an auxiliary hard disk stor age system. Up to 255 terminals can be connected into a single network! Each terminal (called aVideo Processing Unit) con tains its own microprocessor and 64K of dynamic RAM. The result? Lightning fast program execution! Even when all users are on-line performing different tasks! A special "multiplexor" in the CompuStar Disk Storage System ties all external users together to "share" the system's disk resources. So, no single user ever need wait on an other. An exciting concept . . . with some awesome application possibilities!CompuStarTM userstations can be configured in almost as many ways as you can imagine. The wide variety of terminals offered gives you the flexibility and versatility you've always wanted (but never had) in amulti-user system. The CompuStar Model 10 is a program mable, intelligent terminal with 64K of RAM. It's a real workhorse if your re Quirement is adata entryor inQuiry/response application. And if yourterminal needs are more sophisticated, select either the CompuStar Model 20. 30 or 40. Each can be used as either astand alone workstation or tied into amulti-user network. The Model 20 incorporates all ofthe features of the Model 10 with the addition of two. double-oensity mini-flop pies built right in. And it boasts over 350,000 bytes of local, off-line user stor age. The Model 30 also features adual drive system but offers over 700,000 bytes of disk storage. And, the Model 40 boastsnearly 1Y2million bytes of dual disk stor age. But no matter which model you select. you'll enjoy unparalleled versatility in configuring your multi-user network.Add as many terminals as you like- at prices starting at less than $2500.Now that's truly incredible!·No matter what your application,the CompuStar can handle it! Three diskstorage options are available. Atabletop10 megabyte 8" winchester-type drivecomplete with power supply and our special controller and multiplexor costs just$3995. Or, if your disk storage needs aremore demanding, select either a 32 or 96megabyte Control Data CMD drive with a16 megabyte removable, top loading cartridge. Plus, there's no fuss in getting aCompuStar system up and running. Justplug in aVideo Processing Unit and you'reready to go . . . with up to 254 more terminals in the network by simply connecting them together in a "daisy-chain"fashion. CompuStar's special parallelinterface allows for system cable lengthsof up to one mile . . . with data transferrates of 1.6 million BPS!Software costs are low, too.CompuStar's disk operating system is theindustry standard CP/M*. With animpressive array of application sriftware already available and severalconvnunication packages offered.the Co~uStar can tackle even yourmost difficult programming tasks.Compare for yourself. Of allthe microcomputer-based multiuser systems available today,we know of only one whichoffers exactly what you needand should expect. Exceptional value and upwardgrowth capability. TheCompuStarTM. A true price\ and performance leader!i ~~ERESPONSE ANO STATUSLEO OISPLAYOPERATOR ENTRY KEYBOARD20-KEY KEYBOARDXo- X7 Y5-Y11DATAMM57499SERIAL KEYBOARD INTERFACESERIAL OUT SERIAL INPOWER ON RESETLINE DRIVERLINE RECEIVER}"" '" UP TO 2 MILES OF TRANSMISSION LINEFigure 1: Block diagram of a minimal-component remote-entry panel, capable of serial communication with most host computers.to the computer. The first time it is transmitted, a hexadecimal F9 is af fixed to the beginning of the message to tell the computer that the terminal is no longer in the programming mode. At any time after this point,whenever a Control-semicolon ispressed, the stored password will be transmitted. Reprogramming this phrase is accomplished by simply pressing Control-Escape again and repeating the sequence.Receiving data from the control computer in response to an operatorinput is where the real power of this interface becomes apparent. The computer can signify the acceptance or rejection of a command input, or the completion of a task by turning on one of the LEDs connected to IC2.Text co ntinued on page 4234 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 19 on inquiry card .Circle 20 on inquiry card. ---+~,~~·~~v..,_'tit::"'"00xy0080808080 FN11081818181 FN22082828282 FN33083838383 FN44084848484 FN55085858585 FN66086868686 FN77087878787LS0188888888IC1189898989 ADM21BABABABADE31BBBBBBBB BTAB41BCBCBCBCSC51SDSDSDSD CLEAR61BEBEBEBE EOS71BFBFBFBF EOL0290909090BS1291919191DL2292929292DC3293939393IL4294949494 FMT5295959595I6296969696I729797979703989898981309090909 TAB2308080808BS337B7B7B7B{437C7C7C7C537D7D7D7D}637E7E7E7E735F1F1F1F0430303030014313131311243232323223433 33 33 33344343434344543535353556436363636674373737377053838383881539393939925OAOAOAOALF351B1B1B1B ESC4520202020SP55ODODODOD RTN662E2E2E2E75FFFFFFFF BREAK~:.?~·<~::.('/)(>..,_'ti<::.'"""(Joxy06162636465666760717273747576777081828384858687809192939495969790101102103104105106107100111112113114115116117113030303131213232223333233434243535253636263737273838283939293A3A2A3B3B2B2C2C3C2D2D3D2E2E3E2F2F3F4000006101016202026303036404046505056606066707076808086909096AOAOA6BOBOB6COCOC6DODOD6EOEOE6FOFOF7010107111117212127313137414147515157616167717177818187919197A1A1AON-FCON-FENo Code3002112222332442552662772882992A2B3C3D3E3FI60@41A42B43c44D45E46F47G48H49I4AJ4BK4CL4DM4EN4F050p51Q52R53s54T55u56v57 w58x59y5AZCap LoeShift LoeAPTCNTRSHIFTTable 1: Hexadecimal key-code assignments. Using this set of assignments, the computer can reply to data entered at the terminal. The data received at the remote terminal is displayed on eight LED indicators or an optional two-digit hexadecimal readout...-_,;;,_._-~4~~0~····- ' ' ,, . . . . . - , , · -=-=~ - ==~~.. 'VAK·4 16K STATIC RAM BOARD· Designed specifically for use with the AIM·65 , SYM-1 , and KIM-1 microcomputers · Two separately addressable BK-blocks with write protect. · Designed for use with the VAK·1 or KIM·4* motherboards · Has provisions for mounting regulators for use with an unregulated power supply · Made with 1st quality 2114 static ram chips · All !C's are socketed · Completely assembled, burned-in, and testedWe manufacture a complete line of high quality expansion boards. Use reader service card to be adc1ed to our mailing list, or U.S. residents send $1 .00 (International send $3.00 U.S.) for airmail delivery of our complete catalog ."Product of MOS Technology-iL / ! VAK·4DUAL8K-RAM~S325.00 -\~RNB VAK-2 SK-RAM (V. populated) $239.00 plus shippingE N~o ~P ~R~T IE ~ ES36 September 1980 © BYTE Pub lica tions Inc2951 W. Fairmount Avenue · Phoenix, AZ. 85017 · (602) 265-7564 Please note new addressCircle 21 on inquiry card.- + Circle 22 on inquiry card .('1Lte»)·COMPUTER SVSTfMSNumber Type+5V GNDIC1IC2IC3+ 5VIC4IC54 7.UIC6TYPICAL FOR 8B BITSTATUS DISPLAY~ [~D209ATYPICAL FOR 8+SVMSB 3 4~--~A---~BCLOCK 8LSB1------- 56JO II 12 13IC2 74164CLE AR8 BIT SHIFT REGISTERJN9!439K .+ IOJLFl!OVDATACLOCK184CLOCKRESETIC! MM574991723222125262728MM574991117416414775114168751151687511516875114168+5V !OKSERIAL OUTTO FIGURE 2 BSERIAL IN24 TRANSMIT9 RECEIVECRYSTAL I------.IM19 20 865JN914 TYPICAL FOR JOJKl 27pF!OK!OKFigure 2a: Schematic of the remote data-entry terminal . Use of the MM57499 serial keyboard-interface circuit allows for simple con struction. Data is entered via a standard keypad, and encoded by th e interface circu it. Data may then be sen t serially at 1200 bps to the computer over any of a number of types of transmission line.In this circuit, all diodes are 1N914s, and not all Yn lines are used since a hexadecimal keypad does not require them . Holding any key down causes a 15-cps automatic repeat.UCSD(c System for TRS-80 Model llt The most portable operating system now supports FORTRAN. Pascal and / or FORTRAN modules are compiled in universal P-code, so they can run on most microprocessors, often without recompiling. Programs execute up to 10 times faster than comparable BASIC programs, and use much less memory. Ready to run on TRS-80 Model II (64K) .FEATURESPLUS, from PCD SystemsPRICES· Interactive operating system-dynamic · Disk formatting program to initialize dis · UCSD System with Pascal Compiler $350overlays, disk file handling, run-time supkettes in single or double density formats.with Pascal and Fortran Compilers $500port and block 1/0 routines.· Configuration program for serial 1/ 0.· Fortran Compiler alone· Fast, one pass compilers.· Disk-set program to permit separate as(requires Version 11.0)$200· Two Editors-one screen oriented for prosignment of density and format charac · P-Code Interpreter alonegramming and text editing, one character teristics for each disk drive.oriented for hard copy terminals.DOCUMENTATION(either LSl-11 or Z-80) Optional Utility Programs$ 85· File handler to manipulate disk files. · Macro-assembler that produces code forlinking with Pascal or Fortran programs. · Linker for link-editing of object and assembly code modules. · Library of program modules and utilities.· UCSD System Manual (400 pages). · Beginner's Guide To UCSD Pascal. · Pascal User Manual & Report.· Fortran User's Manual with Fortran systems.· CP / M* to Pascal file conversion$ 50· TRSDOSt to Pascal file conversion $ 50· Z-80 Disassembler/Dump program $ 50ALSO AVAILABLE· UCSD System for MINC' or PDP. · Z-80 Adaptable System (you write BIOS).PCD Systems, Inc.· UCSD System for CP/M environments.PCD Systems is a licensed distributor of the UCSD System for Pascal and Fortran. DealerPO Box 143 Penn Yan, NY 14527 315-536-3734inquiries are invited.* Trademark of the Regents of the University of California tTrademark of Tandy Corporation ·Trademark of Digital Research ' Trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation38 September 1980 © BYTE Publicatio ns IncCircle 23 on inquiry ca rd .Solve your personalenergycrisis. LetVisiCalcTMSoftware do the work. With a calculator, pencil and paper you can spend hours plan ning, projecting, writing, estimating, calculating, revising, erasing and recalculating as you work toward a decision.Or with the Personal Software '" VisiCalc program and your Apple * II you can explore many more options with a fraction of the time and e ffort you've s pent before .VisiCalc is a new breed of problem-solving software. Unlike prepackaged software that forces you into a computerized straight jacket, VisiCalc adapts itself to any numerical problem you have. Yo u enter numbers, alphabetic titles and formulas o n your keyboard. VisiCalc organizes and displays this infor mation o n the screen. You don ' t have to spend your time programming.Yo ur energy is better spent using the results than get ting them.Say you' re a business manager and want to project your annual sales. Using the calculator, pencil and paper method, you 'd lay out 12 months across a sheet and fill in lines and columns of figures on products, outlets, salespeople, etc. You'd cal culate by hand the subtotals and summary figures . Then you 'd start revising, erasing and recalculating. With VisiCalc, you simply fill in the same figures on an electronic "sheet of paper" and let the computer do the work.Once your first projection is complete, you ' re ready to use VisiCalc's unique, po werful recalculation feature . It lets you as k " What if?;' examining new options a nd planning for contingencies. " What if" sal es drop 20 percent in March? Just type in the sa les fi gure. VisiCalc instantly updates all other figures affected by March sales.Or say you're an engineer working on a design problem and are wondering " What if that oscillation were damped by another 10 percent?" Or you're working on your family's expenses and wonder " What will happen to our entertainment budget if the heating bill goes up 15 percent this winter?" VisiCalc responds instantly to show you all the consequences of any change.Once you see VisiCalc in action, you'll think of many more uses for its power. Ask your dealer for a demonstration and di s cover how VisiCalc can help you in your professional work andpersonal life. You might find that VisiCalc alone is reason enough toown a personal computer. VisiCalc is available now for Apple II computers withversions for other personal computers coming soon. The Apple II version requires a 32k disk system .For the name and address of your nearest VisiCalc dealer, call (408) 745-7841 or write to Personal Software, Inc.,592 Weddell Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086. If your favorite dealer doesn't already carry Personal Software products, ask him to give us a call.VisiCalc was deve lo ped excl usive ly for Pe rsonal Soft ware by Soft wa re Arts, Inc., Ca mbrid ge, Mass.Circle 24 on inquiry card .TM -V isiCa lc is a trademark o f Pe rso nal Software, Inc.'*Appl e is a regi stered trad em ark of Apple Co mputer, In c.IC I PIN 9 SERIAL DATA INPUT TO FIGURE 2AREMOTE ENTRY PANELICOMPUTERI+SVI , - - - - - - - - - - - - , +SVI II II ~------------l sonIIII IK III I Ic6II I SN 7Sll4I-'---.r I I.__.__________ l_10.1,uF *(II L___________I_J10onTRANSMISSION( ,----------, LINE+SV+SVTTL SERIAL IN 1200 BPSlK">-"------'--'-- - - - - ---------~sonIC 3 SN7Sll4>~-L>TTL SERIAL OUT1200 BPSICl PIN 24 SERIAL DATA OUTPUTFROM FIGURE 2AL __________JFigure 2b: Transmission-line drivers for the terminal are capable of transmitting over 10,000 feet of 100-ohm line. The capacitors at pin 4 of IC4 and IC5 help to redu ce noise pick-up by decreasing the frequency res ponse of the receive r.10 100 ~TE MPERMT UPE MND s ~ LEsl'·',, 3 --~' :- :3>5(1~ '0u "'1?T 42 (1r'oL_,~F~M~"~,~, ~J ~_,~"~' '""°'o~,-,..,-=-'o ~ 0i1 I) tJ TH ·;x,y Genesisnow has:· ability to dump graphics screen to printers,x,y GenesisApplesoft subroutinesadd graphics to your programs.· standard format graphs (pie chart, bar chart, scatter plot, line plot).FromFUTUREWORLDInterfaces to popular file management systems under development.2514 University DriveDurham, NC 27707 Dept 89$74.95(919) 489-7486New additions to our select software list:VISICALCTM$150.00A product of Software Arts Inc.* VISICALC Models *Save hours of setup time!Visible Bookkeeper $59.95Nine basic bookkeeping models with explanations for adapting to your own small business.Business Projector $39.95Basic one year general business projection model with cash flow, ratio analysis and supporting schedules.40 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 25 on inquiry card.Circle 26 on inquiry card. ___.MM57499 GNDXO 2aCRYSTALX1 273 CRYSTAL26 X2 4 RESETX3 25Y4TRANSMIT OUT 246 Y5x6 23y622 X5 a Y721 X49 RECEIVE INPUTYa 2010 Yg IIVeeY11 19 CLOCK OUT 1a12 YoDATA OUT (X 7) 1713 YI14Y216 Y10 Y3 15Figure 2c: The MM5 7499 serial keyboardencoder integrated circuit , which scans a 12 by 8 matrix and produces the ap propriate ASCII code for each key.SHIFT KEYCONTROL REPEATCAP LO CKSHIFT LOCKwwvyuuTIsszyzyRrQqx x Y11p p ylO0 aNnMmL IKkJ jIiHhYgG g~IFf>E e=-Ddcc<+;Bb·A a0 @ Ya)9(a Y77 BREAKa%$#6543" 2IIa 0 y6RTNSPESCLF9SCAN LINES a Y5765432I0 Y4DEL -/\-l}I[I I{BSTAB- Y3-ItFMTILDCDLFS Y2Tex t con tinued from page 34:This is accomplished by sending an ASCII character to the entry receiver that has a key code corresponding to the bits we wish to light. These codes are listed in table 1.For example, to light the LSB (least significant bit) of the display, a hexa decimal 01 is sent. This corresponds to a "Control-shift-A". The Break key code FF would turn on all the indi cators. To successfully use these LEDs, a lookup table and bit map should be included in any software driver for the terminal. My prototype included both an 8-bit LED display and a two-digit hexadecimal display. They are wired in parallel and display the same information.Long Distance Transmission No one bothers to construct aremote-entry terminal for placement next to the control computer. In most cases you will not have to resort to extraordinary means to communicate a couple hundred feet. Should you need to communicate long distances, such as 3000 feet to the barn, the line driver circuitry of figure 2 should be used . It is capable of driving 10,000 feet of 100-ohm transmission line. For short distances it isn't absolutely necessary to use this wire or circuit. AEOLEDS CLEAR SCB TABDEADMIC YILSFN7FN6FN5FN4FN3FN2FNl YoSTRO BE LINESFigure 3: Key function chart. Altho ugh not all scan lines are used for the hexadecimal keypad, th e MM5 74 99 circuit is capable of encoding th e full ASCII character set. In th e unit described , shorting X3 and Ys produces an ESC (Escape) code, while shorting Xs and Y 5 gives the code for 5.pair of MC1488 and MC1489 RS 232C drivers can be substituted for short runs and twisted-pair wiring used instead of 100-ohm cable. The degree of leeway allowed depends upon the electrical noise between the terminal and the computer. If in doubt, use the heavy-duty driver I've outlined.Whether you build this interface or not is immaterial so long as you recognize the advantages it presents for those readers interested in control applications. I've only scratched the surface concerning the capabilities of the MM57499. We could also have used it as a single-chip remote-status transmitter, or we could have ex panded the receiver section for full message displays. Trying to cover allpotential applications is impossible in a single article . I assure you that I am not through with this device, and I'll think up a few more gadgets that use it. If in the meantime you have any brainstorms concerning home con trol, I'd appreciate hearing about them .For information on the MM57499 write to:Mike Van Slack Product Marketing Engineer National Semiconductor 2900 Semiconductor Dr Santa Clara CA 95051Next Month: We will explore some ways to use LCDs (liquid-crystal displays). ·42 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 27 on inquiry card. ........ '..... The lntecolor' 8963 is just one of a complete line of ISC desk top computers designed for businessmen who don't know ··how - or don't have time - to write programs . It's CP/M" com patible , so you can choose from hundreds of CP/M businessprograms - programs that have been proven in hundreds ofactual applications.Programs like General Ledger, Accounts Receivable andPayable Payroll , Mailing List and Inventory Control are nowavailable in color. You 'll comprehend data faster, thanks to theproven readability of ISC's eight-color display.To compose letters and other documents quickly and easily,you 'll want ISC's unique color-coded Word Processing program. With an optional printer, you can print out as manymistake-free originals as you want!The lrttecolor 8963 gives you all the benefits of colorgraphics computing at a price that's competitive with blackand-white. It's complete with 19" color graphics display,typewriter-like keyboard , dual disk drive for data storage- even a color version of Microsoft' Business BASIC forthose of you who do want to program .Don't let your business get behind the times. Call your ISCsales representative or visit your nearest Factory AuthorizedISC dealer and get a "hands on " demonstration today.Color Communicates Better5M*U S domc::.11c price Unretouched photo or scieen . CP M is a rcg1s1eied trademark ot 0191tal Research CorpOE M Quantity Di scounts are available to Ouahf1ed Dealers and Volume Users of 25 Sys tems (or greater) per year. Call your nea rest ISC Representative li sted belowISC SALES REPRESENTATIVES : AL : 205 883 ·8660 . AZ : 602 994 -5400 . AR : (TX ) 21 4166 1-9633 . CA : Alhambra 213 281 ·2280. Gole !a 805 964·8751 . Irvine 714 557-4460 . Los Angeles 213/476- 1241. los Alles 41 5 948-4563 . San Diego 714 292-8525 . CO : JQJ,355-2363 . CT: 2031624-7800 . DE : (PAJ 215 542 -9876. DC : (VA) 703 569-1502 . FL : Ff Lauderdale 3051776-4800. Melbourne 305!723-0766 . Orlando 305 425-5505. Tallahassee 9()4 ,878-6642 . GA: Atlanta 404 455-1035. HI : 8081524·8633. 10: (UT ) 801 292· 814 5. IL: {No) 3 12 564-54 40. (So MO) 816 765-3337. IN: (IL) 312 564-5440 . IA : (Scott County Only) 312 564 -5440 . (MO) 81& 765-3337. KS : (M0) 816 765-3337. KY: 6061273-3771 . LA : 5041626-9701. ME: (MA ) 617 729-5770 . MO: (VA) 7031569·1502 . MA. 6171729·5770. Ml : Br1gh1on 3131227-7067. G'and Rap·ds 616 393-9839. MN : 612 645-58 16. MS: !AL) 2051883·8660. MO: 816/765·3337. MT: (CO) 303 355·2363. NB : !MO) 816 765-3337. NH : (MA) 6 171729-5770 . NJ : (No J 201/224-6911 , (So J 2 15 542 -9876. NV: (AZ ) 602 994 -5400 . NM: 505 292·1212 . NY: Metro1ll(NJ) 201 224-6911 . N Syracuse 315 699·2651 . Fairport 716 223-4490 . Utica 3 151732·1 801 . NC : 9191682-2383 . NO: (MN) 612 645-5816 . OH : Cleveland 216.398-0506 . Dayton 513 435-7684 . OK : (TX ) 21 4 661 -9633 . OR : 503 644 -5900 . PA : (E) 215 542-9876. (W) 412 922-5110 . RI : (MA) 6 17 729-5770 . SC : 803 798-8070 . SO : tMN ) 612 645 ·5816 , TN : 615 482-5761 . TX : Aus11n 512 454-3579 . Dallas 2141661 ·9633 . El Paso Area (l as Cruces. NMJ505 524-9693 . Houston Only 713 681 -0200. UT: 801 292-8 145. VT: (MA) 617 729-5770. VA : 7031569-1502 . WA : 2061455-9180. WV: (PA) 41 21922-51 10. WI : (IL) 312 564-5440. WY: (CO) 3031355-2363 . EUROPEAN EXPORT SALES : EUROPE: (MA ) 6171661 -9424 . BELGIUM: Brussels 02·242-36·04 . DENMARK : 02·913255 . FRANCE : Rued Malma1son 749-47·65 . Pans 33+306·4606. GREECE : Athens 642- 1368. ITALY: Milano 02600733. THE NETHERLANDS: Poeld1Jk 0 1749· 47640 . Amsterdam 020·360904 . SPAIN: Barcelona 204-17- 43. SWEDEN: Valllngby 08-380-370. SWITZERLAND: Mutschellen 057-546·55. UNITED KINGDOM : Bournemouth 0201671181 . WEST GERMANY: Kobtenz 01149-31025 6. AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND: Auckland 876-570. Canberra 58-1811 . Cherms1de 59·6436 . Ch11stchurch 796·2~N~~~~~n:f x~~~J~~·cs.fR~:b~i~'1G1~::o~~~~~3~~f5:i~5~~:n~e~;~o;s:'.~;::~6R9~~~.f~~;)a2~;~3~~~; ~~~~ H~~Q'~~~(j:8;:;:~:i ~8J'~~~~~r(~y~4-8625. CENTRALf'll l 1ntelligent Systems c~';;~:nd (03) 463-9921 . TAIWAN: (Ta1pe1) 02·7026284. MIDDLE EAST: (GA) 404 581·0243. EGYPT: 809933. ISRAEL: Ramat Gan 03725749. KUWAIT: Kuwail 438· 180 1 2. LEBANON : Beirut 22 1731 260 110 . SAUDI ARABIA : Jeddah 27790 . Riyadh 25083-39732SeN>Ce 'n o1he' counlnes con1ac1 ISC headquane'5 'n N°'ooss . GA . us Alntecolor Drive O 225 Technology Park/Atlanta [ J Norcross. GA 30092 D Telephone 404/449-5961 D TWX 810-766-1581Your vehicle ror CORIThe Challenger BP OF. The general purpose microcomputer was first introduced as a computer for hobbyists and experimenters . However, as the industry has grown , microcomputers have become specialized for personal use or for small business use. There is virtually no computer for the serious experi menter with one important exception, the Ohio Scientific Challenger SP.The CSP is unique in that it incor porates the features of state-of-the art personal computers , with the memory and disk storage capacity of business computers , along with the " mainframe " bus architecture and open ended expansion capability of industrial control computers.Personal Computer Features The CSP DF 's specs beat all personal computers hands down. It executes instructions two to three times faster, and displays more alphabetic characters on its screen than othermodels . It has upper and lower case and graphics in 16 colors. The CSP 's standard 110 capabilities are far more extensive than any other com puter, with joystick and keypad inter faces , sound output , an S-bit DIA converter, 16 parallel 1/0 lines, modem and printer interfaces , AC remote control and security monitor interfaces and a universal acces sory port that accepts a prom blaster, 12-bit analog 1/0 module, solderless prototyping board and more.Ohio Scientific offers a large library of personal applications programs, including exciting action games such as Invaders and Star Trek , sports simulations , games of logicand educational games, personal applications such as biorhythms, calorie counter, home programs such as checking and savings account balancers and a home budgeter just to name a few. A new Plot BASIC makes elaborate anima tions easy, and music composition program allows you to play complex multi-part music through the com puters DAC.At the systems level the machine comes standard with OS-650 , an ad vanced disk operating system with Microsoft BASIC and an interactive Assembler Editor. Optional software includes UCSD PASCAL and FORTRAN and an Information Management System (OS-MOMS). Dozens of independent software suppliers now also offer personal programs for the CSP.puter explorations. Business Computer Features The C8P DF utilizes dual 8" floppy disk drives which store up to eight times as much information as per sonal computer mini-floppies . and an available double-sided option expands capacity to 1.2 megabytes of on-line storage. The C8P DF is compatible with Ohio Scientific 's business computer software . in cluding OS-65U an advanced oper ating system . and an Information Management System (OS-DMS) with supplementary inventory, account ing, A/R -A/P, payroll , purchasing , estimation , educational grading and financial modeling packages . The system also supports word process ing (WP-3) and a fully integrated small business accounting system (OS-AMCAP V1 .6) . The C8P DF 's standard modem and printer ports accept high-speed matrix printers and word-processing printers directly.Home Control and Industrial Control The C8P DF has the most advanced home monitoring and control capa bilities ever offered in a computer system . It incorporates a real time clock and a unique FOREGROUND/ BACKGROUND operating systemwhich allows the computer to function with normal BASIC program s, at the same time it is monitoring external devices. The C8P DF comes standard with an AC remote controlinterface. whichallows it to control a wide range of AC appliances and lights remotely, without wiring , and an interface for home sec urity systems which moni tors fire. intrusion , car theft , water levels and freezer tempe rature , all without messy wiring . In addition . the C8P DF can accept Ohio Scien tific 's Votrax voice 1/0 board and/or Ohio Scientific 's new universal telephone interface (UT/). The tele phone interface connects the com puter to any telephone line . The computer system is able to answer calls . initiate calls and communicate via touch -tone signals , voice output or 300 baud modem signals . It can accept and decode touch -tone signals . 300 baud modem signal s and record incoming voice messages . These features collec tively give the C8P DF capabilities to monitor and control home functions with almost human-like capabilities .For process control applications . a battery back up calendar clock with automatic computer restart capabili ties is available. Ohio Scientific 's unique accessory ports allow the connection of a nearly unlimited number of 48 line parallel 1/0 cards and 12-bit high speed instrumenta tion quality analog 1/0 modules to the computer by inexpensive 16-pin ribbon cables.Exploring New Frontiers Ohio Scientific 's vocalizer software processes normal BASIC print state ments with conventional spellings and speaks them clearly in real-timeon computers equipped with the UTI (CA-15B or CA-14A). This voice out put capability, combined with the C8P 's remote control . remote sen s ing , telephone interface capabilities and reasonable cost open up new frontiers for computer applications.Documentation The C8P DF is not a beginner 's com puter and doesn 't come with begin ner 's documentation . However. Ohio Scientific does offer detailed documentation on the computer which is meaningful for expert s. including a Howard Sam s produced hardware service manual that in cludes detailed block diagrams. schematic s. parts placement dia grams and parts lists. Ohio Sc ientifi c is now also offering fully documented Source Code in machine readable form for OS-65D, the Challenger 8P 's operating system allowing experimenters and industrial users to customize the system to their specific applications .What's Next? Ohio Scientific is working on a speech recognizer to complement the UTI system. with a several hun dred word vocabulary. The company is also developing an 8 megabyte low-cost . add-on hard disk for use in conjunction with natural language parsing to further advance the state of-the-art in small computers. The modular bu s architecture of the C8P assures system owners of being able to make use of these new developments as they become available just as the owner of a 1976 vintage Challenger can directly plug in voice output. the UTI and other current state-of-the-art OSI products.The C8P DF with dual 8" floppies, BASIC and two operating systems costs about $3000, only slightly more than you would pay for a dual mini-floppy equipped personal com puter with only a fraction of the capabilities of the C8P.For more information and the name of the dealer nearest you, call 1·800·321·6850 toll free.1111 IEllTIFll1333 SOUTH CHILLICOTHE ROAD AURORA . OH 44202 · (216) 831-5600Circle 28 on inquiry card.An 8088 Processor for the 5-100 Bus Part 1Thomas Woodward Cantrell 2475 Borax Dr Santa Clara CA 95051 The 16-bit microprocessor has definitely arrived . No one doubts that this new wave of high-performance processors will soon be operating on the familiar S-100 bus. In fact , Seattle Computer Products is already ship ping its Intel 8086-based processor card, along with a support card that includes vectored-interrupt control, hardware mathematical operations, and miscellaneous timer/ counters.Godbout Electronics has designed a card containing two microprocessors and the logic allowing transfer of control between them by software. One of the processors on this board is an Intel 8085A-2, which allowsthe board to be placed in 8080A / 8085A / Z80A-based S-100 systems with a minimum amount of hassles .Using various existing or soon-to be-developed cross-software pro ducts, programs can be developed for the other processor on the board, the Intel 8088 . When the new software is developed and loaded, control can be transferred from one microprocessor circuit to the other for checkout and debugging . This is a novel solution to the problem of bootstrapping a system consisting of both new hard ware and new software.Microsoft and Digital Research,both highly renowned producers of quality software, are making their contributions to the processor revolu tion . Microsoft is already shipping an 8086 / 8088 version of its popular BASIC interpreter as well as an 8086 / 8088 cross-macroassembler which runs under Digital Research 's CP/ M , A disk operating system and other system software are to follow .Digital Research has an 8086 / 8088 based version of CP / M in the works . Expect this to be followed with new versions of MP/ M and PL/I. The multitude of vendors who supply software to run under CP/ M should already be converting their software for use with the new CP / M .Photo 1: A wolf in sheep 's clothing. Th e pan el may say "8080," but th e processo r card in this system is based on Intel's high-perfo rmance 8088.Problems Remain Be that as it may, the S-100 /1 6-bitprocessor picture is not as bright as it may seem . The fundamental problem is that the S-100 bus was originally designed by MITS (of Altair fame) for the Intel 8080, an 8-bit micro processor. To "upgrade" the S-100 bus to the higher levels of perfor mance offered by the new machines, certain problems must be addressed. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Standards Committee, through its S-100 bus standard definition, has assured a future for the S-100 bus in two ways .First, the problem of incompatibil ity between different "S-100" modules will be laid to rest. Woe be unto today's computerist who at tempts to use a Brand X OMA color video-display board with a Brand Y46 September 1980 ,c; BYTE Publications Inc- - + Circle 29 on inquiry card .UALITYSEPARATES THIS PRINTER FROM THE TOYSMICROTEK MT-80 SOLID VALUE FOR YOUR DOLLARThe market is flooded with low-cost printers that look and last more like toys. The Microtek MT-80, our versatile alpha numeric line printer, has a high quality print mechanism that gives you solid value for your dollar. It has been de- · signed with a superior brain resulting in more advanced features and more de pendable performance. Our printer is so rel iable that we offer you an incred ible 365 days warranty. We stand behind every printer we make because we bu ild quality into each one. So stop tinkering with toys and get serious. Demand 100% value by speci fying the MT-80.OUR UNIT PRICE$795 Parallel $895 Serial (RS-232C)LOADED WITH INNOVATIONS · 40, 80 or 120 columns (softwareselectable) · Non-thermal paper, pin feed · 125 CPS, 70 lines per minute· 9 x 7 dot matrix· Vertical format unit · 96-character ASCII (upper and lowercase) · Adjustable forms width to 91/2" · Parallel and serial (RS-232C) interfaces availableFor more information contact: MICROTEK, Inc., 9514 Chesapeake Drive, San Diego, CA 92123 Tel.(714)278-0633 TWX 910-335-1269 Circle 95 for microTaxCPA/Tax Professionals ... Here's how you can solve your professional practice development problems. Are you satisfied with the growth of your tax practice? Our field tested professional tax preparation software can help' One tax practitioner reported his tax seaso n income jumped from $12 .000 to $30 .000 using a micro computer · It can happen to you too!! Call or write for details . m·ICfOiAH ...complete system . including: ·Federal individual · State individual · CorporateIncome Tax Software SpecialistsS.O.FTWAREdealer inquiries invited3600 WILSHIRE BOULEVARD. #1510 . LO S ANGELES . CALIFORNIA 90010 · (213) 738-9972rnJ~~ITBrnJruJ~USOFTWAREPS.-We want to be your software source. Give us the opportunity to beat any nationally advertised price'CP/M 'I ~',~~ MANUALOSBORNE fi MANUAL O NLY#General Ledger$ 59/ $20·Acct Rec/ Acct Pay s 59/ S20·Payroll w/Costs 59/ $20Buy 2get 1 free$118/ S57A11 3andCBASIC2 S199/ S71DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/ M " 2 2 Northstar . $149/ $25 CP/ M ' 22Cromemco S189 / S25MICROSOFTBasic-BO Basic Compile r Fortran-80S284 / S25 S324 / S25 $384/ $25MtCROPROWord-Star (\/er. 2 .01 . S349/ S40Word-Star/ Mail-Merge. S489/ S65DataStar$279/ $35VVord-Master$119/ $25SuperSortl$199/ $2 5SuperSort II$169/ $25 SuperSort Ill$119/ $25Tiny "C' CBAS IC (Ver 2 061 Pascal / Z (Ver 31 Pascal / MT (Ver 31 Magic Wand CBS HIM .. Electric Pencil II$ 69/ S40 .s 89 / S15 S369/ $35 S229/ S30 S299/ S45 5279/ 545 S369 / S45less 15%COMPUTER PATHWAYS~Pearl (leve l 11s 99/ $25·Pearl (level 2)$299/ 525#Pearl (level 315549 525PEACHTREE ' fi+General LedgerS449/ S35+Accts Receivable $449/ S35+Accts Payable$449/ $35+PayrollS449/ S35+Inventory$499/ $35+Property Mg!.. . . . 5899/ $35+c PA Client Write-up S899/ S35+Ma1l1ng Address 5399/ S35STRUCTURED SYSTEMS·General Ledger$747 / $25:Accts Receivable $747 / $25=Accts Payable #PayrollS74 7/ $25s74 7/ $25·Inventory Control S44 7/ S25: Analyst=Le"erighttt NAOS19 7 / S15 S167/ S25 $ 87/ $20OSORTS 87 / S2 0 GRAHAM-DORIAN fi#General LedgerS793/ S35·AcctsRece1vable S793 / S35 =Accts PayableS793/ S35=PayrollS493/ S35#Inventory . =Cash Register :;Apartment Mgt.S493/ S35 S493 / S35 S493/ S35=Job CostingS793/ S35MICRO-AP :;Selector lll-C2 ·Selector IV #Glector S-Bas1c CompilerS269/ S20 S469/ S35 S299/ S25 S229/ S25WHITESMITHS "C" Compiler .·Pascal (i ncl "C"I$600/ $30 $750/ $45S.O.F.T.WA.R.E. fi:;: M icrotax ~ -Prof . taxpreparationFederal 1nd1vidual . $749/ $50Federal corpcrate S249/ S25State individualS249/ S25t:Bus1ness Plus·General LedgerS 79/ $25Accounts Receivable $ 79/ S25Accounts Payable S 79/ $25Payrolls 79/ Sl'5All 4$269/ $99SUPER SOFT fi ForthDiagnostic I Other disk softwareS129/ S25s 49/ S20less 10%APPLE II ' MICROSOFT Sottcard (CP/ M)S292PERSONAL SOFTWAREVis1calc ·$122CCA Data MgrS 84Desktop/ Plan$ 84MUSESuper-TextS 84Other disk software . less 10%TRS-80' MODEL IICP/ M 2.2$149 Electric Pencil II . less 15%TRS-80 ' MODEL ICP/ M 1.4 . CCA Data Mgr$129 s 68 O ther software requirements-CallCP/ M users specify disk systems and formats . Most formats available* - Soec1al Bonus w11h ordert -Requires m1crosott BASI C(' - Supplied 1n source ccx:le;t - RequiresCBASIC-2R - Mlgs. TrademarkVISA· MASTERCHARGEORDERS ONLY-CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-854-2003 ext. 823Calif. 1-800-522-1500 ext. 823Add $2.50 postage and handling per each item . California residents add 6% sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. C 0 D. ok Prices subject to change with out notice. Al l items subject to availability.For information write or ca llTHE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP1610 Argyle Ave ., Bldg . 102 · Los Angeles , CA 90028 · (213) 665-8280ZBO processor card and a Brand Z dynamic memory board . If they a ll work together it's a miracle! By more clearly defining things like OMA (direct-memory access) protocols and timing, as well as eliminating some of the archaic or abused S-1 00 signa ls, board compat ibility can m o re likely be assured .Second, prov1s10ns have been made to ease the adaptation of new, higher-performance processors to the bus. This expandability has been achieved in three distinct ways:· 16-Bit Data Transfers - MITS chose to sp lit the 8080's bidirec tional 8-bit data bus into separate input and output data buses. While the wisdom of this was often questioned, it has proven to be a saving grace. The IEEE S-100 standard adds two signals (SXTRQ*, Sixteen Request , and SIXTN *, Sixteen Acknowledge) to allow 16-bit data transfers by ganging the input and o ut put data bus. (Note that throughout this a rticle I will use the "*" notation to designate active low signals; this is the accepted usage in the IEEE sta ndard. )· Extended Memory Addressing - Eight of the unused S-100 bus lines have been designated as address lines A16 thru A23. With 24 address bits (AO thru A23), 16 megabytes of memory can be addressed directly.·Extended l/O (i npu t/output) Addressing - The 8080 was capable of addressing 256 l/O ports. The 8-bit l/O port ad dress was placed on both the low byte (AO thru A7) and high byte (AB thru AlS) of the 16-bit address bus . The IEEE standard allows this echoing of the port address on both halves of the address bus, but recommends that AO thru AlS be used for l/O addressing. The 16-bit l/O address gives S-100 systems the abi lity to directly utilize up to 64 K l/O ports .These standardization eff o rts will a ll ow a controlled evo luti o n of the S-100 bu s. However, I realize that of the dozens of S-100 boards I have (in cluding some of very recent vintage), probably none meets the IEEE stan dard. I cannot afford to replace them48 Se ptember 1980 ·f BYrE Publications IncCircle 30 for THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUPBuy nowand get FREE Solid State Software Libraries. Choose from these. TI Programmables lead the field in performance, quality and value. When you're choosing a program mable calculator consider: Power. Tutal software support. Flexibility. And price/performance. You'll dis cover a clear-cut answer. A TI Pro grammable 58C or 59.The TI-59 has up to 960 program steps or up to 100 memories. Mag netic card read/write capability lets you record your own custom pro grams or those received from PPX (Professional Program Exchange).The TI-58C features up to 480 program steps or 60 memories. And it has Tl's Constant Memory TM fea ture that retains data and program information even when the calculator is turned off. And now free modules give you that added productivity you need. From August 15 to October 31, 1980 is your special opportunity to pur chase one of the world's most ad vanced programmable calculators. And get a minimum of $40 worth of free software modules with a TI 58C. Or, when you buy a TI-59, get a minimum of $80 worth of software modules and an $18 one-year mem bership in PPX. This will allow you to select up to 3 programs (from over 2,500) written by professionals in your field.Visit your TI retailer for more in formation, and let him help you se lect the TI Programmable and free software that's right for you.l oi:; bought;;'"Tl -58C, send me m-;lree module. Here i;;-1 rTlY first choice and an alternate. O I've bought a Tl -59, send me my two free modules and my membership (which entitles me to select three pro grams from the source catalog at no charge) . Here are my m1 odule choices and an alterna2te._ _ _ _ __3. -,----,~,------=-=Send to: Tl library Offer, P.O. Bo1 1984, Lubbock, TX 79408. Return this coupon (1) wilh customer information card (packed in box). (2) a dated copy of proof of purchase. between Aug 15 and Oct 31 . 1980 - items must be post marked by Nov 7. 1980. NameAddressCityStateZipBYCalculator Seria l Number (from back of unit)Please allow 30 days tor delivery Offer void I where prohibited Offer good in US onlyLTl~therlQ~ubs~em~les - _ _i U.S. suggested retail for all Li braries is $40, except Farming, $55, and Pool Water Analysis, $45. **For use with Tl-59 onlyFifty Years lnno0Janon4PTexas Instroments technology - bnnging affordable electronics to yourfingertips. ·US suggested retail price. © 1980 Texas Instruments IncorporatedCircle 31 on inquiry card.TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED BYTE September J980 49ing, pipelining, memory segmentaM E M ORY I N TERF ACEtion and hardware mathematicali:------- ------------------------,BUSINTE R FA C EC · BUSIIUN I TI4I INSTRUCTIONSTREAMIBYTE QUEUEI Icsr - - - - - - - -------~SSIIoperations are being adopted and put on silicon. When I say the architec ture of the 8088 is "new and revolu tionary, " I am really saying that the day of the "mainframe-on-a-chip" has arrived.The Best of Both Worlds The 8088 contains two processorsOS IPI I~------ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ JCONTROL SYSTEMI I Iin its 40-pin package. One is called the EU (execution unit) and the otherI E X ECU TI ON I UN ITA· BUSIIis the BIU (bus-interface unit) . The BIU is optimized for communicatingII with the rest of the computer system,IAHALI while the EU is optimized for exeIBHBLICHCLIDHDLISPIBP~~~i~~~~~C /I cuting programs.I I IThe EU most closely resembles what is conventionally considered theI processor; it contains the workingIS IOPERANDSI registers, the status flags , and theIDIFLAGSI ALU (arithmetic / logic unit). As itsL-------------------------------J name implies, this is where programsFigure 1: The internal architecture of th e 8088. By combining a 16-bit execution unit with an 8-bit bus-interface unit, the 8088 can use a powerful instruction set and still re main compatible with most existing hardware. The functional division of processing allows the 8088 a speed advantage by performing fetch and execute concurrently.are executed. The EU of the 8088 is the same asthe one in the 16-bit 8086 processor. All the registers (twelve of them) are 16 bits wide, though some of themcan be treated as two separate 8-bitregisters by the programmer. In addiall. In fact, my IMSAI computer's scale integration) processing tech tion, all math operations (addition,front panel does not meet the stan nologies. Semiconductor manu subtraction, multiplication and dividard either.facturers have the capability of plac sion) can utilize 16-bit operands.ing 30,000 transistors on a chip of The 8-bit BIU manages much of theA Solutionsilicon today, with as many as work associated with the address,Intel's 8088 microprocessor is a 100,000 in the near future. Now ima data, status, and control bus interremarkable machine. By combining a gine a second-generation mainframe faces. The BIU of the 8088 uses an16-bit execution unit with an 8-bit bus computer of the 1960s. It fills an air 8-bit data bus for receiving andinterface, the 8088 can represent the conditioned room and consists of transmitting data, as opposed to thebest of both worlds for many users . large metal boxes and massive power BIU of the 8086, which uses a 16-bit(See figure 1.) In particular, the 8088 supplies . Inside some of the metal data bus . An example of the busallows you to reap the benefits of a boxes are large racks filled with cir handling optimization of the BIU ispowerful new architecture while cuit cards. These circuit cards are that the speed requirements placed onpreserving your investment in 8-bit covered with transistors, resistors, the rest of the system (ie: memoryhardware . In addition, many data and capacitors. Today, the com and 110 devices) are very easy to dealhandling-oriented applications (such puting equivalent of these metal with. An 8088 running at 5 MHz canas intelligent terminals, data concen boxes is a small group of integrated use relatively slow memories (ie :trators, and small business com circuits.450 ns access time) with no waitputers) are more naturally imThe user may be initially impressed states. Save those old, slow memoryplemented with a machine that com by the complexity of the computer boards.municates using 8-bit characters.being used, but he will ultimately The connection between the BIUjudge the machine on the basis of its (which fetches and stores data) andNew Architecturespower and ease of use; therefore, the the EU (which processes the data) isThe microprocessor revolution is challenge for the manufacturers is not the queue or pipeline. The BIU keepsfascinating because it represents a as simple as maximizing the number the pipeline filled with instructionsmicrocosm of the computer revolu of devices . The problem is designing fetched from memory, while the EUtion . In the last 5 years we have seen microprocessors that respond to the draws instructions from the queue ascomputers on silicon follow the needs of the user.it needs them.footsteps of 30 years of computing The high-performance solution is In less sophisticated computers, thehistory . The effort of the computing to implement mainframe architec rest of the system (especiallypioneers has not been in vain , for it tures that contain tried and proven memory) might sit idle, waiting forhas served to chart our course.virtues. Concepts like attached co the processor to finish a long instrucConsider current VLSI (very large processors, concurrent l!O process tion. To eliminate this waste of50 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publicat io ns Inc- - + Circle 32 on inquiry card .Diablo printers spend more time in this position. A printer isn't much good ifit can't do the job when it's needed.That's why, at Diablo, we don'tjust design printers that work. We design printers that keep on working. In fact, we make them so reliable, you can just O£~n the carton, plug in and play.Diablo offers the widest range of reliable printers and options to give the flexibility you need. Which stands to reason. After all, we pioneered the daisy wheel technology and we're still the leader in it.So ifyour printers spend too much time inthe "off' position, you know what to do.Switch.Diablo SystemsDiablo® and XEROX® are trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION.XEROXsystem resources, the BIU of the 8088 will fetch more information and put it in the queue for later use by the EU. Similarly, when the BIU tries to read some extra-slow memory and en counters a wait state, the EU can con tinue reading instructions from the queue and executing them. All the EU ever "sees" is the queue, regardless of differences in the BIU that feeds it.This powerful internal architec ture, combined with the simple 8-bit 1/0, makes the 8088 a natural for the S-100 and other 8-bit buses.Design and Interfacing My S-100 / 8088 board is designedas a simple, yet powerful, base computer with the support logic necessary to interface to the S-100 bus . I will ex plain the design accordingly by first discussing the design of the minimal system, and then the techniques for interfacing to the S-100 bus .Several years ago it would not have been uncommon to overhear: "My computer's got a microprocessor, 2 K bytes of EPROM, 1 K bytes of pro grammable memory, and a couple of 1/0 ports." Today, the same machine can be created using four integrated circuits . In fact, such a system is shown in figure 2.This system uses a 5 MHz 8088 pro cessor, driven by an 8284 clock generator, with an 8185-2 1-K-by-8bit static memory circuit and an 8755A-2 2-K-by-8-bit EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory). The 8755A-2 also includes two 8-bit parallel ports.Notice how simple the basic system is. Each part was designed with com patibility in mind, so the interfacing task is essentially "connect the dots ."The 8088 Microprocessor In the following section, detailedhardware aspects of these key com ponents will be discussed . My reference is Intel's 8086 Family User's Manual, which contains a wealth of information on the 8088, 8086, and other high-performance members ofu_ .......Vss Vee+ +CE -WRPORT A(I!0RDPORT B(I!0om ALEPORTDATA /cADDRIN·~10 / MRESETTIMER OUT8155r-IO W 8355 /Ve e~r 1CRYSTAL 0XJX2A5-A15ADORAD0- AD7 AOOR/DATAcCLK8088Vee-L J RE ADY MN / MXALEE I I I I I-1- <R-D 8755Aom ALE PO RTC- EAA8·10DATA /ADDRPORT B81!:)101"MCLK 1-RD- READY ~RST-WR-I --<,_ -·-0.__ RESETVee_JIOR-RES-8284101 "M-t t t tVss Vee Yoo PROGIRESET--WRRD 8185 -CE1f-j~ALE C- S,C E2 A5.A9ADo-7llll "-"' ..._,jt tVss VeeFigure 2: A minimum system is possible with the 8088 family using on ly four dual-in-line packages. This system uses a 5 MHz 8088 central processor, driven by an 8284 clock genera tor. An 8185-2 1-K-by-8-bit programmable memory and an 8755A-2 2-K-by-8-bit EPROM provide system memory and two 8-bit parallel 110 ports . Active-low signals are shown in the figures using the overbar nota tion, rather than asterisks.52 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 33 on inquiry cardBYTE September 1980 53the family . See figure 3 for the 8088the bus-in other words, theMIN MODE{MA X M ODE}pinouts. The following paragraphs describerest of the system may want to see a separate address bus and athe function of the 8088 pins:separate data bus (the S-100ADO thru AD7: These form thestandard requires two separatetime-multiplexed address and bidirecbuses ). ALE can be used totional data bus. In other words, theystrobe address information intosometimes contain address informaa latch (hence the "latch enable"tion (AO thru A7) and other timespart of its name) (see figure 4 ).contain data (DO thru 07) . The obAB thru AlS: These are addressvious benefit of multiplexing is that lines; they are not multiplexed.eight fewer pins are needed on the You may note that the multiplexed( HI GH } package.bus and many of the followingALE (Address Latch Enable): The hardware-interface facets of the 80888088 asserts ALE whenever the are the same as those of the popularRDmultiplexed address / data bus con BOBSA. The 8088 is upward compatHOLD (RQ /G TO} tains valid address information . ALE ible w ith many ex is ting 8085AHLDA (RQ / GTr} serves two fundamental purposes .designs, and the 8088 can easily use all the peripheral components de( LOCK}· When connected to other signed to support both the 8080A and(S2}multiplexed-bus components (as the 8085Ain figure 2), ALE is a signal to A16/ 53 thru A19 / 56: The upper(S I lthem that the processor has ad four address lines (A16 thru A19, also<soldress information on its ad known as S3 thru 56) extend the ad(QSO}dress/ data bus.dressing capability of the 8088 to 1· We may want to demultiplex megabyte . This is a very real perfo rINTA(QS l lTE ST8088i AD 0 -AD 7 \ADDRES S DA T A AD0-AD 78 282I Dl 0 - D1 7 Do-D7ADDRE SS OUTP UTSAo- A 7T O S - 100 BUSFigure 3: Th e pinouts assigned to th e 8088 microp rocesso r package. N o tice that many pins serve dual fun ctions depending on th e mode selected (e ither minimum or maximum). Max imum m ode is designed to fa cilitate concurrent pro cessing , using th e 110 processo r and arithmetic pro cessor also av ailable in the 8088 fa m ily .AL E- STB+ 5VOE ~Figure 4: Th e ALE sign al from the 8088 microprocesso r is used to latch add ress inform a tion into an 8282 buffe r. The buffer output is demultiplexed address info rmation wh ich has been separated fro m data that appea rs on the sam e pins.t=DS-65 Di~~~!~~a~~~w~~~u~ ll~~c~p~!~~e~~~e~io~a~~~~::amuse~ friends, watching your house while you're away, taking computer portraits . . . the applications abound! The DS-65 is a random access video digitizer. It converts a TV camera's output into digital information that your computer can process. The DS-65 features:· High resolution: 256 X 256 picture element scan · Precision: 64 levels of grey scale · Versatlllty: Accepts either interlaced (NTSC) or industrial video input· Economy: A professional tool priced for the hobbyistThe DS-65 is an intelligent peripheral card with on-board software in 2708 EPROM. Check these software features: Full screen scans directly to Apple Hi-Res screen · Easy random access digitizing by Basic programs · Line-scan digitizing for reading charts or tracking objects · Utility functions for clearing and copying the Hi-Res screenLet your Apple see the world!DS-65 Price: $349.95 Advanced Video FSll Camera Price $299.00 SPECIAL COMBINATION PRICE: $599.00APPLE SELF-PORTRAITP.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR, CA 92014 714-942-240°.I54 September 1980 © BYTE Publica tions IncCirc le 34 on inquiry card.Circ le 35 on inquiry ca rd . ---+mance improvement over most 8-bit processors (usually limited to a 64 K byte address space). These address lines are multiplexed with status in formation . During the early part of a bus cycle (Tl, the first clock period of the four-clock bus cycle), a valid ad dress is present. Then from clock cycles T2 to T 4, each of these pins contains status information as follows :· S6: This signal is always low . · SS: This signal reflects the stateof the EU 's interrupt-enable flip flop. If this signal is high, it inLYNX Isn't just a telephone coupler. LYNX is a one-piece total telephone linkage system for TRS-80 Level I and II computers. It contains all the functions you need to tap The Source. Engage your business computer. Play games with a computer friend. Or do nearly anything you wish. Best of all .. . LYNX costs only $239.95*. A mere fraction of what you used to have to pay for equip ment to do the same job. LYNX. To get your paws on one, call or write:dicates that the processor can accept interrupts . If it is low, in terrupts are currently disabled . · S3 and S4 : These two pins can encode four possible states. These states reflect the segment register used in forming the ad dress for the current bus cycle. (See table 1.) This information can be used for monitoring pro gram execution or for analyzing program performance . There is also the potential for implementing a memory bank switching scheme, where the two lines are used to choose oneof four areas (banks) of memory. MN/ MX*: Reflecting the needs of different users, the 8088 can be operated in two different modes . If MN / MX* is high, the processor is in minimum mode; if this input is low, the processor is in maximum mode . Depending on the mode (min or max), certain pins on the processor will serve different purposes. In min mode the processor is responsible for generating all bus-control signals. In max mode, control signals are generated by an 8288 bus controller. The control signals put out by the 8088 in min mode are then replaced with other signals that facilitate the design of higher-performance (and generally more expensive) systems. These max mode signals include a hardware bus lock, queue status information and the implementation of a memory access request/grant protocol used in multiprocessing. The max mode gives a computer the ability to use multiple processors (eg: an 8088 processor with an 8089 concurrent-1/0 processor and an 8087 ultra-high-performance numeric-data processor). Note: both min and max modes allow the 8088 to address the full megabyte of memory. My S-100 / 8088 board is imple mented in min mode, so when a signal that differs for min or max mode is defined, the min mode defini tion will be used . RD*: This is the general-purpose read signal that latches data from memory or an 1/0 device (the device involved depends on the state of IO / M*) into the 8088. WR*: This is the general-purpose write signal. The 8088 uses WR* to output information to memory or 1/0 devices. 10 / M*: This line indicates whether the processor is com municating with 1/0 devices orD.T ATALAK"TRS-80 is atrademark ot the Raelto Shack Division ot Tandy CorPora11on ·~~o EMTROLl:::Jc::0 SYSTEMS, INC.1262 Loop Road Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17601 Phone 717/291-1116 56 September 1980 © BYrE Publications IncVISA or Mas ter Card Welcome·Add S2 .50 for shipping and handling . R\.residefltsadd6%salestax . lndudes "Terrnll'lar prooram on cassette. insUudion manual . Circle 36 on inquiry card .S4 S3 Segment0 0 EXTRA 0 1 STACK 1 O CODE or none (ie: 1/0) 1 1 DATATable 1: Possible interpretations of in formation on pins 53 and 54 of th e 8088. Each of the four states is associated with the segment register that helped form the current address.ttQur inventory is om existence. Thinkwe'd trustittoan~ less thanScotcliBrandDiskettes?" D on Stone, President, Mass. Auto SupplyCompany, Inc., Boston, Mass. Scotch Diskettes are the diskettes you can depend upon with the information your business depends upon.Each one is tested and certified error-free before it leaves our factory. Because we know nothing less than perfection is acceptable for your vital business data.Scotch Diskettes are available in regular or mini sizes, compatible with almost any system.To find out where you can purchase Scotch Diskettes, call toll free: 800-328-1300. (In Minnesota, call collect: 612 736-9625.) Ask for the Data Recording Products Division. In Canada, write 3M Canada Inc., London, Ontario, N6A 4Tl.If it's worth remembering, it's worth Scotch Data Reco rdin g P rodu ct s.Circ le 37 on inquiry card.3MBYTE September 1980 57memory. DEN* and DT / R*: The dataenable (DEN* ) and data transmit / receive (OT / R *) signals are primarily for use with the 8286 and 8287 bus transceivers. These devices serve to buffer the information going to or from the 8088 processor. OT/ R* configures the transceiver for either the transmission or reception of data . DEN* is used to enable the 8286 or 8287 at the correct time . Since my system does not use these transceivers, DEN* and OT / R* are not used .INTR: This interrupt-request line is the general-purpose interrupt in put. The ability to receive interrupts can be masked via software using the clear interrupts (CU) instruction, (similar to the 8080A DI instruction) . If interrupts are not disabled, the pro cessor will vector (ie : jump) to an ap propriate interrupt-handling routine (see INTA* , below) .INTA*: Upon receipt of an INTR instruction, the 8088 will begin an (INTA* ) interrupt-acknowledge se quence . The INTA* signal is used to read an interrupt type vector. Without going into details, this typevector is used by the 8088 to deter mine the actual address of the appro priate interrupt routine. Commonly, INTA* and INTR are connected directly to an 8259A programmable priority-interrupt controller, allow ing an easy implementation of power ful and flexible interrupt-driven systems.NMI: The nonmaskable interrupt line NMI is an input similar to the more general INTR except for two fundamental differences:· Receipt of NMI does not generate an INTA* sequence; rather, a fixed location (stored at hexadecimal address 08) is immediately vectored to.· NMI interrupts cannot be masked (ie: via the CU instruc tion, as for INTR); NMI inter rupts are usually reserved for catastrophic events such as im minent power failure or recur rent bus errors.READY: READY is an input to the 8088 which indicates that an ad dressed memory or 1/0 device is cur rently capable of completing an inputor output data transfer . The 8088 will enter and execute wait states (idle clock cycles with all control and ad dress lines valid) until READY is brought high . This signal is normally used to allow operation with slow memories or 1/0 devices. It is also handy for implementing hardware single-step capability via a front panel switch.TEST*: This unique input line, in combination with an associated soft ware instruction, yields a powerful hardware/ software debugging capa bility . It works like this: when the 8088 executes a WAIT (wait for TEST*) instruction, it immediately examines the state of the TEST* input line. If TEST* is low, execution sim ply continues with the next instruc tion ; however, if TEST* is high , the processor waits in an idle state. TEST*, combined with the above mentioned READY-signal-based single-stepping capability, provides a powerful debugging aid that I have exploited in my design.Another use for TEST* is the syn chronization of concurrent process ing. 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S349.DO S279.00 $109.00 S49.00 PET INTERFACE KIT CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TO A 4K OR BK PET CONTAINS INTERFACE CABLE BOARD STANDOFFS POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT ANO COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONSS49DD U.S. PRICES ONLY16K MEMORY EXPANSION KITONLY $58FOR APPLE , TRS-80 KEYBOARD, EXIOY, ANO ALL OTHER 16K DYNAMIC SYSTEMS USING MK4116·3 OR EQUIVALENT DEVICES .* 200 NSEC ACCESS, 375 NSEC * CYCLEBURNED-IN ANO FULLY* TESTED 1 YA. PARTS REPLACEMENT* GUARANTEE QTY . DISCOUNTS AVAILABLEAll ASSEMBLED BOARDS AND MEMORY CHIPS CARRY A FULL ONE YEAR REPLACEMENT WARRANTY58 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 38 on inquiry card .Circle 39 on inquiry card . _ _ .INT(X"N+X*SIN(X"2),X)Surprised? You should be. Because until now, no software could solve any thing but the most basic arithmetic problems without a series of complicated steps.A big disadvantage? If you use a microcomputer for scientific, educational or en gineering applications, you bet it is. 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N.Y. 11354 Visa · Master Charge · N Y S residents aad Sales TaxSh1pp1ng F 0 B N YPhone Orders Call 212-465-660960 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncImagine a max-mode 8088 system that also utilizes an independent 8089 l/O processor. A common occur rence will be the 8088 issuing a "com mand" to the 8089 to perform some l/O function (such as reading from or writing to a disk, or printing on a printer) . While the 8089 is doing this, the 8088 can continue executing the user's program (resulting in concur rent or simultaneous processing).However, in some cases, the 8088 must wait for the 8089 to finish its l/O task. For example, the user's pro gram may not be able to continue processing until data is retrieved from a disk. In this case, the 8088 will com mand the 8089 to perform the read operation and will then execute a WAIT instruction. Meanwhile, the 8089 pulls the 8088's TEST* input high until the l/O operation is com plete . When the operation is finished, the 8089 will bring TEST* low and the 8088 can continue executing .550*: This is a status output line which, combined with 10/ M* and OT / R*, allows complete decoding of the current 8088 status . (See table 2 .)RESET: A high-logic state on this input causes the 8088 to terminate its present activity and restart execution. The CS (code-segment) register is set to hexadecimal OFFFF and the IP (in struction pointer) is reset to 0, resulting in an absolute restart ad dress of hexadecimal OFFFFO. (See figure 5.)CLK: This is the clock input to the processor and is normally driven by the 8284 clock generator. It is a 5 MHz, 33 % duty-cycle signal.The 8284 The 8284 clock generator is usedto generate an optimal clock signal for the 8088 and condition some of the basic processor-control signals. (See figure 6.) Some of its functions are more directed towards max-modemultiprocessing bus control and will not be discussed here.The following paragraphs describe the functions of the 8284 pins.Xl and X2: These pins are attached to the crystal that generates the fun damental clock frequency. Note that the crystal frequency is three times the desired operating frequency (ie: 15 MHz for a 5 MHz 8088). It is also recommended that a 3 pf to 10 pf capacitor be connected in series with X2.CLK: This is the optimized clock output that is directly connected to the 8088 CLK input.PCLK and OSC: The peripheral clock line (PCLK) is a TTL (transistor-transistor logic )-level, 50% duty-cycle clock output of the 8284 with a frequency of half that of the CLK output. The OSC line is similar but operates at the crystal fre quency (eg: a 15 MHz crystal gives a 15 MHz OSC signal, which drives a 5 MHz 8088 CLK signal and a 2.5 MHz PCLK signal).FIC*: The frequency I crystal select line allows generation of a clock signal using either a crystal or an ex ternal frequency input (see EFI below). Since I use a crystal, F/C* is tied low in my system.EFI (External Frequency In): If F! C* is high, the 8284 will use the EFI input line to generate the CLK and PCLK signals. Once again, the CLK output will be one-third the frequen cy present on EFI (OSC and PCLK act the same too). AENl *, AEN2*, RDYl, and RDY2: These signals are primarily used in multiprocessor systems; however, I do use RDY2 to condition the system READY signal for use by the 8088 . AENl *, AEN2 * and RDYl are not used in my system. READY: As mentioned previously, this 8284 output line is a conditioned and synchronized reflection of the in10/M*1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0DT/R*0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1sso·0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1StatusInterrupt Acknowledge Read 1/0 port Write 1/0 port Halt Code Access Read Memory Write Memory Passive (idle)Table 2: The status of the 8088 processor is completely encoded by the three signals above.Circle 40 on inquiry card . . . . . . , ."Look at what ONEMicrocomputer, FAMOS,TM Ira bunch of "dumb" terminals can do-~~"' TOGETHER!"NEW BASIC COMPILEROPTIMIZED CODE AUTO INTEGER REPRESENTATION VARIABLE PRECISION (4-18) MULTIPLE KEY ISAMREENTRANT OBJECT & RUN-TIMESCREEN HANDLING UTILITYzao 8080,VERSIONS AVAILABLE BATCH OPERATIONS UNDER BASICOver 500 users .... APPLICATIONS AVAILABLEAnother *@!11 :fl: CRASH!!!I should have used FAMOS!!! ~MVT'\\MICROCOMPUTER ·SYSTEMS INC.~---- ~~ 9241 RESEDA BLVD., SUITE 203, NORTHRIDGE, CA 91324T · Phone: (213) 349-9076 TWX 910 493-2291 MVT NTGEFAMOS,"' System Software with unique file integrity .... for the OEM 8c Manufacturer.puts at RDYl and RDY2 and is tied directly to the 8088 READY input . RES*: The reset-in signal (RES *) is an 8284 input line that is connected to the system RESET line (through a front-panel switch) . Power-on-rese t as well as proper input conditioning are obtained by the use of an appro priate resistor/ capacitor timing net work. RESET: This is the conditioned reset output of the 8284 (based on the RES* input ) and is tied directly to the 8088 RESET input line .The 8755A-2 and the 8185-2 Looking at the 8755A-2 and 8185-2pinouts (see figures 7a and 7c), we im mediately notice that a lot of the signals are common to the 8088 andhave already been discussed . ADO thru AD7 (and other address lines ), ALE, 10/ M *, RD *, WR* and RESET are all used . This illustrates what I said earlier about the "connect the dots" ease of design using these multiplexed-bus components. Simply connect the 8088 pins ADO thru AD7 to 8755A-2 pins ADO thru AD7 and the 8185-2 pins ADO thru AD7. Then connect the 8088 ALE pin to the 8755A-2 ALE pin and the 8185-2 ALE pin, etc.The 8755A-2 is a 2-K-by-8-bit EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) much like the familiar 2716. The " - 2" suffix means that it can run reliably at 5 MHz, compared to the 3 MHz rating of the standard 8755A . Two u sefulSHI F T L EF T F OU R BITSFFF0+I· I I I 0000csFFFF SE GMEN T BA S EA DDR E SSI 1 I I 0000INST RUC T ION POINT ER OFF SETII I I I I I FFFF0AB SOLU T E PH YSICAL ADDR E SSFigure 5: Calculation of th e reset address on the 8088. Th e 8088 reset address is derived from the code-segment regis ter, w hich is set to hexadecimal OFFFF, and th e v alue in the instruc tion pointer, wh ich is reset to 0.enhancements are the addition of two independent 8-bit bidirectional parallel 110 ports and the use of the multiplexed bus; these make the system-design task much easier. The 8755A-2 is programmed in much the same way as the 2708 and the 2716, but differences do exist. Also, most EPROM programmers do not have 40-pin sockets. I hope some enterpris ing experimenter will develop an 8755-2 "byteburner" for the S-100 bus. This might be as simple as a "pin-scrambler" adapter (with a little extra circuitry ) for existing EPROM programmers.The 8185-2 is a 1-K-by-8-bit static memory circuit that is quite easily in terfaced to the multiplexed bus. The byte-wide organization, low power and small physical size (only eighteen pins) make this a natural for minimal systems .A Base on Which to Build The front panel on my IMSAI computer has many functions that are ir retrievably tied to the 8080A instruc tion set. As an example, when I enter an address on the front panel address switches and push the Examine switch, the front panel "jams" an 8080 JMP (jump, hexadecimal C3) in struction onto the processor's data bus; allows the processor to execute the jump while jamming the address I entered on the switches onto the data8 2 84BLOCK 0/AGRA MQRES ETXI C RYST AL CKPIN CONFIGURATIONX2 OSCI L LATO RT A NKCYS N C PC L K AE NI R OY !REA DY R DY 2 AEN 2 CLK 8 GND18 17 82 84 1615 14 13 12 II10Vee XIX2 TNK EFI F/C osc RE S RE S ETF/C EFICSY N C ROY! AE N I AEN2~3SY N C.;. 2 SY NCPCL KCK>------< DQ t - - - - - - RE A DYRDY2Figure 6: Th e 8284 clock generator. This device provides an optim um clock signal and serves to buffer and condition some of th e basic processo r signals. Figure 6a shows th e pin labeling for th e device , w hile figure 6b show s a block diagram of its internal stru c ture.62 September 1980 © BYTE Publicat ions IncCircle 41 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 63PIN CONFIGURATION8755ABLOCK DIAGRAMPROG AND fEi40eE28755A/ 39eLK 3 8755A · 2 38RESET 437Voo 536READY35101M34iOR 833Ri5327aIOW 1031ALE 1130ADo 1229ADJ 1328A02 1427AD3 1526AD4 1625AD5 1724AD6 1823AD7 1922Vss 2021Vee PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 PB2 PB1 PBo PA7 PA 6 PA5 PA4 PA3 PA 2 PA 1 PAo A10 Ag A8 eLKREADY ADo.7 A8-10 eE2 101M" ALERD 1ow RESET iOR-2KX8 EPROM8PORT A8PAo.78PORT B8PBo - 7PROG/eE 1 Voo vee (+svi Vss(OV)7b8185VeeRDWRALE7ccsCE1eE2_22j A9c s}I]As fE1CE2 -RD -WRALER/W LOGICl \IDATABUS BUFFER1K X 8 MEMORYARRAYbus; and finally stops the processor once the jump is completed.Similarly, for Examine-Next and Deposit-Next functions, the front panel jams and executes a NOP (no operation, hexadecimal 00) instruc tion to move on to the next location.The JMP and NOP instructions for these switch functions are hard wired into the front-panel circuitry; circuit traces must be cut to change them . Since the operation codes for the 8088 are completely different, every attempt at front-panel opera tion would produce bizarre results. Other difficulties include the two 's-complement representation of 8088 JMP addresses and the IMSAI's use of S-100 control signals that have been outlawed by the IEEE standard.Because of these difficulties, I decided to base my 8088 project on a different S-100 system. Fortunately, I was able to scrounge a vintage BYT-8 S-100 box at the local electronic flea market for a good price. The box did not contain any circuit boards, but the metal panel on the front did have cutouts for various LEDs (light emitting diodes) and switches, which I used to implement a minimal front panel (see photo 1). While I agree with the principle of turnkey systems, which have only power and reset switches, a front panel is a useful tool for debugging any new hardware design. The front panel is a "window" into the machine, one that is needed in case the system does not work perfectly the first time.Next Month Next month's installment will coversome of the more interesting aspects of interfacing to the S-100 bus, in cluding the amount of TTL "glue" necessary to emulate the control and status signals of the S-100 standard and the construction of the actual processor board. ·7dA9 · A9 ALEX-Y DECODE_J~\ I ADDRESSLATCHFigure 7: Pinouts and block diagrams of the 8755A-2 EPROM (figures 7a and 7b) and the 8185-2 user programmable memory (figures 7c and 7d). These circuits were designed specifically to work with the 8088 multiplexed bus lin es; they provide two 8-bit parallel 110 ports without any additional hardware.ReferencesBoth the 8086 and 8088 microprocessors have been discussed by Steve Ciarcia in "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar " articles in BYTE , as follows : 1. " The Intel 8086". November 1979 BYTE.page 14. 2. "Ease Into 16-Bit Computing: Get 16-BitPerformance from an 8·Bit Computer ", March 1980 BYTE . page 17. 3. " Ease Into 16-Bit Computing, Part 2: Examining a Small Multi·User System". April 1980 BYTE, page 40 .64 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncLook what's happened to HIPL0TTM DMP·2 $1 ,085DMP-4s1 .385·DMP-3s1 .2so·DMP-6s1 ,850·DMP·5 $1 ,885·DMP·7 1,985·It's grown into a complete family of quality low cost digital plotters Circle 42 for literatureYes, they are UL listedI **Circle 375 to have representative callIn just two short years, Themicroprocessor controlled andsociated wth digital plotting.HIPL0T has become the most providing easy remote positionWith the new DMP Series,popular digital plotter among ing of the X and Y axes (perfect high quality digital plotting cansmall systems users. With afor the OEM). For those whonow be a part of your system. Itrecord like that, what can we do want this intelligence plus the just doesn't make sense to befor an encore? WE'VE IN convenience of front panel elec without this valuable tool whenTRODUCED A COMPLETE LINEtronic controls, we've providedthere is a DMP plotter with theOF HIPL0TS...with a modelthe DMP-4 (8112" x 11 ") and theplot size, speed and capabilitiessuited for just about every plot DMP-7 (11" x 17").that are exactly tailored to yourting application.The "standard" plotters come specific needs .. .and yourThe HIPL0T DMP Series is a complete with an RS-232-C andbudget.new family of digital plotters a parallel interface. The "intelPrices for the DMP serieswith both "standard" and "in ligent" DMP plotters accept data range from $1,085* to $1,985*.telligent" models available withfrom either an RS-232-C or CentronicsFor complete information andsurface areas of 8112" x 11" (DIN data source. For the "standard" plot descriptive literature, contactA4) and 11" x 17" (DIN A3). For ters, software is available fromHouston Instrument, Onethe user needing a basic reliable our ever expanding "Micrographic Houston Square, Austin, Texasplotter, we have the "old stanUsers Group." The "intelligent"78753. (512) 837-2820. In Europedard" DMP-2 (8112" x 11 ")and the HIPL0Ts use our exclusive contact Houston Instrument,"new standard" DMP-5 (11" x DM/PLrM language which min Rochesterlaan 6 8240 Gistel,17"). For those needing a lit inimizes plot software to a Belgium 059/277445. For rushtle more capability, there arefraction of that normally asliterature requests and sales ofthe DMP-3 (8112" x 11 ") and the DM P-6 (11" x 17")-bothhOU StOn instrumerntfice information, persons outside Texas call toll free'T M HIPLOT and OM/PL are Trademarks of Houston InstrumentGRAPHICS DIVISION OFBAUSCH & LOMB (i)1-800-531-5205.·u.s. suggested retail prices only... DMP 2, 3 and 4 UL listed DMP 5, 6 and 7 UL listing pendingM7 CommunicatorA complete A/D and DIA Control System-Interface your computer to the analog world of process monitoring trans ducers and controlling actuators.The M7 multiplexes analog and digital signals from your process sensors - temperature, pressure, level, flow , mass, strain , etc. - and continuously down-loads this data in digital form to your computer for display and processing. Simulta neously, command signals are transmitted to the control devices in your process. Order a complete basic M7 System ready for round-the clock process control-including a 16/ 32-Channel AID Input Module (expandable to 256 channels), a Computer Interface Module, and a 4-Channel (expandable) DIA Output Module . Supplied com plete with cabinet, power supply, and all necessary hardware and·software for basic control. Bus accommodates eight addiiional modules. Specify computer make and model when ord ering . each $2.990Or, order individual IEEE S-100 building block modulesSupplied complete with fundamental control software :AID Module, AIM-12· 16/ 32 channel · 12-bit precision/ accuracy · 30 kHz datarates · 1-1000 gain amplifier optional.... from $575Thermocouple Compensation Module, THM-8· 16 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. $350Signal Conditioners, SIG-1 ·Long-line drive... $325Additional Support Programs, PROG A,B,C...· Signal averaging · control functions · special display ·etc.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... from $100DIA Module, AOM-12· 4-channel (expandable)· 12-bit precision/accuracy · Output: selectable voltage ranges andoscilloscope . . . .. ... . . ..... . . .. from $495Control Output-Current Module, VIC 4-20· 4-20 mA standard industrial control output · 12-bit precision / accuracy · 4-channel · Use with AOM-12 . $395Programmable Clock/Calendar Module, CLK-24· Minimum 1 year back-up. $250Parallel Output Module, REL-8· 8-channel on-off (bang-bang) control .. .... $325Add-On Nonvolatile Memory Modules· 4K and BK bytes................ from $320 66 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 43 on inquiry card .Time Your TapeJohn O'Flaherty, St Louis Veterans Administration Medical Center, St Louis MO 63125Recently I was involved in a research program that required long-term recording (eight hours) of physio logical data on an analog instrumentation recorder. We needed a quick method of searching the tape for informa tion occurring at certain times . Although a time marker was recorded on one channel, it could not be played back during fast-forward operation. Unfortunately, although the take-up-reel turns counter indexed unique locations on the tape, the readings obtained did not correlate sim ply with time. Obviously, one turn on a fully wound reel contains at least twice as much tape as one turn on a bare hub .I developed a computer solution to the problem. Given the diameter of the take-up-reel hub, the length of the tape, and the turns-counter reading at the end of the tape, the program of listing 1 prints a table relating turns counter reading, elapsed time, remaining time, footage used, and footage remaining.The method used is simple (now!): the single datum needed is an accurate value for tape thickness as wound, and it is found by considering the side of the tape first as a very long, very thin rectangle, and then as a circle. The area of the side of the tape (ie: what is seen as you face the reel on its axis) can be approximated by a linear function of tape thickness:Area=Tape Thickness X Tape Lengthor by a nonlinear function of tape thickness:Radius=Tape Thickness X Turns Count + Hub RadiusArea= 7r X (Radius)2 - Hub Area1<(AREA=Lxw--w a:<(II II I .-AREA= ,,.,zII IIII IIII fIIIACTUAL TAPE THICKNESSTAPE THICKNESS - - Figure 1: Area occupied by the side of a given length of tape as tape thickness is changed. The X-ax is value at the nonzero in tersection of area calculated by two different methods must be the actual tape thickness.~-----------------------------------Please send your free software catalog. (Check whi ch software is of particular interest)D C COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11 , LSl-11 , Z80, 8085, 8080. Full C language as defined in Kernighan and Ritchie, with com prehensive portable library. Cross compilers available. Runs under VMS, IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M , RSTS/E, RT-11 , UNIX, Idris, CDOS, CP/ M. From $600 D IDRIS OPERATING SYSTEM. System calls and file system identical to UNIX V6, including pipelines. Utilities include shell , editor, assembler, loader, archiver, compare, copy, grep, etc., plus system utilit ies for file system maintenance. Runs on LSl-11 , PDP-11 . From $1000.St reet_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City_ _ _ _ _ _State_ _ _ _Zip_ _ __D PASCAL COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11 ,LSl-11 , Z80, 8085, 8080. Full Pascal language as defined in Jensen andWirth , with standard library. Includes C compiler and portable library, permitting intermixed C and Pascal. Cross compilers available. Runsunder VMS, IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M , RSTS/ E, RT-11 , UNIX, Idris, CDOS, CP/M. From $750.Idris IS a trademarK of Wh1 tesm1ths Lid U NI X is a t rademark of Bel l Labor atories CPI M 1s a tradem ark of D191ta ! Research CoVM S. RSX ·l1 . RT-11. RSTS / E. VAX . PDP -11. LSl-11are1rademarks of D1g11al Equipment Corpora tionWhitesmiths, Ltd.Software for grownups.(212) 799-1200PO.B. 1132 Ansonia Station , New York , NY 10023NOW YOU'RE TALKING! "BSTMS" Byrom Software Terminal Monitor SystemThe missing link between your CP/M system and remote computers everywhere!· talks to most dial-up remote computers. · stores data from remote computers in CP/M files . · copies data to CP/M list device if desired. · transmits files to the remote computer. · it will even "talk" to another CP/M console. · features EXPAND and COMPRESS programsto translate binary files into character files and vice versa. · uses the same simple installation procedure as BSTAM.This system is great for recording data from remote time-sharing systems! It makes it possible to do local processing of data on a micro and then transmit it to the mainframe.$200 per computer.$15 for manual alone.Pri c es relle c l di sl 1ib ut1 on on 8" sing le den slly d iskette s If a l or m a l 1s re Que s ted w h ich requir e s a dd1 t 1ona 1 d is kette s . a su rc harge o f S8 per add 1honal d·s ken e w ilt be added Appl e is a trad emark o f Appl e Co m put er. Mi c ro NET is a tradem ark o f Co m puSe rv. CPI M i s a trade m ark o f Digit al Resea rc h.Lifeboat Associates1651 Third Avenue. New York. N.Y. 10028 (212) 860-0300 Telex: 220501....Lines 30 thru 80 of listing 1 find the intersection of these two functions by iteration for a fully wound reel of tape. (See figure 1.) Then lines 95 thru 230 generate a table by finding area through radius, and length and time from area for turns-counter increments of ten. It has not been possible to test the routine on the in strumentation recorder yet, but I have applied the method to my own cassette recorder with very good results. For a C-60 cassette, which actually runs 32 minutes, 23 seconds per side, the tape length was pre calculated to be (1943 s X 1%ips/12) = 303 .6 feet. By carefully disassembling the cassette, the hub diameter was found to be 0.8525 inches (five cassettes from dif ferent manufacturers were found to be identical in this respect). The ratio of indicated to actual turns of the take up reel was found by turning the reel one hundred turns by hand (an index mark helps), and noting the turns counter reading. Then the program was run and table 1 (see page 74) was printed, and its accuracy was tested by actually running the tape and noting the times for turns-counter increments of ten. The test results are printed as the last two columns in the table. As can be seen, the worst case error is 5 seconds, or 0.3 % of the total time, which is surprisingly good, in view of tape counters' reputed inaccuracy, and the fact that no empirical trimming was done-the algorithms simply try to represent the physical realities of the situation. One might also use the formulas above to program a portable calculator to find time for turns count or vice versa, without consulting a table.Listing 1: An Applesoft BASIC program for correlating turns counter readings with time. All documentation statement line numbers end in 5, and they may be ignored when k eying in the program .5 REM SET CONSTANTS & MENTION VARIABLES FOR EFFICIENCY 10 PI= 3.141592654:Tw = 2:w = 1:TV = 12:00 = . 000001:HS = o: TT= o:ITC = o:HH = 3600:MM = 60:HF = 0.5:TC = 0 20 HOME : GOTO 1000 25 REM FIND ACTUAL TAPE THICKNE:s::s:3 0 PR I tH "CALCULATING TAPE TH I Cl<t·i E:S::S: A:s: 1.r.IO Ut"i D· · · "35 REM AREA BY PICRA2) MUST EQUAL40 Al = PI · ((MTC · TT + HS) A T l.1.I - HS: · ·. Tl.1.I)45 REM AREA BY L·W 50 A2 = ML · TT · TV 60 CR = Al / A2:TT = TT / CR 65 REM SD TRY NEW TT TILL IT DO70 IF ABS (W - CR) ' DO THEN 4080 PRINT : RETURN 95 REM GENERATE TABLE 100 FOR ITC = 0 TD MIT STEP 10Listing 1 con tinued on page 7068 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publica tions Inc- + Circle 44 on inquiry card .A Few Extraordinary Products for Your 6800/6809 Computer From PercomLow Cost Min i-Disk Storage in the Size You WantPercom mini-disk systems start as low as $599.95, ready to plug in and run . You can 't get better quality or a broader selection of disk software from any other microcomputer disk system manufacturer - at any price!Features: 1-, 2- and 3-drive systems in 40- and 77-track versions store 102K- to 591 K-bytes of random ac cess data on-line · controllers in clude explicit clock/data separation circuit, motor inactivity time-out circuit, buffered control lines and othermature design concepts · ROM DOS included with SS-50 bus ver sion - optional DOSs for EXOR ciser* bus · extra PROM sockets on-board · EXORciser* bus version has 1K-byte RAM· supported by ex tended disk operating systems; as semblers and other program de velopment/debugging aids; BASIC, FORTRAN , Pascal and SPL/M lan guages; and, business application programs.EXORciser* Bus LFD-400EXTM -BOOEXTM SystemsVersatile Mother Board, Fu ll-Feature Prototyping BoardsPrinted wiring is easily soldered tin-lead plugged into an SS-50 bus. Featuresplating . Substrates are glass-epoxy. Pro wide-trace conductors. Price: $21 .95totyping cards provide for power regula SS-50 BUS CARD- accommodates 34tors and distributed capacitor bypassing, and 50-pin ribbon connectors on topaccommodate 14-, 16-, 24- and 40-pin edge, 10.pin Molex connector on sideDIP sockets. Prototyping boards include edge. Price: $24.95.bus connectors, other connectors and SS-30 BUS CARD - 11/.-inch highersockets are optional.than SWTP 1/0 card , accommodates 34MOTHERBOARD - accommodates five pin ribbon connector and 12-pin MolexSS-50 bus cards , and may itself be connector on top edge. Price: $14.95.The SBC/9TM. A " 10" By Any Measure.The Percom SBC/9TM is an SS-50 bus compatible, stand alone Single-Board Computer. Configured for the 6809 microprocessor, the SBC/9TM also accommodates a 6802 without any modification. You can have state-of-the-art capability of the '09. Or put to work the enormous selection of 6800-coded programs that run on the '02.The SBC/9TM includes PSYMON"', an easily extended 1 Kbyte ROM OS. Other features include:· Total compatibility with the SS-50 bus . Requires no changes to the motherboard, memory or 1/0 .·o· · Serial port includes bit-rate generator. RS-232-C compatible withoptional subminiature connector installed . 10-pin Molex connec tor provided. · Eight-bit. non-latched, bidirectional parallel port is multi-address extension of system bus . Spans a 30-address field ; accommodates an exceptional variety of peripheral devices. Connector is optional. · Includes 1-Kbyte of static RAM . · Costs only $199 .95 with PSYMONr" and comprehensive users manual that includes source listing of PSYMONTM.TM trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc. · trademark of the Motorola Corporation. Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. '1EfUJClMPERCOM DATA CO MPANY. INC .211 N KIRBY GARLAND. TEXAS 7504 2(21 4 1272-3 4 21The Electric WindowTM: Instant, Real-Time Video Display ControlMemory residency and outstanding software control of display format and characters make this SS-50 bus VDC card an exceptional value at only $249.95. Other features : · Generates 128 charac ters including all ASCII dis playable characters plus selected Greek letters and other special symbols. · Well-formed , easy-to read 7x12-dot characters. True baseline descenders. · Character-store (display) memory included on card . · Provision for optional character generator EPROM for user defined symbols . · Comprehensive users manual includes source listing of Driver software. Driver - called WINDEXTM - is also available on mini diskette through the Per com Users Group.Products are available at Percom dealers nationwide. Call toll-free, 1-800-527-1592, for the address of your nearest dealer, or to order direct.Listing 1 continued :325 REM PRETTYPRINTING110 TC = ITC · IR:330 C! = H: GO::UB 3f:O: PRitff ": ";120 R = TC · TT + HS:;:4 0 C! = M: GDSUB 38 0: PR I NT " : " ;130 A = PI · (R A TW H~ A TW)350 C! = s: GDSUB 380140 L = A _.. TT 150 Tl = L _.. :::PD 360 RETUPN3::::0 IF C! < 10 THEN PRINT "O";160 T2 = MXT - Tl 390 PRINT o;: RETURN170 Fl = INT (L _.. TV + HF) 995 REM INPUT NECE SSARY INFDRMA180 F2 = INT (ML - Fl + HF)TI Dl'i190 PRINT ITC; TAB( 8);:TM =Tl: 1000 HiPUT "HUB DIAMETER (ltiCH)?i::;o::UB 300" ; H: :: HS = H: : / 2200 PRitH TAB ( 18);:TM = T2: GDSUB 1010 I t'iPUT "TAPE LEt·H:iTH LE:::::: LEA300DER (FEET> --;:· " ; ML210 PRINT TAB< 29)F1 TAB < 35)F2 1020 I t'iPUT "TURNS CDUtH AT Et'iD DF TAPE7 ";MIT220 IF CL = W THEN 2601030 PRitH "TURt'E CDUt'ff READitiG2:~:0 NE>~TFDR"235 REM 220,240,250 TD CLOSE TA 1035 REM MTC WILL BE ACTUALBLE t·iEATL\'TURt·i::: COUNT240 IF INT <MIT _.. 10) = MIT _.. 1 1040 I t·ff'UT "100 ACTUAL TAVE-UP T0 THEt·i 260UR t·E ·-;:· " ; I R: I R = 1 0 0 / I R: MT C250 CLO SE= l:ITC =MIT: GOTO 110= MIT · IR260 END295 REM CONVERT SEC TD HR,MIN, SECAt·m PRINT1050 1060 10701o::::0PR I tH " 1... 15 _.. 16PRitH "2 . . . 1-7 .·· ::: PRitH "3 ... 3-3 .··"A PRitH "4 ... 7-1 / 2IPS"Ip :::..Ip ::: ..I P:S:"300 TM = ItH o::TM + HF)1090 PRitH "5 ... 15IP:::"310 H = INT (TM _.. HH ) :TM =TM 1100 PRitH "6 ... 30I P:S:"<H · HH)111 (I I t·WUT "l.olH I CH TAPE ::PEED7320 M = INT <TM / MM):S =TM - <:::PDM · MM)1115 REM KLUGE TD FIND SPEEDFROM TABLE EtHR'r'the electric pencil II TM1120 SPD = .9375 · 2 A (S PD - 1) 1125 REM FIND MA X. TIME~1 for the lRS-80 Mod~i.ii:' '"computer .~J The Electric Pencil ·S o C horacler Or iented Word Processing Sy~ l e<n . This me<rts !hot le·! is entered ~ o c:on t inUOU5 siring of dtr oc l ers a >d is n'IO'lipuloled ~ such. Tliis allows the user enor.nQl.l!o freedom cr1d eo~ in 1two movement a'\d l'laldliri.g of 1e .. 1. Since line5 are not detineoled, my no..niM1' of choroc t ers, wo rds, lnl<es or porogroplis may bt' inser led Of dele!ed anywhere in the te>C I. lhe "''t irel y of The le· l shi ll s ald opens up or cl~ei. ~ ~ in !vii view of lhe "'5ef , Ccw r ·Q9(' rrlvrns m well as word hyphena t ion ore nor required since each nne o f t ext is forrno11ed au t omlllically. 1130 MXT = <ML · 12) ,.. SPD 1135 REM SET START VAL FDR TTAND FIND ACTUAL VALUE 1140 TT= .001: GD SUB 3 0 1145 REM PRINT COLUMN HEAD S 1150 PR I tH " TURt'E" TAB ( ::_=:) "ELAPSED" TAB ( 1::::) "REMA Hi ItiG" TAB < 29) "FEET" TAB< 35) "FEET"A.$ Te .cl is tyP'!'d crid the end of o K reen line is 1eoched, o partially completed WOJd ·~ shi ft ed 10 the begirvung of the fol lowing line. W~ever te>tl ·S inser ted or dele t ed, e>tis t ing l e>t l is pvshed (bwn or pvlled up in o WTOP around foshion. lve r yt liin<J ~" on lhe video display scrt!'f!'n m i i OCCVfS rhereby eliminoli.-.g my g..oesswork. Te>tl moy be reviewed 01 will by vorioble ~ or poqe-01-0-time scrolling both in the lorword rnd reverse directions . Ry ~in<J the !ool'<ll'Cli or the sea r ch ~ reploce fvnc t ion, any st ring of choroc t en rnoy be locoted rnd/or reploced w1lh my ot her str ing of chor oct en m rlesi red. Speci f ic iiels of cha rac te rs with in ""cock>d str inys may olso be loca t ed. 116 0 PRitff "COUNT" TAB ( :::>"TI ME" TAB < 1::::) "TI ME" TAB ( 29) "U:S:ED" TAB ( 35) "LEFT"1170 PRit'iT 1175 REM GENERATE TABLEWhen te >tl is printed, The [lec tr ic Pencil oulorTl<l l icolly inse rh cor rioqe rellKnS w~re thr y ore needed. Nume rous conbinolions of Un<e Leng t h, PCJ9C Leng t h, Choroc ter Spacing, Line Spacing aid Poqe Spocing otlow fOf my form IO be hmdled. Righi jusl if icol ion gives ricjit -ha'ld mar gins Iha! o-e even. Poqes moy ~ numbered os well m filled. 11::::0 1::;o::UB 100 2005 REM TT=TAPE THICVNESS 2015 REM H::=HUB SIZEthe electric pencil- 1 Pr 11v,nW01d P1 0Ce\11 n ~ SvuemThe TRSOOS wrsions of The Eleclric Pencil IJ ore our be~! ever! Yov con r"IO W type os fos l os you like withal.JI losin<; my ctv;rocters. New TRSOOS features Include word Jell. wor d riqhl, FeatureswOfd delete , bo tt om of po<JC number ing os well os f">tler>~ cu rSOf" CQn trols for greo ter vser l leKibitity . BASIC file$ inoy TRSDOS or CPIM Compalible · So.lpporh Four Dis k also be WTi ll en rndsimply edi t ed wit hal.JIodd1 !1onal wftw(ll"e. Dnves · Dynamic Prin t Formoll·nq · Dioblo, NEC &. ~~Pr mt Pockoyes · Mult i-Colvmn Prin!1ng · Prin t(A.- CP/ M veuions u-e the some as we hove hf-en dis tr ibut 1nq Vo Ive Chaining · Poge-o t· a- l ome X roll1ng · for several years end allow Ike CP/M vi.er to ed1I CP/M files Bodu echonol Mvllispeed Scrolli ng · Svl»ys tem wit h w i t h the o;:ldi 1ion of out1 1 1 1 ~!;~~in~~~~~r~....,~rC:O:~N;;V:E!R;fT~u;t~111rt~y~t~oir ~~dodd1!1onol:sy ;;~:P r int \lolue 5.c0teboord · Aulomo t oc W0t d & Re<:otd = 1?11&~ ~~~~~:t~IR~p= ;,;n~\ln~2:~witnovt chorac 1e r lou.CP/M TRSDOS~~";.~:~':~gg '. LiC~d~r ~ia~~~r~ · 1n~11°~~C: c:Ser ial Diablo, NEC, Oume $ 300.00 $ 350.00 All ot he r pr in t ers . . . . . $ 27S.OO $ 325.00 The Electr ic Pencil I '" slill available for THS-80 Model l VISAm-- users. Although f'CI ~ sopliis tieoled ~ Elec tric Pencil H·. JI is still m e>tl remely eosy lo U'>e a'ld pawtl'"ful word processing "TRS-al"·'..,,.._..iu_"_ "'_~ ·"""""'""''""""Goo - ~~~:i~· {~~ !';~~=)~~sL~ ~~=s : , ';eke~~S-8(;~ ~~: ....--........- - - - - - - ,=~~il:~e ':, ~ss::~~- ~t!:'~Rr:o°:sk1°:e~~'"':!h~s~~; tr ans fer red to disk and is fully inleractive with the READ, MICHAEL SHRAYER SO FTWARE. INC. 1 198 Los Robles OrWRIT E, D IR. and KILL rou t ines of TRSDOS.SSPalm Sp11n~ . CA 92262 (7 14 1 323· 1400TAC Cassette ... $ 100.00 TAD Disk ... $ IS0.00 20252035 204520552065207520::::520'?5:30053015:3025·::-·3·3·:.aREM ML=TDTAL TAPE LENGTH REM MIT=MA X INDIC. TURN S REM MTC=MAX ACTUAL TURN SREM ITC=IND. CURRENT T.C. REM TC=ACT. CURRENT T.C. REM IR=ACT. ,.. IND. RATIO REM R,A,L.RAD,AREA,LENGTHREM MXT=TDTAL TIME REM TM,C! .. TEMP VAR FDR TIME CDt·lV REM T1,T2.TIME USED,LEFT REM F1,F2.FEET USED,LEFTurn70 September 1980 © BYTE Pub lications IncCircle 45 on inquiry card .---+ Circ le 46 o n inquiry ca rd .There are two sides to our story. Side OneThe DISCUSTM2+2 Quad-Density Hardware Now you can use your S-100 system to tackle big jobs. Because the DISCUSTM 2+2 Quad-Density Disk System puts 1.2 megabytes of fast-access memory on your side for just $1545.00 complete.With the DISCUSTM2+2 System . complete means complete.You get a full-size (I BM compatible 8 ") double-sided/ double-density disk drive,factory mounted in a cabinet with power supply, fully-buffered S-100 single-board controller, and inter connecting cables. All fully assembled , system-tested and fully warranteed. You get the speed and efficiency of 1.2 megabyte per-diskette memory ... and you get it for 0.13<!: per byte.Side TwoThe DISCUSTM2+2Quad-Density Software 1.2 megabyte quad-density hard ware is only one side of the story. The DISCUSTM2+2 System price includes all the fully-interfaced , high-performance software you need to take full advantage of your quad capacity.The system includes our exclusive BASIC-VTMvirtual disk BASIC, which allows you to address your quad density diskettes as easily as main memory. The operating system you get is the widely accepted CP/ M* 2.1. And you get our powerful DISK-ATE text editor/assembler; The most advanced softwaredevelopment tool available. Micro-Soft BASIC 5.1 and MicroSoft FORTRAN are available as options. Both run under CP/ M* 2.1 .Check out the full system price of DISCUSTM2+2 Quad against any other floppy disk system at your local computer store. At $1545 .00, we think you 'll take sides with DISCUS TM2 + 2 . If your dealer doesn 't carry THINKER TOYS products, write MORROW DESIGNS Inc., 5221 Central , Richmond , CA94804. Or call (415)524-2101 9-5 weekdays (Pacific Time).MORROW DESIGNST/ Th~nker Toys·m *CP/ M is a trademark of Digital Research .Today one dollar buys about% of a gallon ofgas. Todayone dollar buys 6% readerswho actually see your sales message. As your selling dollar buysless and less, it pays more andmore to advertise in McGraw-Hill magazines.As prices keep going up and up, McGraw-Hill magazines help 10.8 million decision-makers keep costs down.For example, Fleet Owner readers learned how they could use re-manufac tured air cleaners to save money without sacrificing quality. And Chemical J.teek constantly warns manufacturers about even more government regulations.By helping 10.8 million readers solve their inflation problems, we help you solve yours.Today, the price of reaching one potential customer in McGraw-Hill magazines is only 16¢.1 This compares to a cost of $6.07 for sending a business let ter,2 over $3.50 for a business phone call~ and an in-person sales call which, believe it or not, now costs over $100~In times like these, when everything costs more, you may be tempted to spend Jess on your advertising budget. But our Laboratory of Advertising Per formance (LAP) Report # 5262, demon strates that "Industrial companies which maintained or increased their advertising expenditure during the 1974-75 recession enjoyed higher sales growth than those which cut advertising." Write for LAP Report #5262 today at 1221 Ave. of the Americas, N. Y, N.Y 10020. And let us help you make your advertising more effi cient, as the price of all other selling tools becomes more expensive.10 ne reader-noted impression in the average McGraw- Hill publica tion. 2The Dartnell lnstitute of Bu siness Research. 3"Telephone Marketing" by Murray Roman , P. 87. McGraw-Hill 1976. 4Laboratory of Adve rtising Performance Report # 8013. 4. McG raw-Hill Research.McGraw-Hill Magazines..j,j~1t41.·n~. With inflation, we're an even better bu)' l]RUNHUB DIAMETER(INCH)? .8525TAPE LENGTH LESS LEADER(FEET)? 303.6TURNS COUNT AT END OF TAPE? 641TURNS COUNT READING FOR100 ACTUAL TAKE-UP TURNS? 77.31 ... 15116IPS2 ... 1-718IPS3 ... 3-314IPS4 . . 7-112IPS5 ... 15IPS6 ... 30IPSWHICH TAPE SPEED? 2CALCULATING TAPE THICKNESS AS WOUND ..Table 1: A tape counter/ time table (produced by the pro gram in listing 1) for a cassette recorder using C-60 tape. Th e last two co lumns were not printed by the program , but are a check value from an actual test of the program 's accuracy .TURNS ELAPSED COUNT TIMEREMAININ G TIMEFEET USEDFEET LEFTTIME BY TE STERROR (SEC)000 :00 :001000:00 :192000:00 :383000:00 :574000:0 1:175000:01 :376000:01 :587000:02:188000 :02:409000 :03 :0110000:03:2311000 :03:4612000 :04:0813000:04 :3114000 :04:5515000 :05 : 1916000 :05:4317000 :0 6 0 718000 :06 :3219000 :06 :5820000:07 :232 1000:07 :4922000 :08:1623000 :08:4324000 :09 : 1025000:09 :3 726000 : 10 :0527000 : 10 :3 428000:11 :0229000:11 :3 130000 : 12 :0131000 : 12 :3032000 : 13:0033000:13:3 134000 : 14 :0235000 : 14 :3 336000 : 15 :0437000:15 3638000:16:0939000 : 16:4140000:17 :1541000 : 17:4842000 : 18 :2243000 :18:564400019 :3045000:20 :0546000:20 :4147000 :21:1648000 :21 :5249000:22 :2950000:23 :0551000 :23 :4352000:24 :2053000:24 :5854000:25 3655000 :2 6 :1556000:26:5457000:27 :3358000 :28 :1359000 :28 :5360000:29 :3361000 :3 0 : 1462000 :30:5563000:31 :3764000 :3 2 : 1964100:32 :2300:32 :2300 :32 :04 00 :3 1:45 00 :31 :26 00:31 :06 00 30:46 00:30:26 00 :30:05 00 :29:43 00 :29 :2200 :29 :00 00:28 :37 00:28 :15 00:27 5200 :27 :28 00 :27 :04 00 :26:4000 :26 : 16 00 :25 :51 00 :25 :25 00 :25 :00 00:24 :34 00 :24 :07 00 :23: 40 00 :23:13 00 :22 :46 00 :22 :1800:21 :5000 :21 :2 1 0020 :5200 :20 :23 00 : 19 :53 00 :19:23 00 : 18 :52 00 :18:21 00:17 :50 00:17 :19 00:16:47 00 :16:14 00 :15:42 00:15 :09 00:14:35 00 :14:0100 :13 :27 0012 :53 00:12 :18 00:11 :42 00:11 :07 00:10:3 1 00 :09 :54 00:09: 18 00 :08 :40 00 :08 :03 00:07 :25 00 :06:47 00:06:0800 :0 5:2 9 00:04 :50 00:04 :10 00 :03:30 00 :02 :50 00:02 :09 00:01 :28 00 :00:46 00:00:04 00:00 0003040 :0033010 :1962980:3992950 :58122921:18152891:38182861 :59222822:20252792:42282763:04322723:26352693:48392654:11422624:34462584:58502545:22542505:46572476:11612436:36652397:01692357:2773231753772278:20822228:47862189 :14902149:419520910:099920510:3710320111 :0610819611 :3511319112 :0411718712 :3412218213:0512 717713 :3413217214 :0513616814 :3 714116315:0814615815:4015115316:1215614816:4516214217 :1816713717 :5117213218:2517712718:5918312119:3318811620 :0819411020:4419910521 :19205992119321 :54 22 :3 12168823 :072228223:442287624 :212347024 :592406425 :372465826 : 162525226:542584627 :332653928:132713328:532772729:332832130 :132901430 :54296831 :35303132 :17304032 :280 0 -1-2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2-3 -3 -2 -3 -3 -3 -3-3 -4 -4 -3 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4-4 -4-3 -4-5 -3 -3 -4 -4 -4-3 -4 -3-3 -3 -3 -3-3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -10 0 0 0 0+ 1 +1 +2 +20 ·74 Septem ber 1980 ~ BYfE Publications Incanew star Is Dorn!a better computer system any way you look at it. The facts speak for themselves. The QUAY 500 SERIES offers more for the money than North Star Horizoncomputers.MORE TECHNICAL FEATURES. A single board computer instead of a backplane with multiple boards , means fewer parts ,fewer interconnections and fewer problems D additional diskcapacity for more program storage D OMA controlled disktransfers for increased system performance D on-board expansion capabilities for additional parallel and serial ports , andEPROM D AC convenience outlets D a more compact design .IMMEDIATE DELIVERY. The 500 SERIES is available off theshelf for virtually immediate delivery. No waiting for far off delivery dates for this one .LOWER PRICE. The advanced technology engineered intoQuay computers actu ally lowers our cost to manufacture .The price of the 500 SERIES is about 20% lower than theHorizon-2- 32K-D - andour 520 SERIES also offerssignificant savings over theHorizon-2-32K-Q.The bottom line is simple .There is a new star in thecomputer field . The 500Advanced single board modular design .SERIES by Quay . It outShines all Of the competition .COMPARE FOR YOURSELF:SPECIFICATIONQUAY 500 HORIZON-2-32K-DArchitectureSingle Board S100 busCPUZ80A, 4MHz.SameDynamic RAM (std/max)32/64 Kb .SameDisk drive typeDouble densitySameNo. of drives (std/max)2/4SameCapacity per drive (on -line)200 Kb.180 Kb .Direct Memory Access (OMA)YesNoCP/M®disk operating system StandardOptionalUnit Price$2,500.$3,095 .SPECIFICATIONSQUAY 520 HORIZON-2-32K-QDisk drive typeQuad densitySameCapacity per drive (on-line) 400 Kb.360 Kb .Unit Price$3,200.$3,595.The QUAY 500 offers technical superiority-availability-a $2,500 price!CP M · 1s a registered trad ema rk of D1g1tal Re sea rchQ ui A L I 9QBEQ,~I!Q~ 'I&~ Factory: Route 34, Wall Township, New Jersey 07719 DISTRIBUTOR AND REPRESENTATIVE INQUIRIES WELCOMECircle 47 on inquiry ca rd .BYTE September 1980 75Circle 48 on inqu iry card .SAVE MORE THAN 20% NORTH STAR - INTERTUBE - MICROTEK ZENITH - RCA.COSMAC - ITHACA THINKER TOYS - GODBOUT - SUPERBRAIN The smartest computers at the smartest priceDissecting the TI Speak & Spell t' ACTORY ASSEMBL ED & T ESTEDLIST O NLYHORIZOl ·1·32K·OOUBLE OENU695 $1994HORIZOl·2·32K·DOUBLE OU3095 2299HORIZOl·2·32K·DUAO DENSITY3595 2699HORIZ01·2·64K·DUAD +HARD DISK9329 7199HORIZON MEMORY ASSM16K 389 32K 579HORIZON MEMORY KIT16K 359 32K 535NORTH STAR HARD DISK 18 Mb4999 3939PASCAL FDR NORTH STAR 01 01SK199190Poworful IORTH STAR BASIC..Tho Bost. .......... .. ....... FREE2 NORTH STAR SOFTWARE DISKS w/HORIZOI . ... ..· FREEISSE 1·22 & POI TERlllFIC PROGRAMSOILY 10IORTHWORD 299 MAILMAN 239 llFOMAI 369RCA.COSMAC VP -111 99RCA.COSMACVP -711189COLOR ! RAINBOW 385 CAT -100 1369 SPECTRUM 289ITHACA FRONT PANEL COMPUTER 64K3195 2695Z-8001 CPU CARO 16-llit ITHACA S-100 8Mb1179ITHACA MEMORY 8/ 16-11~ 64K995845SEATTLE 8086 CPU 16 bit 10 1 f11tlr556SEATILE MEMORY 8/16 BIT 16K 4Mhz356SSM KITS Z-80 CPU 221VIDEO BRO VB3 4Mhz412MEASUREMENT MEMORY 64K A & T 4mHz599MEASUREMENT MEMORY 64K BAIK SELECT789ECOIORAM XIV UIKIT 16K299254CENTRAL DATA 64K RAM665599OISCUS /20 A & T + CP/M1199975THINKER TOYS HARO OISK 26 Mb4995 3995OISCUS/2+2 1.2 Mbyt11 A & T1549 1285TARBELL DISK CONTROLLER DD495445TARBELL CASETTE INTERFACE KIT120109SUPERBRAll2995 2395SUPERBRAll OUAO DENSITY3995 2995ZENITH -HEATH Z·89 4BK2B95 2495llTERTUBE II SMART TERMINAL995725ZENITH -HEATH SMART TERMINAL995739ZENITH -HEATH WH -11 16bit COMPUTER2995CAT IOVATIOI MOOEM179169MICROTEK PRINTER795675AIADEX PRINTER OP -8000995865AIAOEX PRINTER DP -9500·11650 1389NEC PRINTER F11t Typowrillr Ouolity2915 2799SECRETARY WORD PROCESSOR Tho Botti8577TEXTWRITER Ill Book Writing Proerom125112GOFAST NORTH STAR BASIC Speodor Uppor7971PDS SUPER Z-80 ASSEMBLER & Moro9989SUPER BASIC DEBUGGER U9 COMPILER 135 HOS40EZ 80 MACHINE LANGUAGE TUTOR 25STATISTICS 190EZ.CUDER Tronxl1t11 English to BASIC7971ECOSOFT FULL ACCOUNTING PKG350315BOX OF DISKETTES29 II PLASTIC CASE30Which Computers 1r1 BEST7 BROCHURE ... . .... FREE North Stu Oocum1nt1tion rtfundlb.. w/HRZ20 ORD ER 2 or mor· COMP UT ERS . . .. BIGGER DISCO UNTS YES WE WILL BEAT OU R COMP ETITIO N'S PRICE! FACTO RY ASSEMBLED & FACTORY WARRA NTY AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS KIVETT DR · JAMESTOWN NC 27282 (919)-889-4577Michael A Rigsby 5164 Sunburst Dr Norcross GA 30092There is now an economical way to provide limited voice output for computer-controlled devices. TI (Texas Instruments) provides most of the hardware in its familiar toy called the "Speak & Spell."Because I am fascinated by toys (my system is a hand-wired 1802 pro cessor used in a self-contained, maze solving mouse), it was only natural that I should procure my own birth day present-a toy-and immediate ly tear it apart.Speak & Spell is an educational aid designed for children aged seven or older. It contains a vocabulary of greater than 230 words in addition to the letters of the alphabet. Asking questions and playing games with electronic speech, it expects answers to be entered on its 40-switch key board. Each entry evokes an audible response, and the machine even keeps score. Plug-in modules are available to expand the vocabulary. Suggested retail price for the toy is $65, though I bought mine for less than $40 at a major Atlanta department store.Operation of the electronic portion of the Speak & Spell involves many unknowns. I am sure that the manu facturer would probably prefer to keep these unknowns secret, but I can provide some insight into the opera tion of the Speak & Spell.The first great obstacle encountered when opening the machine is the back cover. Removing the two Phillips-head screws is a good step, but not good enough. There are still four slots, each containing a plastic hook over a plastic ledge. Take a thin-bladed screwdriver and push the hook toward the outside edge of the case, at the same time pull the front and back of the case apartwith substantial force. Continue until all four hook slots are free. Take care not to allow any backsliding. I have done this three times, each time expecting to destroy it, but everything is still intact.After reaching the inside, there is not much to see except the back of a double-sided printed-circuit board. To turn the board over, the matrix switch cards (figure 1) must be re leased from the front of the case. This involves springing delicate plastic hooks. If one of these hooks should break, the toy is lost. Somehow I slipped the cards out and turned the main board over . (See photo 1 and figure 2 on page 82 .) On the opposi te side of the main board are a circuit board (with a little black round thing on it ) on top of the main circuitboard, an 8-character alphanumeric display, and four integrated circuits, each with a distinctive proprietary number. The small circuit board appears to be a power supply.The toy operates from a 6 V sup ply (four C cells), but +6 V, -6 V, and - 20 V may be found throughout the board. The processor has five input lines from the switches; five lines seem to interconnect most of the circuits. The five input lines from the switches are activated upon contact closure by - 20 V pulses generated within the processor.At this point I will refer to figure 1. Eight bits from any processor may be used to control each of thirty-two lines by means of the 74154 binary to-hexadecimal decoder. Each output line must go to a PNP transistor capable of switching a - 20 V signal. The drawing in figure 1 indicates which wires go with which letters,Tex t co ntinued on page 8476 Sept ember 1980 © BYTE Publicati ons Inc- - + Circ le 49 on inquiry card.CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-528-1418SPECIALSATARI 800 SYSTEMMicroWorld now offers complete systems based around the Atari 800 Personal Computer . .. all peri pherals available! The Atari 850 Interface Module, with four RS232 serial ports, an 8-bit parallel port, and an 1/0 port for connection to the Atari 800 allows for extensive upgrading of the basic system. Choose between two printers: the Atari 820 40-column printer, or the 825 8Ckolumn printer, both packed with stand ard features. Atari's new 810 floppy disk drives provide up to 92K of storage each .. . up to four of these drives may be accommodated within a system! The Atari 41 O program recorder with both digital and audio tracks is used by the Atari Talk and Teach educational cassettes, and by the Invitation to Programming Ser ies. A Bell 103/113 compatible modem is also avail able for use with the Atari 800 or 400, allowing com munications with other types of computers, including time share services. The complete line of Atari pre> ducts, plus Atari's vast library of applications software . . . all from MicroWorld!Call for Special Price!OKIDATA MICROLINE 80Compact, low-cost 80 cps printer: 9x7 matrix, tridion or pin feed! 132 col.w/ compressed print,graphics. and more! Trader feed optional.CALL FOR PRICE!CENTRONICS 737Low-cost 50-90 cps l10 printer. Pro portional spacing, generates full ASCII, prints sub- and superscripts, underline!CALL FOR PRICE!Tl 99/ 4 HOME COMPUTERPacked with features! Superior sound, 16-color graphics, power ful Tl BASIC,optional speech! Up to 72K total memory capacity.CALL FOR PRICE!LIVERMORE STARExclusive triple seal allows for superior acoustic isolation! 0 to 300 baud , locks info standard headset. Full duplex/ test/ half duplex modes.CALL FOR PRICE!LEAR SIEGLER ADM-3AThe original "Dumb Terminal" ... 12" non-glare screen. 24x80 dis play. Feature direct cursor address ing, RS232 extension port, baud rates to 19,200!CALL FOR PRICE!Tl 810 FULLY LOADED!l10 printer; low price includes full ASCII , vertical forms control, com pressed print, 150 cps, RS232, trac tors, 3" to 15" form width, bidirec tional printing!CALL FOR PRICE!ZENITH-HEATH Z-89ALLIN-ONE COMPUTERBuilt-In minifloppy drives, smart terminal with 25x80 display. Low price includes HOOS and 48K memory!CALL FOR PRICE!TELEVIDEO 920CLow-cost terminal loaded with fea tures:full-fundion keyboard,24x80 display, blink, reverse, self-test!CALL FOR PRICE!laOFFGOREPLAY REPEATCLUElbWORDCODE LETTE RSAYITSPELLONFigure la and lb: During normal operation , the Speak & Spell will voice a phoneme (letter sound) after a key is pressed on one of the keyboards. The Speak & Spell can be controlled by a microprocessor interfaced to the keyboard lines as shown in figure le .Building Blocks for Microcomputer Systems, Dedicated Controllers and Test Equipment.5th Anniversary SaleSAVE 10°/o ON ALL ECT PRODUCTS INCLUDING THESE POPULAR ITEMSOffer expires September 30, 1980R2 l/OS-100 ROM, RAM & 1/0 BOARDRM-10 S-100 RACK MOUNT CARD CAGE78 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 50 on inquiry card .- - + Circle 51 on inquiry card.Introducing quality print at matrix speed. For only $1295: Until now, word processing outputwas a slow, expensive proposition Youcould pay thousands for a slow, letterquality character printer. Or give upprint quality for matrix speed and price.But that was before Paper Tiger'" 460offered you a better choice.The new Paper Tiger 460 is the firstmatrix printer with high-density dotmatrix characters plus high speed. At alow price.The secret? A unique nine-wire, staggered matrix head provides overlapping dots in both horizontal andvertica l planes. The result isdense, high -quality charactersyou' ll be proud to show off.What's more, Paper Tiger 460gives you a combination of features simply not available on anyother printer, at any price. Likebi -directional, logic-seeking printing at speeds in excess of 150characters per second. Micro-~processor electronics, with built-in diagnostics and sel f-test. Proportional spacing.Automatic text justification . DotPlot'" highInt·CJral Data Systems stands reperformance printers ideally · printer, the IDS 460, offers featAutoaatio prop_ortional spaoinCJprooessinCJ systems, plus th· ca resolution of 84 by 84 dots perresolution graphics option RS232 and paral lel interfaces. And more.But its most important feature is high relia bility. Paper Tiger 460 is designed to be tough and dependable. It has rugged, stepper-motor head and paper drives. A new 300-mill ion-character ball istic-type print head. And its simple, chassis mounted cartridge ribbon lasts up tofour times longer than cassette or spool ribbons.Paper Tiger 460 is the one printer that gives your Apple,t TRS-80,* or other small busi ness computer both data processing and w ord process ing output. At a price you can afford.Get your paws on Paper Tiger 460, and join the tens of thousands of satisfied IntegralData Systems users. For the name of the Paper Tiger dealernearest you, call us toll -free 800-343-6412 (in Massachu setts, Alaska, and Haw aii (617) 237-7610) Or, write for com plete specifications. Integral Data Systems, 14 Tech Circle, Natick, Massachusetts 01760.Tiger~ Integral Data Systems, Inc.· suggested single -unit U.S. reta il p rice t Apple is a trademark o f Apple Computer Inc. H RS-80 1s a trademark of Rad io Shack, a d iv1s1on of Tandy Co1;:;. 2N 3906 !TYPICAL OF 16 18 97 820 0 6 75 621 c· 53 42 322 Bl0 l23ICl 74154 BINARY-TO HEXADECIMAL DECODER20 021 c22 B 2314 16 13 1511 13 10 1110 8 9 7 8 6 5 6IC2 74154 BINARY-TO 2 3 HEXADECIMAL DECODERFigure le: Using standard 74154 four-to-sixteen line decoders , the Speak & Spell can be tricked into thinking that a button has been pressed on the keyboard. The PNP transistors shown take the place of the key contacts, to short the controlling lines. Thus , the letter A can be spoken by pressing the A button , or by sending a binary 1001 on the four high-order lines to the decoder circuits; both actions short the L1 and L4 lines.80 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Incw- + Circle 52 on inquiry card.Nowl North Starlication SoftwarelNorth Star now offers application software for use on the HORIZON! Now you have one reliable source for both hardware and software needs! The first packages avail able are:NorthWordNorthWord is a simple-to-operate word processing system designed for use with the popular North Star HORIZON . NorthWord enables you to increase office efficiency and cut document typing time and cost. NorthWord incorporates the most sought-after word processing fea tures: easy editing , on-screen text formatting, simultaneous document printing, and much more. NorthWord can be integrated with other North Star software packages to produce customized letters, labels and reports quickly and efficiently.MailManagerMailManager enables you to com pile and maintain complete organ ized mailing lists. Lists are easily accessible and can be compiled with a great deal of flexibility. Entries, corrections and deletions are easily made. The North Star MailManager can print your list on individual enve lopes, on mailing labels, or in com pact summary form .lnfoManager lnfoManager is a powerful list oriented , data management system . It will accept up to 50 categories of information for each record and has the ability to select and sort before printing . The North Star lnfoManager has power and flexibility for many applications product inquiry, in ventory, customer/client records, calendar reminders, and as an easy way to fill in often-used forms.General LedgerGeneral Ledger and Financial Reporting, two programs in one, maintains general ledger accounts based on such input as checks, bank deposits and journal entries , and uses the information in the general ledger to produce custom ized financial statements and financial reports.NorthWord is the central building block for all the North Star applica tion software to follow Packages now being tested include other accounting and professional appli cation packages. For more informa tion or a demonstration , contact your local North Star dealer.NorthSlalf North Star Computers, Inc. 1440 Fourth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 (415) 527-6950 TWX/Telex 910-366-7001ICircle 53 on inquiry ca rd .WHEN rr COMES FROM US, rrwonKS.Most Northstar Systems are purchased for business and scientif1e applications where down-time means money.That's why Scottsdale Systems pre tests every Northstar BEFORE we sell it. And package it for SAFE delivery to you.But we don't stop there. Our North star Systems, with a SOROC 10-120 ter minal, and either an NEC Spinwriter or a Tl 810, include full integration.When it comes from Scottsdale Systems, it's ready to work for you.Horizon II 32K DD ..... ... . ·.... .'2399 Horizon II 32 K Quad ............. '2799 CCS 16K RAM .... . .. . .... ... .. '259 SOROCI0-120 ... . . .... .. . ... . . '749 MI 0 Basic. .......... .. . .. . .. .' I589 NEC-5510 w/tractor . . .. .. . ..... .'2799 NEC-5520 w/tractor ..... .... .. .. ' 3099/NECs include ribbon. thimble). . .... .. . ... .... ...".,Photo 1: Detailed photograph of the disassembled Speak & Spell . The main circuit board is shown in the same position as in figure 2 ; the board in the upper left-hand cor ner is the power supply. The black box at bottom center is one of the two keyboard assemblies.· · · OUTPUT TO SPEAKER TRANSFORMERPOWER SUPPLY BOARDS CHARACTER DISPLAYATARIBX> '798* (w/l 6K RAMI)400 ·449·PROCESSOR TMC027JNLTI-9914* w/monitor '879 w/o monitor '7J6SEPTEMBER SPECIALS Mattel lntell1v1sron · .. .... s249Commodore fall produru)"... 10% offHeath-8914BK w/2 S1o·s1.. .... '2399Altos ACS 8000-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . '5449Compnnt GP (TRS-80. Apple)...... '5 I 9Compnnt Serial. 1549Okrdata M1crofine BO .. ... 1599Tractors fw/MBO purchase)... ... 1 100Centrorncs 737-P .. . 1829MP! 88T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... '675Anadex DP-9500 ... . .. . .... . . ...... ' 1499Perkin Elmer Bantam .. .... 1744Telev1deo 920-C .. .......... . ........ '833·Accessories sold only w/systems Pnces subject to change Arizona residents add 5% . Charge cards add 2%6730 E. McDowell Road · Suite 103Scottsdale, AZ. 85257 OPEN 6 TO 6 PM · M.-SAT.3: f60ZJ941·5856.CONNECTIONS TO LEFT HALF OF KEYBOARD' LI' L2' L3 · L4SOUND GENERATOR TMC02SINL' L5 ' L6 ..- KEYBOARD ATTACHMENT' L7·t LSIIUNKNOWN #! (HIGH-DENSITY READ -O NLY MEMORY!TMC035JNLCONNECTIONS TO RIGHT HALF OF KEYBOARDRI· R2R3UNKNOWN #2 (HIGH-DENSITY READ-ONLY MEMORY lTMCO 352 NL' R4 , R5 ' R6' R7KEYBOARD ATTACHMENT___.I RSiSOCKET FOR PLUG - IN MODULE0 I SPEED POTENTIOMETER(CLOCK CONTROL) 1t 9Figure 2: Layout of the Speak & Spell main circuit board, viewed from the front of the toy.The new microcomputer FORTUN you'll be proud to take anywhere. Microcomputer users like you want the best of all worlds. A single development and run-time system that can support FORTRAN on hundreds of thousands of systems .. .a standard FORTRAN that is available immediately for whatever micro you have ... plus the power, portability and completeness of the UCSDTMSystem . Impossible? It was until now. Until SofTech Micro systems introduced FORTRAN-77, a major extension to the UCSD System.market your applications to the broadest range of microcomputers possible.Since UCSD Pascal and our new FORTRAN-77 are fully compatible, you can write applications that use the advantages of each language. For instance, you can utilize power ful Pascal subroutines for data display and graphics and FORTRAN subroutines for numerical calcu lations. And , because our system is modular, you can start now withPascal or FORTRAN and add additional language com pilers when you are ready.Power...ANSl·77 FORTRANFORTRAN77 isthenewest ANSIstandard language for engineering and scientific-e applications, with powerful new.,vI.ft.....i.f"./~tt¥;..'features included for more rapid devel-C..~''opment of reliable software. Support for structurede.,\C_ .ft.,.,C..4'71e.Y 6."-\..~Portability,Vcompleteness.··programming and improvedcharacter types are just a few of the FORTRAN -77 features designed to increase your productivity.And , since most FORTRAN-66 programs can be run with little or no change, you can take advantagethe UCSD System of the FORTRAN applicationsFORTRAN-77 applicationsprograms that already exist.are as portable as UCSD PascalTMapplications. This is because theSolution . ..the completeUCSD System runs on most all major UCSDSystemmicros . .. giving you the freedomFor all the tools and support you'llto choose the hardware best suited ever need, order the UCSD System.to your needs ... and the ability toGet a complete development andruntime package that includes an operating system, screen editor, file handler, macro assemblers. linker, P-code interpreter, the language compiler of your choice, and full documentation .Whether you run UCSD Pascal or our new FORTRAN-77 on whatever microcomputer you have, you 'll join the more than 10,000satisfied UCSD System software users worldwide.Call or write for more information; Master Charge or Visa orders accepted .R SUBSIOIRR'-' OF SOFTECH9494 Black Mountain Road , San Diego, CA 92126. (714) 578-6105.ry~~~~~~~ci~~h~So~ --·System Software. Use it on microcom puters with CP/ M, or on any system using a Z-80, 8080/ 8085, LSl-11 ;M 6502, 6800, 6809, or 9900 microprocessor.D Send me the Complete setof UCSD System documentati on inc luding the FORTRAN and Pascal languages. My check or money order for $50 is enclosed. $50D Send me more information about the UCSD System with FORTRAN D Send me more information about the UCSD System with Pascal D Send me more information about the UCSD System with both FORTRAN and Pascal D Send me Distributor informationName _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __Company_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __Address_ _ __ _ _ _ _ __City/ State / Zi p_ _ _ _ _ _ __Telephone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __Massach usetts and Californ ia res idents add~~l~~e_:a~s~~---- ..£~~.:!,?~.2..JCP/ M '" is a reg istered t rademark of Digi tal Researc h Corporation . LS l -11 is a registered t rade mark of Di gital Equ ipment . UCSD Pascal and UCSD are registered trademarks of The Regents of the University of California.Circ le 54 o n inquiry ca rd .BYTE Septem ber 1980 83COMPLEX SOUND GENERATOR ENVELOPE SELECT 1 llNPUTl GROUNDEXTERNAL NOISE CLOCK llNP.l NOISE CLOCK RESISTOR (INP.l NOISE FILTER CONTROL RESISTOR (INRI NOISE FILTER CONTROL CAPACITOR (INP.I DECAY CONTROL RESISTOR (INP.I ATTACK/DECAY TIMING CAPACITOR (INRISYSTEM ENABLE (INP.J ATTACK CONTROL RESISTOR (INP . I AMPLITUDE CONTROL RESISTOR (INP .IFEEDBACK RESISTOR (INP. l AUDIO OUTPUT VCCSN764 77N * 28* 273* 264* 252423*22212010191118121 713161415ENVELOPE SELECT 2 (INPUT> MIXER SELECT C ( INP. ) MIXER SELECT A (INP) MIXER SELECT B (INP. l ONE-SHOT CONTROL RESISTOR (INP. ) ONE-SHOT CONTROL CAPAC IT OR ( INP.1 VCO SELECT (INP.l SUP ER L OW FREQUENCY OSC . CONTROL CAP. (INP l SUPER LOW FREQUENCY OSC . CONTROL RES . (INPI PITCH CONTROL (INP.) VCO CONTROL RESISTOR (INP.l VCO CONTROL CAPACITOR llNP.l EXTERNAL VCO CONTROL (INP.) V REG .Figure 3: Pin assignments for the SN76477N complex-sound generator. It is suspected that this well-known device is marked TMC0271NL in the Speak & Spell. The pins marked with asterisks are in a logical low state unless they are pulled up by an external voltage.Behaviorsteady pat tern when lette rs are pronou nced , va ri able patt ern for all wo rd sva ri abl e patt ern for all speechPin # of TMC0271NL 22 25 2726 28Connected ToPin Device# Informal Name 4 TM C035 1NL Unknown#11 TM C027 1NL Processor 14 TMC027 1NL Processo r 6 TM C035 1NL Unknown #136 TM C027 1NL Pr ocessorTable 1: Experimental behavior of selected logic lines coming from the TMC0271NL device on Speak & Spell circuit board.Tex t continued f rom page 76:while figure 2 shows the location of these wires in the toy . Each line must be released before the processor will accept another input command.Returning to the operation of the device, the 40-pin circuit is undoubt edly a processor. There are two inte grated circuits which I have labeled as high-density read-only memory (however, this is only a guess). They contain the information for the 230 spoken words ; the processor (TMC0271NL) appears to contain the spoken letters and a few brief words. Of the forty pins on the processor, five are input lines from the switches, seven are pulsed output lines to the switches, fifteen or more are outputlines to the display, and three are out put lines to the sound generator. Three of the lines that go to the display are part of the five lines that connect the processor to unknown circuit #1 (mentioned above as possibly being a high-density read only memory). If the unknown cir cuits are memory devices, the in dividual byte locations are not ad dressed by the processor (there is an insufficient number of interconnect ing lines for that purpose), but are possibly left to be sequenced by a clock and stopped by processor con trol.I am reasonably certain that the sound is generated by a complex sound generator, SN76477N. Thiscircuit is controlled by numerous resistor-capacitor combinations and seven digital-control lines . (See figure 3 and table 1.) If this device is the chip marked TMC0271NL in the Speak & Spell, then it is two of the seven con trol lines (pins 1 and 9) that are tied to ground all of the time. Five of the lines have varying signals, though three of these maintain a constant pattern when letters are being pro nounced. The narrowest spike in a pulse train that is connected to a con trol line is 0.1 ms long. With a 230-word vocabulary, there is a con trolled speech time of well over 100 seconds. Five lines multiplied by 100 seconds multiplied by 10,000 pulses per second yields 5,000,000 bits of in formation stored somewhere in the Speak & Spell-providing one assumes that each word is composed of individually stored pulses. There are probably subroutines that cause the production of phonetic elements. I can see no way to access these phonetic elements, because they seem to be internal and not directly ad dressable by normal address lines. Someone with more memory than I have (1 K bytes of user memory) could monitor the control lines on the sound generator (see figure 3) and perhaps determine the phonetic makeup of individual sounds.If you don't mind listening to your computer spell everything, give it a voice and let it speak.·84 Sep tember 1980 © BYfE Publica ti ons IncNIWI CP/M HANDBOOK MAKES CP/M EASY AS ABCCP/ M-the industry standard in operating systems: now Sybex makes it easy as ABC with a new step-by-step guide: THE CP/ M ® HANDBOOK (with MP/ Mtm).Gain a clear understanding of CP/ M's basic operation, learn how to use the editor and assembler, then explore all versions of CP/ M, including COOS and multi-user MP/ M.Numerous sample programs, practical operating hints and handy reference tables make the CP/ M HANDBOOK a must for anyone-from beginner to experienced programmer.For sophisticated editing or simple copying, the new CP/ M HANDBOOK gives you a hand-and makes CP/ M easy as ABC.By Rodnay Zaks, 250 pp., Ref. C300, $13.95CP/ M ®and MP/ M tm are trademarks of DigItal Researc hCirc le 55 o n inqu iry card.,....------------, Dept. 89 I MAIL TO, SYBEX 2344 Sixth St.. Berkeley, CA 94 710 I I 2344 Sixth St. Send me _ copy(s) d The CP/ M Handbook @ Sl3.95 I I Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _Berkeley, CA. II I 94710 Company Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES City_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State __Zlp _ _AND COMPUTER SHOPSI Amount e nclosedI D UPS D 4th c lassEVERYWHEREI I Charge my [, Visa LJ Moste r Charge D Am. Ex.TO ORDER:. ly Phone: (41 5) 848-8233. Visa , MC. Am Ex I I- Cord numberExpira tion dote----------1I I - - - - - - - - - -- -- 1 ly Mall: Indicate quantity. Prepayment required Shipping: Sl.50 per b ook (UPS) or 75¢ (4th Clo ss) SignatureTax:In California p lease odd ta x D Send me your free c atalogIC 300B9I II Penny Pincher's Joystick Interface Steven Wexler 1634 Buck Hill Dr Huntingdon Valley PA 19006 One of the more entertaining input devices that can be operated by a human hand is the joystick. Physi cally, the device consists of a lever that moves in two dimensions. The lever operates two potentiometers, which translate the position of the lever into two analog resistance values. A joystick hardware inter face, in conjunction with the ap propriate software, can convert the resistance values into corresponding binary integer values. These integers can be used to move a cursor, alter music, or control a robot, along with a myriad of other applications.There are several ways to interface a joystick to your computer. Each scheme has its advantages and disad vantages . The particular method I have chosen has the advantages of be ing inexpensive, easy to build, easy to understand, and of requmng a minimum of input/output (1!0) pro gramming.The disadvantages? This method is slower than some other interfaces I have seen, uses more software than do the expensive hardware-intensive schemes, and is less precise than some of the more elaborate circuit concoc tions .Operating Theory The key to my "penny pincher's"joystick interface is the 556 dual timer configured as two monostable multi vibrators or one-shots, as shown in figure 1 . In English, this means that if you trigger the one-shot, its output will go high for a predetermined in terval, after which the output will return to its normal low state.By using a joystick potentiometer as a timing resistor, the duration of one output pulse will be proportional to the position, in one dimension, of the joystick lever. Software is used to convert the pulse duration into a binary value. Duplicating the circuit for the second timer, the other joy stick potentiometer will yield a dif ferent output-pulse duration and binary value for the other dimension . Remember, joysticks operate in two or more dimensions .Joystick Interface Circuit Careful study of figure 1 will reveala most curious aspect of the interface. The trigger and reset lines for each circuit are all tied to a common pro cessor output line. This certainly saves output lines, but how can you trigger and reset simultaneously? An explanation of the trigger re quirements for the timer circuits should help to clear up this anomaly.Normally, the timer will start to output a pulse on the high-to-lowtransition (ie: negative-going edge) of the input trigger signal. For the device to work properly, it is necessary to return the trigger input to its normal high state before the timed-output pulse returns low. In other words, before the device times out, the trig ger input must go high.If the timer receives a trigger signal in the middle of an output pulse, the signal is ignored . The obvious conclu sion is that we must either trigger each of the 556 timers independently, or we must reset the second timer before it is triggered . Otherwise, how are we to avoid attempting to trigger the second timer before it has timed out from the initial signal? Tying the resets and triggers to a common computer-output line avoids the tim ing pitfall, while simplifying both hardware and software.When the computer-output line goes low, the timing function is reset and the device returns to its initial state. As the processor-output line returns high (ie: positive-going edge) , the circuit is reset before it is trig gered; this allows the timing pulse to begin normally. The 1/0 line used to reset and trigger the 556 can also be used to reset and trigger additional joysticks. How's that for efficiency! I have not included the values of the timing capacitors and potentiometers86 Sep tember 1980 (£: BYTE Publica tio ns Inc-eFor years many small business system buyers thought that in order to get " real" performance and enough storage to be a "real" bu siness system they would hav e to sac rifi ce the famil y jewels.But with the introduction of the Smoke Signal Chi eftain se ri es office computers a lot of people's minds have been changed.Because we designed the highly reliable Chieftain small business system with the most innovative co mbination of performance and effi ciency around .At your fingertips there are 64 .000 characters of random access memory and you can address anywhere from 740.000 characters to 2 million characters with Smoke Signals's new double den s ity controller. For larger concerns. there's a 20M byte hard disk avai lab le.At a time when other small computer manu facture r s te ll yo u "you're on your own". Smoke Signal offers an abundance of easy-to-use software programs such as order entry. inventory control.accounts receivable. invoice entry, payroll. wordprocessing and much. much more. There's BASIC.CO BOL and FORTRAN - even a multi-use r BOS(Business Operating System) that allows fornumerous use rs simultaneou sly.Chi eftain sys tem sstarting at under $200 .00per month display performance on par with systems costing tw ice tothree times as much.So call (213) 889-9340for your nearest authorized Smoke Signal dealer - he'll be g lad todemonstrate the Chieftain's high reliability andease of operation.For dealers only , c ircl e 57All ot her inqu iries, c ircle 56SIDIB SIDNIL ·~ IBDIDCISTIND ~ 1 336 Via Co linas. Wes tlake Village. Ca lifornia 9136 1. (2 13) 889-9340TRIGGER FROM PROCESSOR OUTPUT STROBETl MING CAPAC I TORATO PR OC ESSO R INPUT LINE "A"TO PROCESSOR INPUT LINE "s " JOYSTICK POTENTIOMETER AJOYSTICK POTENTIOMETER B+ 5VNumber IC1Type 556+5 v14GND 7CONTROL VOLT AGE3CONTROL VOLT AGEJIf"" 10.0Jl'FI T~IAMPIANCGITORFigure I: The key to the penny pincher's joystick interface is the 556 dual timer, configured as two monostable multivibrators. The in terval of each output pulse is determined by the joystick resistance, in conjunction with a user-selected timing capacitor.-A·C·TTM FlNALLY! ONE ASSEMBLERBY in figure l ; these values depend onsoftware, processor speed, and perSORCIM - LETS YOU ASSEMBLE CODE sonal preference.FOR 6502, 6800, 8080, 8085, AND Z80 ... FOR ONLY 125In use for two yea rs by Sorcim to facilitate program d evelo pm ent, the A.CT. (Assembly Co de Translator) " universa l" cross-assembler suppo rts all 5 major p rocesso rs and is now available to the public. Get out of w riting hex and toggling switches; A.CT. gives you efficient programm in g as wel l as the capa bility to develop code for o ne processor on a machine usin g a different p rocessor. Running under CP/M * 1.4X o r 2.X, A.CT. featur es:e As sembly speed greater than 1000 lines/min· Complete cross referencee Support for data type hex. octal, or bina ry (Intel or Motorola fo rmat) e Supports macros e Com prehensive set of pseudo-ops e Ab solut e assemblies, system text file support, local proc defini tion (8080/5 & Z80only), code file format (standard Intel hex). and many more special features.A.CT. fit s in 24K of RAM (including CP/M ). comes com pl ete wi th man ual and l :·::::}:{i\I1::;:::::::;::;;;::::;:::1 sa mpl e program s. and is shipped on a single-sided. single d ensity, soft-sectoredCP/M compa ti b le 8" di skette. Wan t to kno w mo re abou t A.CT.'s many talents?l }\\}{{I l :::::::;:::::::;:::::::::I The manual is availab le separately for $15.PO Box 32505 SAN JOSI·:, CA 95 152How to order: 'We .:icce pt UPS COD. , personal checks. and certified checks.man s add sates tax. Add S10 o utside USA.ALSO AVAILABLE FROM SORCIM FOR $175: PASCAL/M 'M, THE LOW-COST/ HIGH PERFORMANCE LANGUAGE FOR ALL Z80/8080/8085 COMPUTERS.·u· \\ 1~ J lrJd£·nM1 k 0 1 01wt.1I Rf'Sf'drlhA(_ 1 .md PA<;lAt \\ art' !tddcm.irks 0 1 \o1umSoftware The software needed for the pennypincher's interface is very straight forward . The 556 timers are triggered by setting the proper computer output line first low, then high. After this, the processor should enter a tight, time-efficient counting loop until one circuit times out. The soft ware should immediately store the count and then start the process over for the next timer. It is recommended that you disable interrupts during the counting process; otherwise an inac curate count may occur.Listing 1 presents the joystick driving software for my KIM-1 com puter (6502 processor). The program assumes that the reset/trigger line is tied to the KIM-1 1/0 line Bl. The timer's outputs are tied to B2 and B3; a second joystick may be tied to lines B4 and BS .Utilizing consecutive 1/0 lines in this manner allows for efficient 1/0 line polling by merely shifting an 1/0 mask. Figure 2 is a flowchart of the88 September 1980 © BYTE Publica tions IncCircle 58 on inquiry card .I Videoprint is the convenient economical means of obtaining distortion-free line or continuous tone hardcopy from raster line computer graphics displays in full , brilliant color. The entire system is self contained in the convenient desk-top unit shown above.Videoprints eliminate such off-the-screen photography problems as barrel distortion, color de-saturation and loss of color fidelity. Videoprints also minimize the effects of raster lines and video noise.Videoprints are instantly produced with Polaroid® SX-70 or Polacolor 4" x 5" films, as well as with conven tional color negative or 35 mm slide transparency films , offer ing you a range of handy sizes. The pictures can be made by untrained personnel at the push of a button.Circle 59 on inquiry card .If you've ever wanted toJdistribute copies of computer'graphics or TV video stills or file them in your permanent records, or send them through the mail or project them asslides, you need Videoprint.If you've ever wanted todocument alternatives in aninteractive graphics process,or monitor periodic eventswithout 24-hour observation,you need Videoprint.In fact , if you use computergraphics in any form, youreally need Videoprint. Findout all about this exciting newtool. Write or call us today.The Videoprint People.Im age Resnu rce Corporation2260 lliwn; gare Road. Westlake Vilh1gc, C A 9136 1 (805) 496·3317" Polaroid '.' " Polacolor" an d "SX-70 " are registered trademark s of the Polaroid Corpora tionJOYINITIALIZE FOR I JOYSTICKJOY 2INITIALIZE FOR 2 JOYSTICKSINITIALIZE 1/ 0 PORTS , TIMER POINTERSAVE INTERRUPT DISABLE STAT USIN Ill ALIZE COUNTER TO ZERORESET AND TRIGGER Tl MERSListing 1: The software used on the author's KIM-1 system resets the interface timers with a low logic state on l!O line Bl. When the same line goes high, the timers are retriggered. This technique, using only one output line, contributes to the simplicity of the hardware.POT =$17E3 POT+ I =$17E4 POT+2 =$17E5 POT+3 =$17E6 PBD2 =$1702 PBDD2 = $1703POT I, Y AXIS POT I , X AXIS POT 2, Y AXIS POT 2, X AXIS PORT B DATA REGISTER PORT B DIRECTION REGISTER8510 A2 01 851 2 DO 01 8514 A2 03 8516 A9 02 8518 SD 03 17 851B 08 851C 78 851D OA 851E AO 00 8520 BC 02 17 8523 AO 02 8525 BC 02 17 8528 AO FF 852A CA 852B 2C 02 17 852E DO FA 8530 48 8531 98 8532 9D E3 17 8535 68 8536 CA 8537 10 E4 8539 28 853A 60JOY JOY2 HOPLPLP!LDX HI BNE HOPLDX #3 LDA #2 STA PBDD2 PHP SE! ASLLDY NOSTY PBD2LDY #2 STY PBD2 LDY HFF !NY BIT PBD2 BNE LP! PHA TYA STA POT,X PLA DEX BPL LP PLP RTSENTRY FOR ONE JOYSTICK . FORCED JUMP. ENTRY FOR TWO JOYSTICKS. INITIALIZE TIMER POINTER . SET LINE Bl FOR OUTPUT , REST INPUT . SAVE INTERRUPT STATUS. DISABLE INTERRUPT. UPDATE TIMER POINTER. TRIGGER TIMER VIA LOW TO HIGH TRANSITION OF LINE Bl. INITIALIZE COUNTER. UPDATE COUNT. TEST TIMING PULSE . IF HIGH , CONTINUE COUNT.SAVE COUNT.MORE TIMERS? NO , RESTORE INTERRUPT STATUS . YESUPDATE TIMER POINTERYESRESTORE INTERRUPT DISABLE STATUS RETURNFigure 2: The joystick-driving software consists mainly of a counting loop; this determines the stick position by timing the output pulse interval. High resolution can be attained by using a fast counting loop .program. Remember to keep the counting loop as efficient as possible.Calibration The count we obtain from the interface is equivalent to the duration of the timing pulse divided by the processing time required by the com puter to execute one counting loop. My 6502 system, running at a clock frequency of 1 MHz, will execute the counting loop in listing 1 (hexa decimal 852A thru 852E) in 9 µ.s. It stands to reason that if you want a joystick to read from 0 to 100 on this machine, you would choose a poten tiometer and capacitor that would set the maximum duration of the timing pulse to 909 µ.s (101 X 9 µ.s) .The following formula is used to derive the value of the timing capacitor:C = pulse durationl.lXRwhere C is in farads, duration is in seconds, and R is in ohms. Assuminga joystick with 100 k-ohm poten tiometers, a 0.0083 µ.F capacitor is needed to produce a 909 µ.s timing pulse. Since the actual value of most capacitors is not precisely known, it may be desirable to trim the maxi mum timer intervals. This can be done by placing extremely small value capacitors in parallel with the main timing capacitor of the circuit that has the smaller maximum pulse of the two. Silver mica capacitors should work well here .Construction The circuit is quite simple andcompact. With point-to-point wir ing, several joystick interfaces can be constructed on a small circuit card. Placement of components is not critical. Each interface should draw less than 40 mA from a +5 V supply. Surplus joysticks can be purchased for about $4, while the 556 timer costs less than $1; so, for about $6 and one night's work, you can add this joystick interface to your system .·90 September 1980 © BYTE Publica ti ons InclevsIB IBM/ 370 users have VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) to provide fast , fl exibl e keyed-access to the ir data. Now KRAM (Keyed Random Access Method), from United Software of America, gives APPLE users the same fl ex ibility . substantially increasing the processing power of the APPLE.Until KRAM , t he only " random access" capability in the APPLE con sisted of a c rud e form of " relative record " processing . While this is usable for very simpl e appl ications , it falls far short of the needs of today's busin ess & analytical applications. Using KRAM , records may be processed by a " key " value, which may consist of any kind of data: numbers. letters, special characters , etc. Even APPLE's long-awaited DOS 3.3 doesn 't have anything like this!'Just compare: Consider an employee file in a Payroll application :FUNCTION Retri eve by Social Sec. #Retrieve by Last NameDynamic record allocation Dynamic compressionAPPLE'S DOS 3.3 RANDOM ACCESSNONONONO NONONOKRAM FEATURESYE SYE S YE S YE S YES YES YE SRelative record is limited to 7 digit #'s;KRAM keys up to 48 bytes! Relative record cannotfile alphabetically Relative record cannoterase records KRAM files grow as needed KRAM recaptures space whenrecords are deleted KRAM can keep 5 files opensimultan eously It's obviousAs you can see, KRAM now attains levels of sophistication on the APPLE that rival those of IBM mainframes. . . So why let the IBM users have all the power? Power up your APPLE with KRAM!KRAM RELEASE 2.0 FUNCTIONS:· Create/ Open a dataset· Supports multiple disks· Put record by key· Read next or previous record· Add & Delete records by key · Dynamic space allocation· Get any record by Full or· Dynamic space reclamationPartial key in .4 sec.· Dynamic index compression(. 2 sec. with Corvus Disk) · Never needs reorganizationAn 80 page manual fully documents KRAM 2.0 functions and illustrates with programming samples . KRAM architecture is fully explained and a sample mailing list application program is includ ed.APPLE & PET Requirements: KRAM is designed to wo rk with both APPLE's Disk 11 and Corvus Systems1O Megabyte Win c hester Disk , and Commodore's 2040, 3040 , and 8050 Disk units . KRAM 2.0 requires 32K/ 48K APPLE with Integer Basic in ROM (compat ible with APPLESOFT) and at least one disk drive. KRAM works on any 40/ 80 column 16K/ 32K PET.$99.96 =S:=-=...=..=. ......:::UNITED SOFTWARE...,"~OF750 3RD A venue.AMERICALook for the RED- WHITE-BLUE United Softw are Display at yo ur local computer dealer, or send check or mon eyorder, plus $3.00 shipping to:New York NY 10017(212) 682-0347Telex 640055 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITEDBiologically based paradigms provide insights into artificial intelligence. As researchers begin to unravel the mysteries of the brain's chemical, elec·trical and synaptic cir· cuitry their findings are becoming immediately ap· plicable to advances in robotic behavior and com· puter design. Ernest W Kent, a computerist and professor of both physio· logical psychology and psychopharmacology, dissects the brain to create biologically based paradigms providing new insights into computer design and artificial intelligence.Professor Kent has written one of those rare and important works thattranscends previously perceived disciplinaryboundaries. The eve~ increasing relationship between man and machines is freshly ex· amined; a relationship, Professor Kent concludes,that more and more is be·ing modeled after man's1lJf own neurological selfimage.11JTh is and other BYTE/McGraw-HillII) ...books are available from BYTE BOOKS or your local computer store.K:l[)rllR Jm.' K) t · r · LJIby Ernest KentHOBS is an extended hierarch al data base systemoffering · fixed length records · file-level read/ write protection · one-to-many set relationsh ipsMOBS is a full network d ata base system offeredas an upgrade from HO BS . .. or it may be ideal as your initial system. Unique and versatile, it adds these features: · full network CODASYL-oriented data structures · variable length records · multiple levels of read/ write protection · one-to-one. many-to-one, and many-to-many sets · non-redundancy of data, easy updating · occurrences of a record type may own otheroccurrences of the same type · a single set may have multiple owner and memberrecord typesMOBS- DRS. As an add-on to MO BS. the DRSsystem offers extraordinary flexibility in data base restructuring to meet new needs. · Item , record, and set types can be added , deleted ,or renamed in an existing data base as well as other data base characteristics. You can redesign the data base after it is already on-line!MOBS- RTL. As an add-on to MOBS, the RTL(Recovery Transaction Logging) logs all data base transactions, so that in the event of a system failure . the data base can be recovered with min imal loss of information. · The recovery processor permits selectivereloading of the data base from the transaction file. Users can log messages, indicate complex transaction sequences. and effect selective control over the recovery process.MOBS-ORS. An interactive ReportWriter/ Query-System for HDBS/MDBS data bases. Features . .. · may be custom ized for non-tec:hnical users · complex retrieval conditions may be specified · detailed reports can be quickly generated · wildcard and "match-one" string specificationsincludedHOBS and MOBS Packages Include:· DDL data definition language analyzer/editor · 260-page users manual · OMS data management routines callable fromhost language · Sample application program and DDL fi les · Relocator to re-org all rout ines · System specific manual for bringing up oursoftwareA "'IMCR"" DATA ·AstMANAGC.r.HT S'f'STCMSComing soon: M ulti- User Versi ons o f MOBS. and a Z8000 Version .54-page "primer" on data base systems for micro-computers only $10.00 per copy.Circle 60 on inquiry c ard .·Run under .. . CP/M with Microsoft BASICs, FORTRAN or COBOL; lnterSystem PASCAL/Z; Sorcim PASCAL/M; Micro Focus CIS COBOL; Digital Research PL/ I MVT/FAMOS with BASIC OASIS with BASIC TRSDOS and NEWDOS (Models I and II) with Disk BASIC North Star DOS with North Star BASIC Apple DOS and Applesoft BASIC Machine Language Interface available on all above systems.· Up to 254 record-types definable in the data base; each record-type may contain up to 255 item- types ;each item-type may be up to 9,999 bytes in length . · Names of data items, records, sets. and files are wholly user definable. ·Commands to add, delete, update, search . and traverse the data base. · Straightforward use of !SAM-like structures. ·Records can be maintained in several sorted orders. · Written in machine language for maximum execution efficiency and minimal memory usage. · Independent of types and sizes of disk drives.Support data base spread over several disk drives (max .8) ; disks may be mini- or full-sized floppies or hard disks. ·Avail able versions: Z80 (requires approx. 18K), 6502 (approx. 26K ), 8080 (approx. 22K)Total memory requirement must allow for buffer areas. · 8086 version available. (Call or write for details and prices.)Ordering and pricing Information:(applicable to Z80, 8080 and 6502 versio ns) :HOBS MOBS DR S RTL OR S HOB S upgrade to M OB S MOBS with DRS.RT L. and ORS HBDSIMDBS Manual DRS Manual RTL Manual OAS Ma nual System SpecificMa n uals (each)s 300.00900.00 300.00 300.00 300 .00 650.001500.00 35.00 5.00 5 .00 5.005.00W ithin a given operat ing system . add $ 125.00 for eac h add itional language selected.For prices outside t he U .S. and Ga nada, please ask for price lists.When orde ring , specify intended use wi th ...1. No rt h Star DOS and BASIC 2. C P/M - Microsoft BASIC 4.XX 3. CP/ M - Microsoft BASIC 5.XX 4 . C P/ M - M icrosoft BASICCompiler or FORTRAN80 5. C P/M - Microsoft COBO L- 80 6 . CP/M - ln terSystem PA SC AL /2 7. CP/M - Sorcim PASCAL/M 8 . C P/M - D igital Researc h PL/I 9 . C P/ M - Micro Focus C ISCO B O L 10. T RSDOS/N EWDOS and TRSDisk BAS IC (Models I and II ) 11 . Apple DOS and A pplesoft BASIC 12. MVT/ FAM OS and BASIC · 13. OASIS and O ASIS BASIC14 . Ma ch ine La ngu age Progra ms (Specify operating system .)Ad d $2 .50 handl ing fee for no n-cash order (SS .00 outs ide U.S.) .In d iana residents add 4%. We accept Visa an d M aster C harge.Finally, our software may cost a little more . . . but it's worth a lot more in quality and versatility.MtcrrJ Dutu Huse5ustems. Inc.Box 248, Lafayette. Indiana 47902 317- 742-7388 or 317- 448· 1616BYTE Sep tember 1980 93Pascal and the Great Race David A Mundie, 104 Oakhurst Cir, Charlottesville VA 22903I have some comments on the record maintenance techniques described in 'The Great Race and Micro DiskFiles, " by J J Roehrig (April 1980 BYTE, page 142).Mr Roehrig's initial method took almost a minute just to write 120 real variables, so it is little wonder that he began looking for a better way. His decision to minimize disk transfers by not sorting the records on the disk seems eminently sensible. However, his other decision, to read and write individual elements of the array instead of using a FOR ... NEXT loop is lamentable. Surely there is something wrong with a language so inefficient that loops are prohibitively slow. One wonders what he would have done had there been 1000 elements in the array rather than twelve.Mr Roehrig might consider changing programming languages as a solution to his problem. The root of his difficulty is that BASIC does not allow for files of arrays (or any other structured data type, for that matter) . In Pascal, it would be possible to define SCRATCH as a file779 U"PCPoEnRveCrAsSioEn/lKowiterr· caseExpand the capabilities of your 779 line printer toinclude word processing!! Available to all centronics779/TRS 80 Printer I owners is the option of lowercase and changing slash ozero to standard o.No etchcuts or soldering needed. Installs in minutes with ascrewdriver. No program modification or additionalinterface is required.Price $125.00Motor Control "CONVERSION KIT ....FOR ALL CENTRONICS 779/TRS 80 PRINTER I LftE PRINTERS!!our "Conversion Kit II" Motor Controller gives your 779the ability to tum the motor on and off automatically.Removes the annoying noise of constant run,increasing the life span of your 779 I TRS 80 line printermotor! No soldering, software or hardware changesneeded. Installs easily.Price $95.00SAVE! Buy service Technologies "Conversion Kit I" and "Conversion Kit II" together for the single priceof $199.00rr;, / . To order, please send check or money order in theproper amount to: f .fl@ Uerv1ce Jee nolotl'e11, Jnc. 32 Nightingale Rd. Nashua, N.H. 030621603) 883-5369Visa and Master Charge accepted !please include signature, expiration date and phone numbenservice Technologies will pay all shipping and handling.of arrays of reals, with twelve reals in each array . Writing an array is then accomplished by the simple statement PUT(SCRATCH), while reading is done by GET(SCRATCH)-no loops, and especially no referenc ing of each element of the array.Listing 1PROGRAM RACETEST; CONST DUMMYV ALUE = 1.23456; TYPE REALARRAY = ARRAY[l..12] OF REAL; VAR l,J: INTEGER;DUMMY: REALARRAY; SCRATCH: FILE OF REALARRAY; PROCEDURE CLOCK; BEGIN WRITELN ('CLOCK: '); READLN END; BEGIN (*R ACETE ST-MAIN PROGRAM*) FOR I : = I TO 12 DODUMMY[I] : = DUMMYVALUE; CLOCK; REWRITE (SCRATCH, 'SCRAT CH'); FOR I : = I TO 10 DOBEGIN SCRATCH! : = DUMMY ; PUT (SCR ATCH )END ; C LOCK; FOR J : = I TO 5 DOBEGIN RESET (SCRATC H); FOR I : = I TO 10 DO BEGIN DUMMY: = SCRAT CH!; GET (SCRATC H) END;END ; CLOCK; C LOSE (SCRATC H) END .A Pascal program equivalent to his program is given in listing 1. Because ten arrays of twelve reals do not fill up the minimum UCSD Pascal buffer of 512 bytes, for benchmarking purposes I actually used an array size of 120 real variables, then divided the execution times by 10. This yields a time of about 0.4 seconds to write ten records, compared to Mr Roehrig's minimum of 3 seconds, or the estimated 20 seconds using loops. Reading ten records five times took about 1 second, com pared to his minimum of 6 seconds. Part of the difference may be attributable to hardware (I used a Pascal Microengine with double-density 8-inch disks), but I am convinced that the difference is largely due to Pascal's more rational handling of files. In this case, at least, higher-level constructs seem to be not only easier to use, but also more efficient than those at a low level.·94 Septembe r 1980 © BYTE Pub lications IncCircle 61 on inquiry card .Circle 62 on inquiry card. _ .,~ Ha.rd and ...... . .· - I....- .. ·:fa. st.·.'.I II··r~ I· I.'~ .. '-'I ) Tr ' I..,, '. .41 } .. 1. "-: ,::"I- - ·... Bulk Storage from Industrial Micro SystemsTHE NEW MODEL 16T he new In dust ri al M ic ro Syst em s Mod e l 16 H ard D isk Sub sy st em is a " f ixe d -rem o v ab le" h ig h speed , bu lk sto rage d e v i ce p ro v idin g fro m 32 m ega byt es (32 m illi o n c harac t ers) t o 96 m egabyt es o f o n-li ne st o rage fo r t he In du str ia l Mi c ro Sy st em s 8000 o r Se ri es 5000 m ic ro co mp u t er sy st em s. T he Mod e l 16 in c lud es a c red en za e nc l o su re th a t p ro v id es a q u ie t , st ron g and attractive pa ck age fo r offi ce o r ind u st ri al app li ca t io ns wh e re l a rge m e mo ry is req uired T he Mod e l 16 a l so in c lu d es a f ull y b u ff e red DMA S-100 b u s co n t ro ll er fo r f as t a nd eas y in t e rfa c ingWINCHESTER TECHNOLOGY WITH BUilT-IN BACKUPT he M o d e l 16 in c lud es a 16m ega byt erem ovab leca r t ri d ge and a 16, 48, o r 80m egabyte f ixed m ed ia t hat em p lo y s W in c hes t er 33 40 t ec hn o l o gy Fil es and prog ram s m ay be co p ied b e tw ee n the fi xe d m edi a and t he rem o va b le ca rtrid ge fo r f as t , easy b ac k u p and arc hi v a l st o rage .FAST ACCESST he int erfa ce b e tw ee n t he Mod e l 16 hard d isk and t he In du st ri a l M i c ro Sy st e m s co m puter is prov ided by t he H ard D isk Co ntro ll er T he H ard Di sk Co n tro ll er u ti li zes D irec t M em o ry A ccess (DMA) for fas t d at a t ransfer wit h minimu m processo r in terven t io n. The m ax imum d at a t ransf er rat e is 1 .2 m ega by t es per sec o nd and t he co ntro ll er fu ll y b u ff ers th e d a t a, a sec to r a t a t im e, t o and from t h e di sk . Available in 220 V, 50 HZ VersionsNow you don' t have to look hard for fast co mputing power . Contact your Industrial Micro Systems Dealer today .INDUSTRIAL MICRO SYSTEMS MarketingManufacturing628 N . Ec kh off , O range, CA 926682800 Lo c kh eed Way, Ca rso n C ity , NV 89 701(71 4) 978-6966(702) 88 3-7611Th e article "A Powcr-Li11c Pro tcc tic"' Circuit " by Neil Sc h11cider a11d Bror Erickso11 (M arc/1 1980 BYTE. JJll!(<' 126) ge11cra tcd a g reat deal of co 1Tespo 11dc11cc. This i11c/11dcd t/1 c fo llow i11:< cri ticis 111 hy Mr Nei.l'SiVWI R,Cr u11d tlw circuit offered h y Mr Sc ha fe r.Protection Circuits Donald W Newswanger, Dept of Building and Safety, City Hall, Rm 485, Los Angeles CA 90012I was disappointed to see the article "A Power-Line Protecti o n Circuit " (Ma rch 1980 BYTE, page 126) . No direct inte rnal connec ti o n should ever be made to a /10t chass is tra nsformerless televi sio n se t. The antenna ter minal s may be safe ly used with a suitable RF (radio frequency ) modulator, but no attempt should be made to connec t directly into the video circuit. Tra nsformer iso lated te levisio n se ts and m o nito rs are readil y available for thi s purpose.The circuits in b o th figure 1 and figure 2 of that article introduce problems into the building wiring system. The use of either circuit will trip a ground-fault circuit breaker. Circuit 2 is particularly bad si nce it directly in terconnec ts the ground wire and the neutral during no r mal operatio n. The neutral conductor of a two-wire cirTRS-80 MOD II WORD PROCESSINGQJUJ~ Da1s\jWORD PROCESSORThe best is now even better...New Features New Commands New Capabilities New ManualSPECIAL PACKAGE INCLUDES:· Wp DaisyTM word processor· Mail MergeTM mailing list package· I/OS operating systemfull CP/MTM & COOScompatabilitylncludeso"- "-:,..0"o0'li- Diablo. Spinwriter and 4,o.j-Qume support - Printer spooling- 30 programs<} ~'li cP CP/M'" TM o f Digital Research cuit ca rries the sa me current as the /10t wire of the circuit. The interco nnect io n of the neutral and ground wire will cause part of the normal neutral current from a ll ap plicances connected to the circuit to fl ow through the ground wire. The ground wire is intended to provide a ground path for appliances a nd should never be used as a current-carrying conductor. These circuits violate the provisions of the National Electrical Code and the UL/ANSI Standards.I have a low-cos t personal computer and fee l that my 120 VAC 11 2 VDC portabl e televi sio n se t was a good in vestment. BYTE should encourage the use of line-iso lated televisio n sets and m onit o rs and discourage the use of makeshift substitutes. ·Steven A Schafer, 202 West Dr, Princeton NJ 08540The purpose of the ground wire in the standard power delivery system is to provide a stable reference and to bleed away any small charges caused by leakage currents or static. It should never be used to supply power to any device. A current of more than a few milliamperes in the ground line is enough to trigger a ground-fault inter rupter, if such a device is installed.For the same reason, the neutral wire should never be connected to the ground wire; even though they are sup posedly at the same potential, the neutral wire is not guaranteed to be at earth-ground, and connecting it to the ground wire will often cause a small current to flow . For obvious safety reasons, neither the hot nor the neutral side of the power line should be connected to any exposed conductor.The circuit shown in figure 1 is a nearly foolproof way to protect against wiring errors. If a polarity error exists between the protected equipment and any other devices connected to it, relay 2 and the neon indicator will turn on, disabling relay 1 and preventing power from being applied to the protected equipment. If there is no error, relay 2 remains off, and depressing the push-button switchH----------<>-N--<-----4-------<>-.. ON 11II RELAY# lH PROTECTED EQUIPMENTNOTHER DEVICESII RELAY #2Figure 1: Steven Schafer's power-line protection circuit. Th e lin e marked His the hot side of th e power line; the lin e marked N is the neutral side of the power line. The resisto r in series w ith th e neon lamp shou ld have a v alue of 100 k ohms.96 September 1980 (f_ BYTE Publica tions IncCircle 63 on inquiry card.Circle 64 on inquiry c ard . ~will latch relay 1 on and apply power to the load. The only way to defeat the circuit is to hold the push-button switch closed while inserting the power plug in the wall socket.·Making 6502 IndirectSubroutine CallsEfficientPhilip K Hooper, 5 Elm St, Northfield VT 05663I enjoyed the article "Indirect Addressing for the 6502, " by Kenneth Skier (January 1980 BYTE, page 118), and I would like to suggest some alternative techniques. These are based on the observation that once the subroutine of interest has finished executing, control may return direct ly to the original calling program rather than to the in terim location holding the volatile address of the subroutine. Implementing this permits savings in both time and storage, as will be shown.Approach A involves initially writing hexadecimal 4C (the JMP op code) into the first of three read / write memory locations, the second and third of which will be set dynamically to the actual address of the desired subroutine, as in Mr Skier's article . The subroutine will then be summoned correctly by a simple JSR to the read / write memory location containing the 4C. Return will be to the main program.Approach B requires no initialization of read / write memory, although two consecutive bytes of read / write memory must be reserved for use as a pointer. The main program does require three additional bytes containing hexadecimal 6C (op code for JMP indirect) followed by the address, low byte first, of the read / write memory location reserved for the pointer. In use, the pointer will be loaded (as before) with the actual subroutine address, and a JSR to the byte containing the 6C will result in the correct location, execution, and return from the desired subroutine.Table 1.Time overhead in µSApproach used inarticle 24(JSR JSR RTS RTS)Bytes needed to do initialization8 or 10Additional bytes0of program memoryBytes of read/write4memory requiredBytes required by4stackApproach A Approach B1517(JSR JMP RTS) (JSR JMPI RTS)4 or 50033222Table 1 summarizes the storage and time overhead re quirements of these three JSR(!) techniques. For sheer speed, approach A performs best, while approach B can save two or three bytes, at a cost of two cycles per in vocation.·Circle 65 on inquiry card.1/2 MByteTM · 100·3 (Slngle·slded) Ca p ac ity ( un fo r matled) : 500K by1es T PI : 96 or 100 Tracks pe r sid e : 80 max imum Reco rd in g density : 553 5 BPI Acce ss ti me : · Track to trac k: 3ms · Ave rage : 90 ms1 MByteTM·100· 4 (Double·slded ) Ca pacity ( un fo rm a1ted) : 1.000K by1es TPI : 96 or 100 Trac ks per side : 160 m axi mum Record in g de nsity : 5877 BPI Access time : ·Track to trac k: 3 ms · Ave rage: 90 msAt an economy Price It doesn't cost anymore to go first class when it 's a Tandon 5 \4" flexible disk drive. The reaso n is simple. We 're the recogni zed leader in mini-floppy read/ write head technology. In fact, our patented, double-sided head design is used by all the other major mini-floppy suppliers. And, it makes no difference if you buy o ne or one- thousand drives, you' ll always get the fi rst class price/ performance that's made Tandon first choice among OEMs of word processing, small business sys tems, and personal computers. Tandon is rapidly beco ming the first name in mini-floppies because we offer up to one megabyte of storage capacity, the fastest access time, a c hoice of single or double-sided recording, and 96 or 100 tracks per inch. All with proven reliabil ity at an unbeatable price. Because we are the leaders in head tec hnology, Tandon mini-fl oppies are designed beginning with the head to ass ure dependability throughout each dri ve. With Tandon, going first class is both sensible and econo mical.Circ le 304 on inquiry card .lanaan 9333 Oso Ave. Chatsworth, California 91311 (213) 993-6644 Heads Above The Rest in Disk Technology BYTE Seplember 1980 99Michael Fallgatter, 514 Bethesda Ct, Waukesha WI 53186The article "Indirect Addressing for the 6502, " by Kenneth Skier (referenced above), was most interesting, but I would like to point out that , in the case of indirect transfers to subroutines, a much faster-running linkage is possible . Rather than using the linkage routine:JSR variable address RTSListing 2: Transfer from main programLDX su broutine #-pointer to address in table STX zero-page byte #2 JSR zero-page byte #1Listing 3: Z ero-page linkage routin e to create subrou tine callSTX zero -page byte #2 JMP indirect, via su broutine add ress tablethe linkage using the 6502 indirect-jump commandListing 4: Simulate indirect subro utine jumpJMP variable pointerproduces the same result , takes less memory, and cuts the time required for the transfu of control by over SO %, from thirty-eight to eighteen machine cycles. Using this technique and assuming a table of subroutine addresses residing in a single page of memory, the listings in Mr Skier's article become those shown here .LDX subroutine # JSR CALL SUBROUTINE(X) Finally, since no indexed instructions are involved, the A register could be used instead of X. Also, there is a very minimal memory and execution-time penalty paid for using a nonzero page for the transfer routine. ·Listing l : Initiate zero-page bytesLDA #$6C ST A zero -page byte #1LDA #$t able page ST A zero -page byte #3Write JMP indirect via pointer to subroutineaddress table_.~--.~PRINTERS & CRT'STechnical Forum is a feature intended as an interjlctive dialog on the technology of personal computing. The subject matter is open-ended, and the intent is to foster discussion and communication among readers of BYTE. We ask that all correspondents supply their full names and addresses to be printed with their commentaries. W e also ask that cor respondents supply their telephone numbers, which will not be printed._~of '--·From Orange ffiicro TELEVIDEO CRT'SPRICES SLASHED!IMPACT PRINTERs549_00Please Call Toll Free Prices are too low to advert ise(LIST $699.00)PRINTERS OKIDATA" The BASE 2 outperforms every printer in its price range. 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Same dayvertical line spac ing· Intel 8085 Microprocessor -overshipment for VISA, MASTER CHARGE, and AMERICAN EX·Orange40 software commands · Self test · 15 Baud rates to 9600 Baud · Optional foreign character setsPRESS. Perso nal c hecks requ ire 2 weeks to c lear. Add 3% for ship ping and handling . California resi ·microInterfaces to TRS-80, Apple, Atari, PET, Northstar, and mostother computers.Circ le 66 on inqu iry card.dent s add 6%. Manufacturer's warranty included. Prices subject to revision .3148 E. La Palma, Suite E Anaheim , CA 92806.... ~-------- ~m;;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;=:;:::;::::..-.::::::========~----..- -------- --------·· - .......... -__..... · ~--..-... -.._._..-- -----_--__·-_-- ----------- -·--- -·-- . . ..-..-..-.-~---~--.------- ----. ---· . .. ..._..- .~_.-. -~ ....-- ...,.-... ..._.. --. ··-- ......... ---·~--_.HIVE WE IOII PROIRll FOR YOU! The new computers are showing off.Over $50 million worth of equipment in over 100,000square feet of space, including the latest software and hardware for business , government, home and personal use. Everything the NCC show has and more will be on display, and you canbuy it all right on the spot.Computers costing $150 to $250,000, mini and micro computers, data- and word-processing equipment, telecommunications , office machines, peripheral equipment and services fromleading names in the industry like IBM, Xerox, Radio Shackand Apple will all be there.There 'll be conferences on business uses of small tomedium sized computers , and how to make purchasingevaluations .There 'll be robots, computerized video games,computer art and computer music.Everyone from kids to people who earn their living with computers will have a great time at the largest computer show ever organized in each region .Admission for adults is $5. The public isinvited , and no pre-registration is necessary.Don 't miss the computer show thata: :E ·u a: :E ;.~i= ::;·;ES 5mixes business with pleasure . Show up for the show.~-- ! : =:-~: aE:; --~·u Mi= :=fi iii,_:;;-~ ii iC ~--CuM; 5E:; --~ CHICAGO McCORMICK PLACE THURSDAY-SUNDAY OCTOBER 16-19 BOSTONWASHINGTON, D.C. D .C. ARMORY/STARPLEX 11 A.M . TO 9 PM. THURS .-SAT. 11 A.M . TO 5 PM . SUN .HYNES AUDITORIUM PRUDENTIAL CENTER THURSDAY-SUNDAY SEPTEMBER 18-21 r--------------------------------1: Produced by National Computer Shows, :THURSDAY-SUNDAY NOVEMBER 20-2311 A. M. TO 9 P.M. THURS .-SAT. : 824 Boylston Street. Chestnut Hill , MA 02167. :11 A.M. TO 9 PM. THURS.-SAT.11 A.M. TO 5 PM. SUN . :: ~------, - ___-__- ___-__- ___-__~ ___ ,Telephone (617) 739-2000. Please send me::11 A.M . TO 5 PM . SUN .:, _~ ___-__- ___-__- ___-__-__- , -----~II II 0 _ _ adult tickets at $5 each . I have enclosed the proper amount of$ _ _I0 Information on th e show's conference program .I ID Hotel registration informationo Exhibitor rental informationI IIPlease print : Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __IIIAddress _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __IICity _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ __ _BYTE September 1980 101Machine Problem Solving, Part 1: Trial-and-Error Search, A Mechanical Plan to Save the MissionariesProfessor Peter W Frey Northwestern University Cresap Neuroscience Laboratory 2021 Sheridan Rd Evanston IL 60201 Modern computers are famous for their number crunching ability . Their facility at inverting a 60 by 60 matrix or at solving a set of linear differential equations is truly impressive. In fact, machines are so good at solving numerical problems that most of us take these skills for granted.Computers are also useful as general-purpose control devices. Many personal-computing enthusiasts enjoy im pressing their neighbors with their machine's ability to control lights, water sprinklers, and burglar alarms, and to take telephone calls and regulate the furnace. Homes of the future will be completely computerized.The computer also makes an excellent bookkeeper: faithfully recording financial transactions, maintaining mailing lists, and generating timely reminders for impor tant meetings. Personal computers also provide many hours of entertainment for their owners with games of manual dexterity, games of chance, and simulated battles among the stars or in dark dungeons. These many uses provide a clear rationale for the rapidly developing popularity of the personal computer.The most exciting application of the computer lies in still another direction . It is as a thinking machine that the modern computer truly sparks our imagination. When faced with a problem that has no easy numerical solu tion, men have typically discarded their mechanical calculators and put on their proverbial thinking caps. For this type of problem, the human brain has always been superior to mechanical devices. An immense amount of respect for the human brain can be gained by trying to program a computer to select the best move in a game like chess. Even a multimillion-dollar mainframe com puter turns out to be a woodpusher when asked to com pete against a skilled human player.Solutions by Searching When machines confront nonnumerical problems,their primary weapon in finding a solution is to examine102 Sep te mbe r 1980 © BYTE Publica tions Inca vast labyrinth of potential outcomes in search of one which satisfies the desired conditions. Although this ap proach is not very elegant, it is, in fact, highly similar to that used by humans. The noted psychologist Donald Campbell (see reference 1) observed that trial-and-error search plays a key role in human problem solving: "a blind-variation-and-selective-survival process is fun damental to all inductive achievements, to all genuine in creases in knowledge, to all increases in fit of system to environment ."It is as a thinking machine that the modern computer truly sparks our imagination.Campbell also concluded that specialized problem solving skills such as those observed in an experienced surgeon or airline pilot are "inductive achievements achieved originally by a blind-variation-and-selective survival process. " Thus, trial-and-error search provides the cornerstone for human efforts in acquiring new knowledge .Search is even more important in solving problems by computer. With most problems, humans have back ground information which can be successfully employed to direct the solution process. Machines generally lack this . Problem solving by computer usually requires that all relevant facts be discovered during the solution pro cess . This important difference between human and machine problem solvers has been addressed by recent efforts in artificial intelligence. By developing specialized information libraries, the computer scientist has created search programs which are reasonably competent at tasks such as diagnosing medical problems or developing three dimensional models for complex chemical structures. For---+ Circle 67 on inquiry card .~··.iI l'(. 4!' 1it'"The MODEL 800 MST is certainly pleasi~g to look f, but · tru- beauty lies ~n~th ttfe surfd~. A fllimpte at itsr· . features reveals why it is rapidly becomin~ the mosf seu flt after printer In 'th'e ,.,o(ra .. ,. ' ( ..· Four standard interfaces:,Up to 10 charcrcter fonta . , ·'RS-232 (15 baud rates), · Standdrd 96 char9ctet 'A,S~flCentr.onics compatible parallel· l,lsw l .,ine -'arc:acte: fontIEEE-488Provtsron · up lo eaght additional fents20ma' current loop· l>.4>f re flOn Qraphics in six densities ·· Six line densities : 64, 72, 80, '96, 12b, 132.. V9 ·e' ~pt:icing" contrpl from 0 to 64 dots in100 CPS at all. six densitieshf.II t nc~entsUnidirectional or bidirectional p11intingt ~ Auto form-feed fo~ any form 1'8ftgth at any line· Sixteen horizontal and ten vertical tabs · Elongated characters in all six densities' ·spacing'·· Heavy-d~ty dll aluminum chassis· 1920 character buffer.. '11 Ov~c or 220vac, 50/6RHz.· Uses either perforated or roll paper· 1.p<> ~. illion ch~racter pri11tkead· Fully adjustable tractors to 9V;i':· .·Meo ~ttres only 5'~ wide, ~" high, and 11" deep· Auto self-test· Weighs onl ·15 lbs..l. . . . . but maybe its most attractive feature is the price . . . . . 699 .00'.· ,ba/e ~ inc.. .O. BOX 31548 FULL., CAL. 92834 / l714J 992-4344 .most problem-solving efforts, however, it is much easier to emphasize search rather than sophisticated pattern matching.Games as ProblemsGames and puzzles provide excellent sample problems. Marvin Minsky states that "it is not that the games and mathematical problems are chosen because they are clear and simple; rather it is that they give us, for the simplest initial structures, the greatest complexity, so that one can engage some really formidable situations after a relative ly minimal diversion into programming ." (See reference 2.) Man's fascination with intellectual games is not a new phenomenon. The Dutch scholar Huizinga suggested many years ago that the human race should have been named homo ludens (the game player) rather than homo sapiens.There are two important aspects of playing a game or solving a puzzle. The first consists of representing the problem in a way that permits efficient analysis . The se cond involves devising a search technique which is capable of finding a solution. The first task, finding a good way to represent the problem, is usually the key to an elegant solution. Unfortunately, few guidelines exist that provide a mechanical rule for developing a good representation. For this reason, problem representation generally must be devised individually for each game or puzzle by the human programmer.The situation is quite different in respect to the search process . In this case, there are well-developed principles that have proven useful in many different problem areas. My purpose in this article will be to focus on the searchNORTHSTAR DISCOUNTSQuad Drive for Horizon (orig mfr)$ 550Obi. Dens. Drive for Horizon (orig mfr)$ 325Si ngle Drive Cabinet and power supply (kit)$ 79Horizon 2 dbl dens. drives 32K (asmb)$2750Horizon 2 quad drives 32K (asmb)$3250Northstar SOFT-DOC Software Manual$ 9Northstar T-SHIRTS (Bl ue, Orange. S, M, L, XL)$ 5DYSAN MINIOISKS (10 Sector) Dbl $4.75 ea Quad $540 ea.ACT-V CRT TERMINAL (clearance)$ 795ANAO EX OP-9500, OP-9501 132column dot matri x printer$1350See LetterGo - DATEK's Word Proce ssing software forNorthstar systems , Northsta r DOS com patible, easier to use. and more powerful than any other word processing package . Documentation only , $25 . Software $400 Dealer inquiries invited.All items are new, and normally in stock. Every hardware item is burned in and tested by our factory trained technicians before shipmentWhen placing an order. please include a shi pping charge of 1 percenl of the total (minimum $1 00)YOU MUST MENTION THIS AD WH EN PLAC ING YOURORDER TO RECEIVE THESE PRICESDATEK Systems, Inc .MAIL ORDERS : Box 4146, Arlington , Va. 22204 PHONE ORDERS AND INFORMATION : (703) 243-3770 RETAIL STORE : 4786 Lee Highway Arlington , Va. 22207VISA and MASTERCARD accepted.! Ple ase give card number an d exp d ale)The most basic type of search 1s called the trial-and-error search.process and to consider general techniques that have broad applicability.Trial-and-Error SearchThe most basic type of search process is called trial and-error search. In this case, the problem solver ex amines various operations until a sequence is found that leads to a solution. In primitive implementations, the dif ferent options are considered haphazardly rather than be ing ordered according to a specific plan. To demonstrate this approach, we will develop a solution for the missionaries-and-cannibals problem.In its traditional form, this problem involves three mis sionaries and three cannibals who are located on one bank of a river and wish to cross . A boat is available which will hold two people and which can be navigated by one or two people. The special restriction that makes the problem interesting is that the sequence of river cross ings must never result in an arrangement where the can nibals outnumber the missionaries on either bank. If the missionaries are outnumbered, their life expectancy will be immediately and permanently shortened.In determining the number of individuals on each bank, the persons in the boat when it reaches shore are considered to be residents of that bank. The object for the problem solver is to develop a schedule of river crossings which transports the entire party across without losing any missionaries.Representing the ProblemThe first step in addressing this problem is to find a representation that is compatible with a machine problem-solving approach. For our effort, we would like to write a program in Level II BASIC for the Radio Shack TRS-80 computer . This machine is widely available and has more than enough power to solve this puzzle. We will consider the problem in terms of discrete states and discrete operations. We will not concern ourselves with the details of paddling a boat across a river, but rather with the executive decisions, ie : who is to be in the boat on each journey across.The state space will consist of a description of the number and types of occupants on each bank before the boat makes a crossing or after a crossing is completed . We will employ a shorthand notation which represents a missionary by the letter M , a cannibal by the letter C, the boat by the symbol < = > , and the river by two vertical lines. Therefore, the character sequenceCCMM I <=> [CM indicates that there are two cannibals and two missionaries on the left bank of the river and one cannibal, one missionary, and the boat on the right bank . This notation is adequate to describe all possible states of the problem.The operations (ie : legal moves) we can perform to transpose one state into another are quite limited in num ber. In fact, there are a maximum of five operations that can be used, and often only a subset of these will be fea sible. The five operations consist of transporting (1) one104 September 1980 © BYTE Publications In cCirc le 68 on inquiry ca rd .1:1ii--_ 'I' ......... .I: .. ... ..·. . .... ·" !I·. ·: :,...~ ...........Texas Instruments is looking for unique home computer programs.If you have some,we can help you turn them into profit makers.To begin with--you could win up to S3,000. You'll still own the programs...we may help you sell them. One of the most exciting things about the home computer revolution is discovering the many ways a computer can be used.If you've been working with small com puters for a while, chances are you've de veloped some innovativ e application programs. This is your chance to put them to work - for a profit.Tuxas Instruments is looking for qual ity programs. We've created an Author Incentive Program to make it worth your while. The award for the top program will be $3,000. And there are five $1,000 awards, plus twenty $500 awards. All winners will be recognized with national publicity. Even if you don't receive one of these monetary awards , we may see enough market potential for your program to help you develop it and sell it. We want programs that offer real utility and lasting value. Programs that are self-teaching, that communicate on hu man terms. After all, the TI Home Com puter was designed to be the first home computer the whole family can use.TI is interested in education , personal finance and technical or managerial pro grams for professionals. Home manage ment programs, hobby and simulation programs. We prefer that your submis sions exclude entertainment packages.Your entry can be a program you've created for use on the TI-99/4 or other microcomputers - in any high-level lan guage, from Pascal and BASIC to FOR TRAN or COBOL - or even assemblylanguage. All the way up to 48K RAM.Keep in mind that programs for the TI Home Computer can incorporate high quality color graphics, music and sound effects, and Tl's remarkably-human syn thesized speech.Tu submit an entry, call the toll-freenumber below or use the reader service card in this magazine. We'll send youan entry submi ssion form plus fulldetails. Please don't sendanything until you receive Fifty Years and fill out this entry Innoovfationform .Programs must be in by November 15, 1980 - so~get your entry form soon.For an entry form , call 1-800-858-4565.Call between 8 a.m.-4:30 p.m. CDT, Mon -Fri. In Texas call 1-800-692-4279.T E X A S I N S T R U M E N T S © 1980 Texas Instruments IncorporatedOtter void wh ere prohibited by law. Author Incentive Program not open to Tl employees , Tl con sultants and contractors or their fam ilies .INCORPORATEDC irc le 69 on inquiry ca rd.221085cannibal, (2) two cannibals, (3) one missionary, (4) two missionaries, or (5) one cannibal and one missionary.To execute one of these operations in a particular direc tion, the boat must be located on the departure bank . In addition, an operator cannot be applied if the ap propriate individuals are not present on the departure bank. For example, we cannot move two missionaries from the left bank to the right bank if there are fewer than two missionaries on the left bank at that point in time.Programming the Problem Our program will start with a few "housekeeping"functions that are necessary even though they have little to do with the logic of our solution. It is necessary to set aside 300 bytes of memory for string variables, to inform the machine that all variables that are not specifically defined as string variables are to be treated as integer variables (this saves memory and speeds execution), to define two special variables (X$ and Y$) for clearing sec tions of the video display, and to blank out the entire screen .In addition, for our graphic presentations we need a representation for the boat on the left side of the river (BL$) and one for the boat on the right side of the river (BR$). All of this is accomplished in our first two lines (given here and as part of listing 1; the function STRING$ (n, "X") returns a string consisting of n symbols using the first character of "X" ):100 CLEAR 300: DEFINT A-Z : Y$=STRING$(40," "): CLS 110 X$=STRING$(9, " "): BL$= " <= > "+X$:BR$=X$+ " < = > " It is also helpful to set up a few arrays to store essential information. We need to know the position of the boat, the number of cannibals on the left bank, and the number of missionaries on the left bank after each river crossing. This information will be retained in arrays B, C, and M. We also need to remember which of the crossing options (1 cannibal, 2 cannibals, 1 missionary, etc) we have con sidered at each choice point in our crossing sequence. This information is stored numerically by array D and for graphic purposes in string array MV$. Finally, we need to specify the crossing options with respect to the cannibals, array CT, and the missionaries, array MT. The TRS-80 is instructed to establish these arrays in line 120:120 DIM B(30), C(30), CT(5), 0(30), M(30), MT(5), MV$(30) To make the program more interesting, we will generalize the problem so that the number of travelers can vary from four to sixteen. The number of travelers will be represented by the variable N which can be specified by the user:130 PRINT@526, "NUMBER OF TRAVELERS (4 TO 16)";: INPUT N 140 CLS : IF N<4 OR N>16 THEN 130 Line 140 makes sure that the value entered for N is in the proper range . This is important with the TRS-80 because106 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Inckeyboard bounce is apt to provide a value like 122 when we intended 12. The program would experience difficul ties if it attempted execution with N set at a value of 122.Next, we set the stage properly. First we need a title (line 150) and then we need a river for our travelers to cross (line 160):150 PRINT@24, "MISSIONARIES AND CANNIBALS"; 160 FOR K=4 TO 43: SET (58,K): SET (85,K): NEXTK Program Operation Now it is time to get on with the main act. The initialnumber of cannibals on the left bank (CI) is computed asListing 1: Trial-and-error solution to the cannibals-and missionaries problem , written for the TRS-80 in Level II BASIC.100 CLEAR 300: DEFINT A-2: Y$=STRING$(40," "): CLS 110 X$=STRING$(9," ") : BL$="<= >"+X$:BR$=X$+ " < = >" 120 DIM B(30). C(30). CT(5) , D(30). M(30), MT(5) , MV$(30) 130 PRINT@526, "NUMBER OF TRAVELERS (4 TO 16)";:INPUT N 140 CLS: IF N<4 ORN> 16 THEN 130 150 PRINT@24, "MISSIONARIES AND CANNIBALS"; 160 FOR K = 4 TO 43: SET(58,KJ : SET(85,K) : NEXT K 200 CI= !NT(N/2): MI= N -CI: BP= 1: I =0 210 CL =CI : CR=O : ML=MI: MR=O 220 CT(!)= 2: CT(2) = l: CT(3) = 0: CT(4) = 0: CT(5) = l 230 MT(!)= 0: MT(2) = 0: MT(3) = 2: MT(4) = l : MT(5) = l 300 GOSUB 2000: GOSUB 1000 310 C(l) =CL: M(I) =ML : B(l) =BP 320 IF ML= 0 AND CL= 0 THEN 700 330 FOR K = l TO 800: NEXT K 340 I = I + l : D(!) = 0 350 D(!) = D(I) + l : IF D(I) > 5 THEN 600 360 IF BP= - l THEN 380 370 IF CL<CT(D(l)) OR ML<MT(D(!)) THEN 350 ELSE 390 380 IF CR<CT(D(l)) OR MR<MT(D(!)) THEN 350 390 CL=CL-BP.CT(D(l)): CR=CI-CL 400 ML= ML- BP.MT(D(l)): MR= MI -ML: BP= - BP 410 IF ML>O AND CL>ML THEN 500 420 IF MR> 0 AND CR> MR THEN 500 ELSE K = 0 430 IF CL = C(K) AND ML= M(K) AND BP= B(K) THEN 500 440K=K+1: IF K<I THEN 430 450 A$= STRING$(CT(D(l)). "C"): B$ = STRING$ (MT(D(l)) ,"M") 460 IF BP= - l THEN MV$(I) =A$+ B$ + " - >" ELSE MV$(!) = "< - "+A$+ B$ 470 GOTO 300 500 BP= -BP: CL=CL+BP.CT(D(!)) : CR = CI - CL 510 ML = ML+BP.MT(D(!)): MR=MI-ML: GOTO 350 600 PRINT@960, "BACK UP AND TRY SOMETHING ELSE"; 610 I=I-1: IF l< l THEN PRINT@ 960, Y$;: GOTO 800 620CL=C(I-l): CR=CI-CL: ML=M(l-1): MR=MI-ML 630 BP=B(I-1): GOSUB 2000: GOSUB 1000 640 FOR K = l TO 800: NEXT K 650 PRINT@ 960, Y$;: GOTO 350 700 PRINT@ 960, " SUCCESS";: GOTO 700 800 PRINT@ 64 , X$;: PRINT@ 960, "FAILURE";: GOTO 800 1000 IF I= 0 THEN RETURN 1010 FORK= I TO 14: PRINT@ K.64 , X$;: NEXT K 1020 S=I-13: IFS< I THENS= I 1030 FOR K = S TO I : J= K- S +I 2000 2$ = STRING$(8-CR ," "): CR$= STRING$(CR, "C") + 2$ 2010 2$=STRING$(8-CL," "): CL$ =2$+STRING$(CL,"C") 2020 2$=STRING$(8-MR ," "): MR$=STRING$(MR,"M")+2$ 2030 2$ =STRING$(8-ML," "): ML$=2$+STRING$(ML ,"M" ) 2040 IF BP= I THEN B$ =BL$ ELSE B$ =BR$ 2050 PRINT@ 468, CL$;: PRINT@ 492, CR$;: PRINT@ 478, B$; 2060 PRINT@ 532, ML$; : PRINT@ 556, MR$;: RETURN WAND The MAG1~ (TMisWe've been saying it for a few months now, and the reviewers seem to agree.' ' Until I saw the Magic Wand, if I were allowed to own one and only one editor, Word Star* would have been it. ... My personalpreference is for Pencil or Magic Wand for text creation. ' ' Jerry Pournelle On Computing, Summer 1980' ' The basic functions of the Magic Wand editor are as easy to learnas those of Electric Pencil*. . Magic Wand dominates in the areaof print formatting. ' 'Larry Press On Computing, Summer 1980' ' Of all the word processors I have used (and that includes a dozen or more), the Magic Wand is the most versatile. The Wand has almost all of the features of other processors, plus many new ones of its own. It measures up to even the word-processing software running on the largest mainframe computers. , ' Rod Ballen Microcomputing, June 1980' ' The Magic Wand is one of the most flexible word processingpackages available, and should be considered by any potential wordprocessing purchaser. ' 'Glenn A. Hart Creative Computing, August 1980Available for both the CP/M® and OASIS operating systemssma.\\ bu.s\u~ss G.\}\)\\c.a.\\ous. \uc..3220 Louisiana · Suite 205 · Houston , Texas 77006 · 713-528-5158Circ le 70 on inquiry c ard .I::lt·t· tri t: Pent: ll is a t rade mark of Micha e l Shr<Jycr Software. Inc . \\' nrdStar 1s a t rad c rna r k of Micro Pro Int e r na t iona l. Inc . l' P / 1\1 is a rt·g is1cred trarlt·mark of Digita l Resea r c h Corp . BYTE September 1980 107is the initial number of missionaries on the left bank (Ml). We will assume an equal number of missionaries and can nibals when N is even and an extra missionary when N is odd. (If there were an extra cannibal at the beginning, our problem would end before we had a chance to try our first crossing.)The position of the boat will be indicated by the variable BP. When the boat is on the left bank, BP will have a value of 1. A value of -1 will indicate that the boat is on the right bank. The index reflecting the number of crossings (I) is set to zero and the values for the variables indicating the number of cannibals on the left bank (CL), the number of cannibals on the right bank (CR), the number of missionaries on the left bank (ML) , and the number of missionaries on the right bank (MR) are also initialized:200 Cl=INT(N / 2): MI=N-Cl: BP=l: I=O 210 CL=Cl: CR=O: ML=Ml: MR=OWe also wish to specify each crossing option by specify ing the number of cannibals (CT) and the number of mis sionaries (MT) who are transported:220 CT(1)=2: CT(2)=1: CT(3)=0: CT(4)=0: CT(5)=1230 MT(l)=O: MT(2)=0: MT(3)=2: MT(4)=1 : MT(5)=1The main loop of our program begins with calls to two subroutines which handle the graphic display . One subroutine (which appears later in this article at line· Highest possible qualty 480x512x8 clgttal videoImage presently available on the marl<et· Input capabtlfty from TV camera or other sources· Variety of synchronization choices· 2 selectable video A / D conversion circuits· Choice of t, 2. 4. B. 16 or 32 bits per pixel· 32K-byte Image mernoiy on the basic system· 32. 64. 128 & 256K byte system capacity· Ughtpen Input· Photographic trigger control Input· Sollwllre selectable system parameters· Interfaces for TRS-80 and other processors· Comprehensive Une of accessories. monitors andsupport software480xS 12 Computer-generatedISEND FOR FREE CATALOODIGITAL GRAPHIC SYSTEMS 441 California Ave ., Palo Alto, CA 94306 41S/ 494-6088108 Septembe r 1980 © BYTE Publicat ions IncCircle 71 o n inquiry card .1000) displays an up-to-date list of the crossings attempt ed so far. The other subroutine (line 2000) provides a pic torial representation of the current position of the mis sionaries, cannibals, and boat. These routines are not essential for solving the problem, but they add a nice touch to the program and allow the user to watch the machine's "thought processes." These subroutines are in voked at line 300:300 GOSUB 2000: GOSUB 1000Each time through the loop, it is necessary to make a permanent record of the current status of our principal characters:310 C(l)=CL: M(l)=ML: B(l)=BPand then to check to see if the problem has been solved :320 IF ML= 0 AND CL= 0 THEN 700If not, we create a brief delay so that the human observer will not miss any of the action :330 FOR K=l TO 800: NEXT Kand then get about our main business, exammmg the feasibility of making a particular crossing by increment ing I by one and initializing D(l), which keeps track of the particular crossing option we are trying at each step I in the crossing sequence . The variable D(l) is then in cremented and a test is made to see if we have exhausted the available options:340 l=l+l: D(l)=O 350 D(I) = D(l) + 1: IF D(l) > 5 THEN 600Testing Options If all options have been tried without success, themachine is directed to line 600 and asked to execute a back-up procedure that tries another option at an earlier position in the sequence. If we still have a viable option at this previous value of I, we continue by examining the particular crossing option which is indicated . First, we determine the location of the boat (line 360), then make sure we have a sufficient number of missionaries and can nibals on the departure bank to carry out the indicated crossing (lines 370 and 380), and finally we make the crossing (lines 390 and 400) :360 IF BP= -1 THEN 380 370 IF CL<CT(D(l)) OR ML<MT(D(l))THEN 350 ELSE 390 380 IF CR<CT(D(I)) OR MR<MT(D(I)) THEN 350 390 CL=CL-BP*CT(D(l)) : CR=Cl-CL 400 ML=ML-BP*MT(D(l)) : MR=MI-ML :BP= -BPNext, we check to make sure that the cannibals do not outnumber the missionaries on either bank. If they do, we go to line 500 to reverse the crossing, and then to line 350 to select another crossing option:410 IF ML>O AND CL>ML THEN 500 420 IF MR> O AND CR> MR THEN 500 ELSE K = OIS SPONSORING A$10,000.00 Give Away WHY Pay hundreds of dollars for Software that does Not work when WE offer the BEST available Software for only a few dollars a program. And what is better OURS WORKS!We have over 100,000 in circulation since 1975 and we are still around and That's more than Anyone else can say. We used to sell hundreds of programs individually , the programs in Volume X were sold for several years at over $10 ,000, in Volume Il l for over $6,000 but a few years ago we decided to promote software to the mass public and it was an instant success.For Homeowners, Businessmen, Engineers, Hobbyists, Doctors, Lawyers, Men and WomenVol.1$2 4. 95Business &Animals Fo urPersonalAst ronautBookkeeping BagelProg ramsBio CycleC annonsBondC hec ke rsBu i ldingC rapsC ompoundDoglighlCyclicGollDecision 1 Oe c1 sion 2Judy Line UpDeprec i ati o n PonyEffici e n tRouletteFlowSky DiverInst allmentTa nkInterestTe ac h MeIn vestme ntsMorlgageA. Newm anOp t i m i zeJ .F.K .Or d erLin usPert TreeM s. 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Unlike others we have NOT raised our prices in five yearsVol.IV$9 .95 Bingo Bonds B ull Ent e rp ri se Fool ball Funds 1 Funds 2 Go-Moku J ack Lil e Loans Maz es Poker Popul Profits Cu b icRatesR etire Savings SBA T ic - Ta c -To eVol. VVol. VIIIVol. IXVol. X$9.95$19.95$ 19.95$69 .95Andy Cap1040-TaxAutoIntro.B aseballC yphe rAI R CompareBalanceHurrtracA/ P Conlid 10IDM er InvDescri pCheckbookLorenaChe c kDillerM apAssetsEngin elnstol 78N a v i ga tePayro llFouri erOmegaBal ShHorseDepree 2Patt e rnsP/ LIntegersRadarYear EndLo g icA PPE N DI X C R DFDais BasePlayboyTax UpP r i mesFavoritesBasic St.ProbalQu adracRed Baron Regression 2Vo lume VI - Disk programs are compatible with TRS-80 disk basicRoad Ru n ner Roulette ~~i~t~;.;'~rf[c~~~sJnB~~1i~n;:~~ ~i·.~1~~~~n~:~eSanta Stal 10 Stat 11Microsoft Basic . Other progr ams writt en in BK Basic .SIeel TopVary XmasFIR ST DRAWIN G - Se plemb er 1 t . 1980 and ev ery week the rea ft er un til D ece mbe r 18 , 1980 . W in n e r s will be n o t i f ie d wit hin one we ek . For a li st o f win ners send a self- a ddre ssedAPPENDIX B st am p ed envelo pe with a req uest for th e winne rs list .No P U RC HA SE Ne c e ssa r y. to enter send na m e & addres s o na 3 x 5 car d . Yo u a r e a u to m a ti ca lly enter ed e v er y t i me yo um ake a pu rc h ase fro m us . Void wh e re p ro hibit ed by LAW.KEMCO, LTD.PO. Drawer 2208LPetersburg , VA 23803Circle 72 on inquiry card. IN GERMANYIng . W. Hofacker, GmbH Holzk irc hen , W. Germ anyIN HOLLAND Nanton Pre ss B.V. Bilthoven , HollandThe Ultimate Software Packagefrom fii~~ Tec~aulCJ~y, lac~·llFOIMATllN l l A I T l l TMIT'S THEINFORMATION MASTER '" , the software package that will organize your customer lists, inventories, ex pense records, student information files, accounts receivable and pay able . . . AND IF THAT'S NOT ENOUGH, it will print your mailing labels, pro duct catalogs, budget analysis, physical inventory checksheets . ..it's so adoptable that the opplications ore virtually limitless.ULTIMATE PACKAGE... Designed for flawless performance and re volutionary user-ease INFORMATION MAS TER .· performs all the following functions us ing the APPLE II '": ORGANIZING SORTING SEARCHING SELECTING ALPHABETIZING SCHEDULING INDEXINGCALCULATIONS MULTIPLICATIONDIVISION ADDITION SUBTRACTION EXPONENTIATION SUMMATIONREPORTING PAGING LABELING CATALOGING SUMMARIZING TOTALING SUBTOTALINGBut the final word is DOCUMENTATION . We at High Technology know that even a brilliantly conceived erogrom is useless if you cont under stand it. That's why user-ease is the distinction between what is merely a good package and atruly excellent one. INFORMA TION MASTER '" user's manual contains over 100 pages of illustrations, examples and ex planations of the program, be ginning with a step-by-step trialrun.Your computer dealer hos a demonstration pack age. Drop by and see what THE ULTIMATE PACKAGE4con do for you. Jii~~ T~t!~'1olo~y.1'1t!~· P.O. Box 14665 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73113 (405) 840-9900110 September 1980 © BYTE Publkations IncC irc le 73 o n inqu iry ca rd .In addition to an insufficient number of the ap propriate persons or the threat of cannibalism, there is another reason for discarding the current crossing plan and going to line 350 to try another. This third reason has to do with repetition of a previous state of the system. We have no desire to create loops which transport the same individuals back and forth forever. In lines 430 and 440, we check to make sure that the current state has not occurred previously:430 IF CL=C(K) AND ML=M(K) AND BP=B(K) THEN 500440 K=K+l : IF K<I THEN 430If our current crossing option passes these three tests, then we are ready to proceed. The crossing is recorded for posterity's sake; then we jump to line 300 to start the process once again:450 A$=STRING$(CT(D(l)), "C"): B$=STRING$(MT(D(I)) ,"M " )460 IF BP= -1 THEN MV$(I) =A$+ B$ + " - > "ELSE MV$(I ) = " < - " +A$+B$ 470 GOTO 300Backing Up This completes the main loop of the program . We havea few loose ends which need to be taken care of before the job can be considered finished . When we found that a crossing option was not feasible either because of can nibalism (lines 410 and 420), or because of repetition of a previous position (lines 430 and 440), the machine was in structed to go to line 500 and reverse its previous move . Line 500 must therefore exist as follows :500 BP= - BP : CL=CL+BP*CT(D(I)) : CR=CI-CL 510 ML=ML+BP*MT(D(I)): MR=MI-ML: GOTO 350 After returning to line 350 to try another crossing, we may find that all five options have been exhausted. If so, it is time to back up our search and try something dif ferent at an earlier point in the crossing sequence . The back-up instructions start at line 600:600 PRINT@960, "BACK UP AND TRY SOMETHING ELSE"; 610 I=I-1 : IF I< 1 THEN PRINT@ 960, Y$;: GOTO 800 620 CL=C(I-1 ): CR=CI-CL: ML=M(I-1) : MR=MI-ML 630 BP=B(l-1) : GOSUB 2000: GOSUB 1000 640 FOR K=l TO 800: NEXT K 650 PRINT@ 960, Y$ ;: GOTO 350 The back-up procedure is a little tricky . First, we decre ment I by 1, then we set the current status of our main characters to the way it was before we made the last crossing . Our objective is to examine another crossing option at the new value of I. To do this, the position we transform must be the situation as it existed before the---+ C irc le 74 on inqu iry c ard .A search program such as this one can be quite effective if the number of possible move combinations is not too large.last move. The back-up procedure also calls our graphic routines (line 630), delays a bit for dramatic effect (line 640), and then erases the back-up message (line 650) before exiting for line 350.There are two terminal conditions for the search pro cess . If we move all the cannibals and missionaries across the river, our mission is successfully completed . This con dition is detected by line 320 which directs the machine to line 700 :700 PRINT@ 960, "SUCCESS";: GOTO 700If we back up to the point where I=O, then we have ex hausted all possibilities and our search has failed . This state of affairs is tested in line 610 and if it holds, the machine is sent to line 800:800 PRINT@ 64, X$;: PRINT@ 960, "FAILURE";: GOTO 800This finishes our program except for specifying the two subroutines which maintain our video display . The first of these occurs at line 1000 and keeps an up-to-date listing of the crossing sequence:1000 IF I=O THEN RETURN 1010 FOR K=l TO 14: PRINT@ K*64 , X$;:NEXT K 1020 S=I-13 : IF S<l THEN S=l 1030 FOR K=S TO I: J=K-S+l 1040 PRINT@ J*64, K; ""; MV$(K) ;:NEXT K: RETURNThe second subroutine provides a graphic display of the current position of the boat and of all missionaries and cannibals:2000 Z$=STRING$(8-CR," "): CR$= STRING$(CR, "C")+ Z$2010 Z$=STRING$(8-CL, " "): CL$=Z$+STRING$(CL,"C")2020 Z$=STRING$(8-MR," "): MR$= STRING$(MR,"M")+ Z$2030 Z$=STRING$(8-ML," "): ML$= Z$ + STRING$(ML, "M")2040 IF BP=l THEN B$=BL$ ELSE B$=BR$ 2050 PRINT@ 468, CL$;: PRINT@ 492 , CR$; :PRINT@ 478, B$; 2060 PRINT@ 532, ML$;: PRINT@ 556, MR$;:RETURNLimitations and Features A search program such as this one can be quite effective if the number of possible move combinations is not too large . The missionaries-and-cannibals problem is an112 September 1980 © BYTE Publicatio ns Incideal example for this type of search because there is a limited number of options at each choice point. If there were many options at each choice point, a simple trial and-error search might take a very long time to find a solution sequence. If there were a solution, however, it would find it .The key features of this program are the I index and the 0(1) array . If we use game terminology, the I variable in dexes the move number (ie: first move, second move, third move, etc) and the 0(1) array keeps track of which move option is currently being considered at each level I of the search. In the missionaries-and-cannibals problem, our program exhaustively considers the various move op tions . It accepts the first legal move option it can find at each level I of the search.A move is legal unless it fails one of the three tests (in sufficient passengers, lines 370 and 380; cannibalism, lines 410 and 420; or repetition, lines 430 and 440) . The search continues forward until it reaches a level where none of the five possible move options are feasible . It then backs up until it can find a new move option at a lower level and then starts forward again. This is a simple yet powerful strategy.Improving the Process Our implementation of this strategy could be madeconsiderably more "intelligent" if we gave some thought to the order in which crossings are considered . In lines 220 and 230, we define the five crossing options. We could reduce the number of back-ups by establishing one order of move consideration for trips across to the right bank and another order for trips back to the left bank.The interested reader might enjoy looking at academic studies which have examined this issue in detail (see, for example, reference 3) . Some minor modifications can in crease the efficiency of the present program by a large factor . One strategy for implementing this idea consists of defining one set of crossing options for left-to-right movement (say lines 220 and 225) and another set of crossing options for right-to-left movement (say lines ~30 and 235) and then selecting between the two depending on the value of BP.Many problems require more direction to the search process if a solution is to be found in a reasonab~e amount of time . Next month, in the second part of this three-part article, we will consider a much more challeng ing endeavor, cryptarithmetic. Allen Newell, one of the pioneers in analyzing human thinking in . terms of information-processing models, made extensive use of cryptarithmetic as a valuable research paradigm. We will develop a search program in TRS-80 Level II BASIC that is capable of solving all cryptarithmetic problems.·References1. Campbell D T, " Blind Variat ion and Selective Survival as .a Genera l Strategy in Knowledge-processes ," Self·Organizmg Systems , edited by Yovit s and Cameron , Pergamon Press , New York , 1960, pages 205 thru 231.2. Minsky, M (editor), Semantic Information Processing, MIT Press. Cambridge MA, 1968, page 12 .3. Jeffr ies R, PG Polson, L Razran , and M E Atwood , " A Pro· cess Model for Missionaries-Cannibals and Other River· crossing Problems," Cognitive Psychology , 1977, volume 9, pages 41 2 thru 440 .---+ Circle 75 on inquiry card .-I' rAs your computer skills grow, so does your Heath H-8 System. New accessories and software are coming along all the time to make your system do more.Special bus design gives you seven plug-in board posi tions so you can configure any combination of memory, I/O's and accessories . You can interchange boards. Add accessories. Build exactly the system you want.A wide selection of software makes your life more fun and more efficient. Hundreds of programs for business, home and family are available from Heath User 's Group . Also two BASIC languages, Microsoft'" and Fortran'."And more programs are being developed all the time.If you haven't seen the latest Heathkit catalog, you haven't seen the latest in computer fun .There's a new Music Synthesizer Board, new Speech Lab, new ColorVl8it your Heathkit StoreIn the U.S . and Canada visit your f!earby Heathkit Electronic Cen ter' where Heathkit products are displayed, sold and serviced. See the white pages ofyour phone book for the location nearest you. 'Units ofVeritechnology Electronics Corporation in the U.S.CP-188Graphics Board and new Color Monitor. And coming soon, a new three-drive disk system. For an exciting computer hobby, there's no more exciting computer than the Heath H-8 - available fully assembled or in money-saving kit. For complete details and prices on the H-8 and the com plete line of Heath printers, terminals and accessories, write today for the new.free Heathkit Catalog, or pick one up at your nearby Heathkit Electronics Center.Heath®Send forFREECATALOGWrite to Heath Com p a ny, De pt. 334-694, Be nton Harbor, Ml 49022so you 're n ever le ft out in the c old.EYTE'sEits A Better Way to Indirectly Addressthe 6502In the article "Indirect Addressing for the 6502," by Ken Skier in the January 1980 BYTE (page 118), there was an error in listings 2 and 3. Because absolute ad dresses occupy 2 by tes, the address of the Xth subroutine will be in posi tion 2X in the address table, not the Xth. This problem can be corrected by storing the high address bytes in one table and the low-order bytes in another . With this structure the Xth entry will correspond to the XthListing 1 CALL.XLOA TBL.HI,X PHA LOA TBL.LO ,X PHA RTSsubroutine. I would like to suggesttwo other methods of im plementing indexed indirect jumps which are more effi cient in terms of code length and execution time. The first method is that of vec toring : 3 bytes are reserved as the "vector." The first byte always contains a hexa decimal 4C (JMP). The target address is placed in the next 2 bytes and a JMP or JSR is then done to the vector, so that control passes to the selected module.The second method, however, is the more effec tive and concinnate. Sup;GET ADDRE SS X, HIGH BYTE ;AND PUSH IT TO THE STAC K ;GET ADDRESS X, LOW BYTE ;AND PUSH IT TO THE STACK ;GO TO ROUTINE Xpose that we wish to call routine X, and that the ad dress table is structured as 2 rows: TBL.LO and TBL.HI. Consider the routine CALL.X, shown here as listing 1.By doing a JMP or JSR to CALL.X an indexed indirect JMP or JSR will be effected to the Xth routine . One point to be observed here is that the execution of a RTS instruction pops the stack into the program counter, and then increments it. Thus the addresses in the table must be one less than their actual value.Thomas Gettys, Co-editor SYM-Physis SYM-1 Users' Group POB 315 Chico CA 95927Notes on Attending a USUS Meeting The first meeting of the USUS (UCSD System Users Society) was held in San Diego, California, on June 20 and 21, 1980. The meeting was called by SofTech Microsystems, thenturned over to the approx imately one hundred par ticipants at the meeting. Speakers at the meeting in cluded Carl Helmers and Ken Bowles. Organization, choosing a name, and the election of officers were the main formal goals . Jim Bandy was elected president, A Winsor Brown was elected vice-president, Chip Chapin was elected secretary, and Jon Bondy was elected treasurer. Infor mal accomplishments includ ed the usual exchange of in formation which occurs be tween users of similar soft ware. The next meeting of the USUS group will coin cide with the Minicomputer and Microcomputer Con ference and Exposition to be held on October 14, 15, and 16, 1980, in San Francisco, California. For further infor mation, contact the secretary, Chip Chapin, at the following temporary ad dress: UCSD System Users Society, attn: Chip Chapin, Secretary, 9494 Black Moun tain Rd, San Diego CA 92126 .. ..CH·Ne(lf- POWER MODE~ · RS 232 Communications over existing AC power lines.· Easy installation - plug into AC receptacle. · 110 or 300 BAUD rate - switch selectable. · Full duplex operation.· Multipoint network capability.· Standard DB 25 I / 0 connector.Order one per each communication point· $139.00 each including shipping· C .0.D., check or money order.BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, inc.Highway 003 . Boy St. Louis . MS. 39520P.O . Box 387(601] 467-8231114 September 1980 © BYTE Publica ti ons In cCircle 76 on inquiry card .Tough Tyvek sleeve-no paper,,.,k '""· 00,~ISpecial self-cleaning jacket and liner help eliminate data errors and media wear and tear.Center hole diameter punched to more accurate standards than industry specifications, for top performance.Cross-linked oxide coating-for low head wear and long troublefree media life.~one of two man ufacturers in the world that makes both 8" and 5.25" models, has tape and disk experience, and manufactures floppy disk drives.~Bi-axially oriented polyester substrate-for uniform and reli able performance year after year.Double lubrication - lubricants both in the formula and on the disk surface, to minimize media wear due to head friction.Packaging to suit your requirements-standard flip-top box , Kassette 10® storage case, or bulk pack.100% certification-every single disk is tested at thresholds 2-3 times higher than system require ments, to be 100% error-free.For the name of your nearest supplier, write BASF Systems, Crosby Drive, Bedford, MA 01730, or call 617-271-4030.See us at the NCC, Booth 1121[@]JBASF Floppy Disks Mag Cards Cassettes Computer Tapes Disk Packs Computer PeripheralsCircle 77 on inquiry card .APL Character Generator John W Langner 411 Monterey Blvd Apt B Hermosa Beach CA 90254 s.;.t; 1 ·tl11 .. +U~t···llII&vff· LTt~!il: ""l\- !Zl4S.678!Jl-[J1J·,Jrt9uiap : @ u ·df9·1lJk I;Z.,C ·· ~··~ . I! ·.stl"' t11·O.llEIHYU [~Pf A S !J F' G ·s "' .. : 't : ~..lPhoto 1: Video screen display of the character set produced by the APL character-generator circuit described in this article.Photo 2: The circuit of figure 1 as constructed on a small per forated circuit board.Many computer enthusiasts are beginning to use APL and are discovering the benefits of this powerful high-level language. Unfortunately, most personal com puters are not equipped to generate the special APL characters.Various solutions to this problem have been proposed, ranging from using inverse-video characters to using aAuthor's Note: Readers who wish to build this circuit but do not have access to anerasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) programmer can obtain preprogrammed 270Bs from the auth or for $20.116 September 1980 © BYTE Pub lications Incprogrammable display that allows you to define any characters you want under program control.Here is another solution. With the addition of only a few integrated circuits, and with only a single change in your present video interface, you can have the essential APL characters, including overstrikes. The circuit presented here should work with any video display using the popular MCM6571 character generator and can easily be adapted for others.The first thirty-two positions in the MCM6571 are oc cupied by Greek letters and other seldom-used characters . The idea is to replace these with APL characters. After I listed the useful APL characters andMaxell offers a way to stayahead. A Maxell 5%" Mini-Disk will consistently let you maxi mize the capability of your system today. And as your involvement with it grows, tomorrow as well. Maxell Mini-Disks ore all mode with the some exacting 100% certification and critical dependability of the Maxell 8" Floppy Disk . So you know your 5%" Maxell Mini-Disksmeet or exceed the some ISO and Shugart specifica tions industry requires.There ore double density Maxell single and double sided 5Y4" Mini-Disks for soft and hard sector systems. And 8" Maxell Floppy Disks for every disk drive config uration. See your computer supply dealer or write to us for more information. If you ore a computer products dealer, write for the growing opportunities Maxell Business Products Division offers you with our 8" Floppy and 5Y4" Mini-Disks.maxell® BUSINESS PRODUCTS DIVISIONMaxell Corporation of America, Business Products Division, 60 Oxford Drive. Moonachie, N.J. 07074 Tel : 201-440-8020Circle 78 on inquiry card.TO VIDEO DISPLAY 4 8 9 II 12 16 1524 23 22 214 A68 A5 9 A4IC! MCM657!CHARACTER GENERATORII A312 A2 16 Al 15AO24 RS323 RS2 22 RSIB6 177B5 B4186B3 19B2 5Bl BO2021 RSC22 A9 IC2~ 23 I 2 3 4AS A7 A6 A5 A42708,.9._..._£PROMOI 02~ II03CS/WE5 A36 A204 137 Al 8 AO05 1406 0715 16m h a r 7 r6EO El E2 E3---..!!_ D IC3w 1013 c 7415014 Bl-OF-16 SELECTOR15 A9STROBE --;}-,El2 El519 ~I4 603 513 c14 B 15 AIC4 741458 CO -T0 -0£CI MALrDI I2-To-1 SELECTOR-3v ~+5v<>---------(I> +!2V~ GND~-5V <>------@>IC5II 3A 74 15 7 5 2A 2 IA3Y 9 2Y 710 3BIY 46 2B3IBSTRO BE SELECT15~TO VIDEO DISPL AY 17 7 18112-TO-lSELECTOR14 4A IC611 3A 5 2A74157 4Y 1262 IA 13 4B 10 3B 6 2B3Y 92Y 7 4IY19 5 203IBSTROBE SELECT15~I0= SELECT 6571 I= SELECT 2708NumberIC1 IC2 IC3 IC4 IC5 IC6Type6571 2708 74150 74145 74157 74157+5V GND -3V + 12V -5v2 13 1 324 1219 2124 1216 816 816 8Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the character-generator circuit which is to be constructed on a small circuit board for connection to the main video display board by a multiconductor cable . All connections are made through a 24-pin dual-in-line plug that plugs into the socket vacated by the removal of the MCM6571 from the video display board. The MCM6571 socket must have - 5 V potential applied to its pin 14; this is the only modification needed on the video display board itself. Adding this -5 V connection does not affect normal operation since pin 14 on the MCM6571 package is not connected inside . To get the { and } characters instead of the-A. and '>t;f characters, disconnect pin 16 of the 74150 dev ice.eliminated those already found in the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set, thirty-five remained to be implemented .Most people can probably do without the braces andaccent grave (! I ') from the ASCII character set, so Ireplaced them . If you need to have the braces, you cansubstitute them for the -A, (NAND) and "'I- (NOR) symbols . The circuit to produce the APL characters is presentedin figure 1. It contains the original MCM6571 character generator from the video interface and a 2708 erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) pro grammed as an APL character generator. The 74145118 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publications IncBCD-to-decimal decoder and 74150 1-of-16 data selector decide which character generator to select, and the 74157 noninverting 2-to-1-line data selectors act accordingly .The circuit can be built on a small board and plugged into your video display with a short ribbon cable and a 24-pin dual-in-line plug. The only modification to your video interface is to connect -5 V to pin 14 of the character-generator socket . This will not affect normal operation because pin 14 is not connected inside the MCM6571.The data that must be programmed into the 2708 is listed in table 1. The character codes that invoke the APL characters are shown in table 2.·Circle 79 on inquiry card . _ , .Most small system users think all microcomputers are created equal. And they're right. If you want performance, con venience. styling , high technology and relia· bility (and who doesn't?) your micro usually has a price tag that looks more like a mini. It seems big performance always means big bucks. But not so with the SuperBrain.Standard SuperBrain features include:twin double-density 5YI" drives which boastover 300,000 bytes of disk storage. A full 32K of dynamic RAM · easily expandable to 64K. A CP/ M* Disk Operating System which insures compatibility to literally hundreds of application packages presently available. And, a12" non-glare. 24 line by 80 column screen ."Regisletecl traaema:B. or Dli;iital Resea1C11 . Inc:You'll also get a full ASCII keyboard with an 18 key numeric pad and individual cursor control keys. Twin RS232C serial ports for fast and easy connection to a modem or printer. Dual Z80 processors which operate at 4 MHZ to insure lightning-fast program execution. And the list goes on. Feature after feature after feature.Better yet, the SuperBrain boasts modu· lar design to make servicing a snap. A com mon screwdriver is about the only service tool you'll ever need. And with the money you'll save on purchasing and maintaining the SuperBrain, you could almost buy another one . For under $3,000, it is truly one of the most re markable microcomputers available anywhere.Whether your application is small business. scientific or educational , the SuperBrain is certainly one of today's most exciting solutions to your microcomputer problems. Call or write us now for full details on how you can get big system performance without having to spend big bucks. So, why not see your local dealer .and try one out today. lntertec systems are distributed world· wide and may be available in your area now.91~ ~;(t).TEC3Jl$ SYSTEMS®2300 Broad River Rd . Columbia. SC 29210 18031798-9100 TWX 810-666-2115TMProc:es retiec:1 dlstrobul"'" on 9 s1ngtl' ctenr.11y dlslo..enes ~ ato<m al rs·eQLI<'SIOO "' rloChr8QU1ret;a.U<.11t1on al<.11,,..ener. asurcha·9ElolS8pe< ;o<.ldl!1ona1 Oos· ette w~ I be ad<led A su·CM<90' o! '25 w·1 be it<.l<.le<.1 lo< s.ohware on C SSN IOfma1 OC 300Xl caoi ridges t.le<Jla ct>arge l o< ~~ O <.ll st. ·s S!OO No.16:Take a byte.[] FOR T RAN-SO-ANSI 66 (except for COM© PLE X) plus many extensions. Includes relocat@ able object com piler. linking loader. library withma nag er. Also inc ludes MACRO -BO (seebelow)..$425/ $2511 COBOL -8 0 - Le ve l 1 ANSI ·74 standard© COBOL plus most of Level 2. Full sequential ,@ relative. and indexed file support with variablefile names. STRING. UNSTAING. COMPUTE .VARYING / UNTIL . EXTEND. CALL . COPY.SEARCH. 3-dimensional arrays. compoundand abbreviated conditions. nested IF. Powerfulinteractive screen-handl ing extensions. Includes compatible assembler. linking loader.and relocatable library manager as describedunder MACR0-80 ..5700/ $2 5All Lifeboat programs require CP/ M,unless otherwise stated. S1iff wi.i11 lut 111u'-,/ oopular 80801ZBO U)l/)/J U/1 .11 cfl <..,k 'J'/S f1:m'JLl MACR0 -80 -8080/ Z80 Ma cro Assem bl er.© Intel and Zilog mnemonics supported . Aelocat@ able linkable output. Loader. Library Managerand Cross Reference List utilitie s[J SMAL/ 80 Structured Macro A ssemblerinctuded.$149/ $15© ~~~Pg~saeg~~t~cakc~~e P~~c~~:~rf~~dg$~~~ n muSIMP/ i:nuMATH -muSl.MP is a high lev~Istructured language compiler. SMAL is an as- © programi:n1ng lar:iguage su1t~ble !or symbohcsembler language LOOP-REPEAT-WHEND constructswith ILE .. . .IF-T HEN -ELSE . DO-END. BEGIN -. . . . . .$75/ $15{1 'fnJ1V,/l)'/~~.~ns1~~nkgs~e~amefbia-bns;tuem;arne~dr~irce~al~ll~l_ pch_1r~~o~ncltetm~~s~trdenfrg~p.re~lmt~ep~rlIere~mqe~u~1~~~1ehnd!gI I CP / M" FLOPP Y DISK OPERATING SYS TE~ - Digital Researc h"s opi::rating systemcon figured !or many popular micro-co mputer sPHOENIX SOFTWARE ASSOCIATESu PASM*-Z80 macro assembler. lntel/TDLpackage performs sophisticated mathematical !unctions . Keeps track of up to 611 digits. Performs matrix operations on arrays : transpose.and disk systems :© mnemonics. Generates Intel hex format or re-multiply, divide. inverse and other integer pow,. 11 ) locatable code in either TDL Object Module~fl , l System .VV' / ~1 Appl e 11 . · . : .... · · · ·1S?ftCard with Z80 .N Version Price ~ ormat or PSA Relocatable Binary Module for-2.x .350/25 Omat . Supports text insertion, conditionalbranching within macros , recursive macro calls_,/' ~i1t~~f~~\~~~~9i~~rsi on 5and parameter passi ng. . ...$129/ $25ers. Logarithmic, exponential , trigonometric sim plificati on and translormation. symbolic differentiation with partial derivatives, symbolic in tegration of definite and indefinite integrals.Req uires 40K CP/ M.. ..$2 50/$20graphics North Star Single Density North Star Double Density Nort h Star Single Density Nort h Star Double/ QuadD EDIT -Character _ o~i_e nted text__fi_le editor . In -o muLIS P·79 -Microcomputer implementationNil,,) . 1.4 1.4 . . 2.x ..145/25 . .145/2 5 .170/25®© ~1lnusdee~1~onm, adcerloeti_doenf1.mste1aornch~inagpa, bbl1hotc1kesm. oHvaen_. deltecs. 1I V""/ for Illes of any length. Does not require aCD of USP. The interpreter resides in only 7K bytest... \I"U1"1'~1 oinffimnietemporriy::cyiestioinncilnutdeegser83arUithSmPeftuicncetixopnrse.sHseads. 2.x .. .170/2 5 YCRT. . .· · · · · · · · · · .$129/ $25 1" / in any radix from 2 to 36 . muLISP-79 includesi~~~~:r~~5i·s·k 24"1'1". . ~:~ .. - ~~ij~~ ~ i0~1~~~de~w~~~~s :~~k;~~~kell~:-~~~r:~:~ · ;~~g:f~~~ac=~~cili~n~~~t=i~?~a~y ~fa~~fl~iCOM3712 iCOM 38121.4 ... 1 70/2 5 ® "N~ROMable code . Can link programs that are1.4 .170/2 5 ·larger than available memo_ry for exe~utiono programs ..$200/$1 5XMACR0 · 86 -8086 cross assembler. AllMils 3202/ Altair 88001.4 .... 145/ 25target_e:~ on another machine . Full library CD Macro and utility fea_tu res of MACR0·80 pack-Hea th HS + H171.4 .. 145/25 ®capabrlllles . Input can. be PSA Relocatable B1-age. Mnemonics shghlly modified from IntelHeath H89. 1.4 .145/25 ®nary Module. TDL Obiect Module or MicrosoftASM86 . Compatibility data sheetsm~C~~O~~~ ~:~~~::: ·~·~ ·· ~gg~~i g r::Li~tso~J~~tuts~~u~: ~rC~S"j.fi~~~i~~~~ O ~~l~~~e~ Very fast random acce~~ ~~~~!~~Ohio Scientific C3 TRS-80 Model I . TRS-SO Model 11TRS-80 Model II + CorvusPr~~~i~~or1:~~~.nol~~~Cromemco System 32.x 200/2 5···· · · ···· · ·· · ···· ·.1.4 . : :145/ 25 @ D BUG* and µ ~UG* -ZBO interactive machine2.x . 2.x . .170125 :250/25@ level debuggm~ tools for. program d~velop-~ (oJJ1r~v~nt~~s~~~fys (~In~~~~~~ t~a~~:~t?~~e~~~h1.4 145/ 25 / ~ ' PASM) . _Dynamic breakpoints and conditional1.4 .145/ 25~raps while tracing (even lhr_ough RQ_M!) .µ BUGIntel MOS Single Density 1.4 ·145/25 Intel MOS Single Density 2.x 170/25is a subset _of BUG and is used in memorylimited situations ··5 12915 25Micropolis Mod I1.4 .145/ 25 ®Micropolis Mod 11 .1.4 . .145/2 5 ®DIGITAL RESEARCHThe following configurations are scheduled forD MP/ M - lnstalled for single density MDS-800.release soon :Multi -processing derivative of the CP/ M op-North Star Double/ Quaderating system . Manual includes CP/ M2+ Corvus . . . . . . . . 2.x . 250/25documentation.$ 3 0 0/ $ 5 0~~~hssdi:rn~f?~i~~~~D-l .~:; : ~~gj~~ ~ ~:c~~adoe~i~Wo~:.cp~e~~~e~~i~~·cl~~!1 ~WC~Micropolis Mod 11 .. . 2.x . 200/25M~~~kS~~:mSTD2 _x .... 350125 ..iCOM 3812 .. 2.x . 225/25 ·iCOM 4511 / Pertec 03000 . 2.x . 375/ 25 ·~IAP , REPT . TITLE , PAGE . and MACLI B. Pro-ducesabsolutehexoutputplussymboltablefile for use by SID and ZSID (see below) 51201515 0 SI0 -8080-Symbolic de_bugger . Full trace .Software consists of the operating system, text editor. assembler, debugger and other utilities~~~g,i;;:n;~eo7'b7~i;,di::!~'::,;;'%'~~"c"u8,;;;~:® p~a:s:sd ~c~o~ukn~~t caCn,dg~b~rie~a~ksp~o~3m1~t~p~rmo~g:rafm~e~teSs~t~ineg~.memory labels and equated values .$ 105/ $15CD for text with or without line numbers. Global andintra·line commands supported. File compareutility included. .. ...$89/$15D PASCAL/ M*-Compiles enhanced Standard © Pascal to compressed efficient Pcode. TotallyCP/ M compatible . Random access files . Both16 and 32·bit Integers. Runtime error recovery.Convenient STRINGS. OTHE RWISE clause on CASE. Comprehensive manual (90 pp. inde·xed). SEGMENT provides overlay structure. INPORT, OUTPO RT and untyped files for arbitrary 1/ 0 . Requires 56K CP/ M . Specify 1) 8080 CP/ M . 2) Z80 CP/ M . or 3) Cro m em coD ~~~~~L/Z-ZSO native code P~S~~~5~!!~<D piler. Produces optimized . ROMable re-entrant@ ~~~~:11/b~~~~~i~ga~k;;/i~cl~d~~~~~hpi::~ relocating assembler and linker, and sourcefor all library modules. Variant records , stringsand direct 1/ 0 are supported. Requires 56KCP/ M...$395/$25~ ~~;~~~~TRo~:;1~t ~6:~a~;~~i::~~~~ration and additional implementation notes included. Systems marked· and .... include firmware on 2708 and 2716. Systems marked + inelude 5440 media charge. Systems marked ® require the special ® versions of software in this catalog . Systems marked ® have minor variants available to suit console inter-~~cn~.06 f,f~Ji~s~=~d°.;.,a~;i~~~;;~~l:~i~:,g~~~~standard versions of software to run under it.0 ZSID-Z80-Symbolic debugger with all fea-® lures of SID.$130/ $15o @ TE X-Text output formatter to create paginat® ed. page -numbered and justified copy. Outputcan be directed to printer or disk ...$105/ $1 50 DESPOOL - Utility program to permit simulta-® ?ne~o~us!!rpr~in~ti:ngs.fro_m·t·ext_fi.les_ w·h·ile~e- !xe8~cu1!tin1~g© Symbolic debugger included. Supports inter rupt procedures. CP/ M file 1/ 0 and assembly language interface. Real variables can be BCD.software floating point. or AMO 951 1 hardware floating point. Includes strings enumerations and record data types. Manual explains BASICto PASCAL conversion . Requires 32K ..$250/ 530~ ::P~~~~~;~,~e~~ea~~e~~~~u~~f.ntu~~~,~~[l ZSO DEVELOPMENT PAC K AGE -Consists ®of: (1) disk file line editor. with global inter and © intra -line faci liti es: (2) zao relocating assem-bler . Zilog/ Mostek mnemonics. conditiona.1 as sembly and cross reference table capabihties:(3) linking load er producing absolute Intel hex disk file . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .$95/ $20D ZDT - Z80 Monitor Debugger lo break and® examine regi s1ers with standard Zil og /© ~~~t~k 0~~~~~~icw4i,s~s~i~bl6~~s~11~~s~:~~Package . ..$50/ $10AVOCET SYSTEMS[.} XASM·68 - Non-macro cross-assembler withnested conditi onals and full range of pseudo operations. Assembles from standard Motorola MC6800 mnemonics to Intel hex .$200/ $25[J XASM -65-As XASM-68 for MOS TechnologyMCS-6500 series mnemonics$200/ $25 N",,) O ti ny C - Interactive interpretive system for© teachinQ structured progra~ming techniques.© programminQ problems are reduced to simple ex~ressions 1n APL . Features i!1clude up to 27KManual includes full source hstings .$105/ $50 \l>S, act1ve workspace . shared vanables. arrays ofc [J BOS COMPILER -Supports most features /@ of language, including Structures, Arrays ,<D Pointers , recu rsive !unction evaluation. over-up_to 8 _dimensions, disk workspace and co~y ~1ect hbrary. The S'):'Stem a~so supports aux1l 1ar_y processors for 1nter~acmg I/~ ports. Re:lays. Includes linking loader, library manager,quires 48K CP/ M and senal APL pnnting term1and library containing general purpose. file 1/ 0 ,nal or CRT.. $500 /$ 30and floating point functions. Lacks initializers. D ALGOL· 60 -Powerful block-struclured Ian statics. floats and longs. Documentation in- © guage compiler featuring economical run-timeeludes ··rhe C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE "dynamic allocation of memory. Very compactby Kernighan and Ritchie ..$145/ $25o c WH ITESMITHS COMPILER - Th e ultimate© in sys tems software tools . Produces faster© code than a pseudo-code Pascal with more(24K total RAM) system implementing almostall Algol 60 report featu~es plus many powerfulextensions including stnng handling direct diskaddress 1/ 0 etc . .. .$199/ $20extensive facilities . Conforms lo the full UNIX· O CBASIC· 2 Disk Extended BAS IC- Non ~~~s~~c~i~. 1:~d~i:~~=~~ri~~~ ~~~re;~i?uh;c~ ® ~~~r~~~i~fm~~;.~~P;~~~r~S~~~~~~~~~11~~;1g~~~~~~ss!~~a~:rf~~~~~o~.Oli~~r~~?e ~i"tX~:~~~~ ~~:ia~~;~~i~1~.. in.t~g~~ ~nd_extende~-~~~~ij~~~REL files. Requires 60K CP/ M.$630/ $30D XASM-48 -As XASM -68 for Intel MCS-48 and UPl -4 f families.$200/ $25IJ XASM-1 8 -As XASM-68 for RCA f802 .$200/ $25D DI STEL - Disk based disassembler to Intel8080 or TDL/ Xitan 280 sou rce code, listing andcross reference files . Intel or TDL/ Xitan pseudoops optional. Runs on 8080 .$65/ S10MICROSOFT0 BASIC -80 -Disk Extended BASIC . ANSI CD com pat i ble with lo ng variable names .® ~~~~dE;w~N~. ~~ai ning. _ ~ari_a.~le ~$~~~~sf~~11 BASIC COMPILER -Language compatibleCD with BASIC-BO and 3-10 times faster execution . ® Produces standard Microsoft relocatabte bi-nary output. Incl udes MACR0-80. Also linkableMICRO FOCUS0 STANDARD CIS COBOL -ANSI '74 COBOL CD standard compiler fully va lidated by U.S. Navytests to ANSI level 1. Supports many features to~~~1u~~n~~~d~?u1?YS~~i~i1~0f~~~i~y.0l1~~~~:gram segmentation, interactive debug and~~~f~~~~~~;~it~~~~C~~~~r~e~u~!t~~~D DISILOG-A s DISTEL to Zilog / Mostekto FORTRAN -80 or COBOL-80 co defrom COBOL programs used with any dumb@ mnemonic lites.$65/ $10modules. .$350/ $2 5terminal .. ........$850/$50©Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Avenue.NY NY 10028 (212) 860-0300 Telex: 220501Neu in der Schweiz Lifeboat Associates GmbH, Aegeristr. 35 . 6340 Baar Telefon 042/31 29310 FORMS 2-CRT screen editor. Output is CD COBOL data descriptions for copying into CISCOBOL programs. Automatically creates a query and update program of indexed files using CRT protected and unprotected s~reen formats. No programming experience needed.gxw~t ci~tg~0~ire_c11y _c_ompile.d -~~o~;;~oEIDOS SYSTEMS0 KISS - Keyed Index Sequential Search. OffersCD complete Multi-Keyed Index Sequential and Di rect Access file management. Includes built-inutility functions for 16 or 32 bit arithmetic.string/ integer conversion and string compare.Delivered as a relocalable linkable module inMicrosoft format for use with FORTRAN-SO orCOBOL-80. etc.. .$33 5/$230 KBASIC -Microsolt Disk Extended BAS ICCD version 4.51 integrated by implementation olnine additional commands in language. Pack age includes KISS . REL as described above,~~d 1fc:~~~e ~sa~lr~s~~r~~~~50fi ·B5t~~b~~~(MBASIC).$ 43 5/$ 45D XYBASIC Interac tive Pr ocess Con trolBASIC-Full disk BASIC features plus uniquecommands to handle byte rotate and shift andto test and set bits . Availabl e in several versions:Integer ROM squared ..$ 3 50 / $ 25Integer CP/ M . . . . . . . . . . . .......$350/$25Extended ROM squared ........$450/$25Extended CP/ M..$450/$25Extended Disk CP/ M . . . . .$550/$2 5Integer CP/ M Run Time Compiler . .$350/$25Extended CP/ M Run Time Compiler$450/$25O RECLAIM - A utility to validate media underCP/M. Program tests a diskette or hard disksurface for errors. reserving the imperfectionsin invisible files , and permitting continuedusage of the remainder. Essential for any harddisk. Requires CP/ M version 2..$80/$50 BASIC UTILIT Y DISK -Consists of : (1)® CRUNCH·14- Compacting utility to reduce~~r~~~fi~~gfbe:~~1 '.h~:~rc_igf~~~~~5~~8BASIC. (2) DPFUN-Double precision subroutines for computing nineteen transcendentalfunctions including square root. natural log, logbase 10. sine . arc sine , hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic arc sine, etc . Furnished in source on diskette and documentation .. . $50/$35D STRING/ SO -Character string handling plus routines for direct CP/ M BOOS calls from FORTRAN and other compatible Microsoft lan guages. The utility library contains routines that enable progrci :ns to chain to a COM file, retrieve command line parameters and search file direc tories with full wild card facilities . Supplied as linkable modules in Microsoft format . $95/$200 STRING / 80 source code availableseparately- ..$295/ NA0 THE STRING BIT - FORTRAN character® string handling. Routines to find, fill. pack .move, separate. concatenate and comparecharacter st rings. This package completelyeliminates the problems associated withcharacter string handling in FORTRAN .Supplied with source . .. . .$65/$150 VSORT - Versatile sort/ merge system for fixed® tength records with fixed or variable lengthfields. VSORT can be used as a stand-alonepackage or loaded and called as a subroutinefrom CBASIC-2. When used as a subroutine.VSORT maximizes the use of buffer space bysaving the TPA on disk and restoring it on com·pl etion of sorting. Records may be up to 255bytes long with a maximum ol 5 fields . Upper/lower case translation and numeric fieldssupported..$175/$200 CPM/ 374X - Has full range of functions to cre a~e or re-.name an IBM 3741 volume . display~~~~~'.0fs"r~~fi~~~a:~~ln ffi~dt;~~1s\~~ 1:~fii~:~cg~:tween 374t volume data sets and CP/ Mfiles .. .$19 5/$10ICPAldHr0 MASTER TAX - Professional tax preparation ~~~;~P. i;r~~'f~~ ~~h~~~1~~r~sB2fu6D.2~1:.2210. 3468 . 3903 . 2441 , 4625. 4726 , 4797 .4972 . 5695 and 6?21 . Printing can be on readilyavailable , pre-pnnted continuous form s. onoverlays . or on computer generated. IRS approved forms . Maintains client history files andis interactive with CPAids GENERAL LEDGERII (see below).. .$995/$300 STANDARD TAX -As above for schedules A,t B. C . D. E. G . A/ RP. SE, TC and lorms 2106 and2441 . Also . does not maintain client historyliles.$495/5300 GENERAL LEDGER 11 - Designed for CPlis .t Stores complete 12 month detailed history oftransactions. Generates financial statements. depreciation. loan amortizations . journals, trialbalances. statements of changes in financial position , and compilation letters . Includes~~Xt'j~d~:r'.e~ri~;~h:a~t~~ar~~i~f:r~in~~?s g:~dpayroll checks. ..5450/ $300 T/ MAKER - Powerful new tool for preparingmana~ement reports with tabular data. Makesn il financial modeling projects easy. Do you want aNV}1J'l1 weekly profitability report? Set up the table and compute . Just change the sales figures for next week and compute. You have a new report! T/ MAKER includes a full screen editor forsetting up tables which pages left. right. upand down . Compute includes standard arithmetic. percents, exponents . common tran scendental functions. averages. maxima.~~i~~/S~~''.o~~·. ~t~-_ ~e~~i~~~ ~::1~;/2~[] BSTAM - Utility to link one computer to another ® also equipped with BSTAM . Allows file transfersat lull data speed (no conversion to hex). with CRC block control check for very reliable error detection and automalic retry. We use it! It's grealt Full wildcard expansion to send*· COM , etc. 9600 baud with wire . 300 baud with phone connection. Bot h ends need one. Standard and ® versions can talk 10 one another. .$150/$100 WHAT SIT?'" - Interactive data -base systemusing associative tags to retrieve information byf~s~ii~!·P~~~~~n~e~~?r~~ng~~~C~~s~s~;;1s~~D SELECTOR lll-C2-Data Base Processor to t create and maintain multi-key data bases . ® Prints formatted sorted reports with numericalsummaries or mailing labels. Comes with sam ple applications . including Sales Activity, Inventory, Payables. Receivables . Check Register. and Client/Patient Appoin tments. etc. Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source . . . .$295/$200 GLECTOR -General Ledger option toSELECTOR lll-C2. Interactive system providesfor customized COA. Unique chart of transaction types insure proper double entry bookkeeping . Generates balance sheets. P&Lslatements and journals. Two year record allows for statement of changes in financial position report . Supplied in source . RequiresSELECTOR lll-C2 . CBASIC-2 and 56Ksystem ..$ 350 / $ 250 CBS -Configurable Business System is a comprehensive set of programs for defining custom data files and application systems with~~S~~i.n~OaRf~0~~~~'.nau11~~?:~~~ 1f~1~~ io~each data file are supported. Set-up programcustomizes system to user's CRT and printer.Provides fast and easy interactive data entryand retrieval w ith transacti on processing.Report generator program does complex calculations with stored and derived data. recordselecti on with multiple criteria . and custom formats . Sample inventory and mailing list sys·terns included . No s uppo r t l a nguagerequired .. .$295/ $40MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMSrJ HOBS -Hierarchical Data Base System . g~g~~~~ 1~;~~~~~~ ;~~ft u~;~~e~n~~:ADD, DELETE , UPDATE , SEARCH , and TRAVERSE commands supported. SET order· 1ng is sor ted. FIFO. LIFO . next or prior. One to many set relationship supported. Read/ write protection at the f;=ILE level. Supports FILEs which extend over multiple floppy or hard disk devices.[] WORD-STAR -Menu driven visual word pro© cessing system for use with standard terminals.Text formatting performed on screen. Facilitiesfor text paginate. page number. 1ustify. centerand underscore. User can print one documentwhile simultaneously editing a second. Editfacilities include global search and replace.Read/ Write to other text files . block move. etc.Requires CRT terminal with addressable cursorpositioning..$445/ $40cl WORD-STAR-MAIL-MERGE -As above wi1h© option for production mailing of personalizeddocuments with mail lists from DATASTAR orNAO ..$575/ $40(] WORD- STAR Cu s tom iza tion Notes - Forsophisticated users who do not have one al theIT1oann/ 1~t~~~a~4s~~r~i17~~ 0:e~~:~~rof0~~~~:STAR.SN A / $ 95f"l WORD-MA STER Text Editor- In one mode© has superset of CP/ M"s ED commands includ·ing global searching and replacing. forwardsand backwards in file in video mode, provideslull screen editor for users with serial addressable-cursor terminal... . .$1 45/$250 TEXTWRITER Ill - Text formatter to justify and® paginate letters and other documents . Specialfeatures include insertion of text during execu·lion from other disk files or console. permitti ngrecipe documents to be created from linkedfragments on other files . Has facilities for sortedindex. table of contents and footnote insertions.Ideal for contracts. manuals, etc. Now compatible with Electric PencW and Word-Star prepared files .. .$125/$20·---;--t-/--&-0--~--~ ------pv~~ls~PEACHTREE SOFTWARED General accounting software for small busi· © nesses. Each product can be used alone or with t automatic posting to the general ledger.Supplied in source for Microsoft BASIC 4.51 .GENERAL LEDGER.$530/$40ACCOUNTS PAYABLE. ..$530/ $40ACCOUNTS RECE IVABLE ... . .. .$530/ $40PAYROLL.$530/ $40INVENTORY .. ...$660/$40ALSO:MAILING ADDRESS' ' .$530/$40PROPERTY MANAGEMENT. $925/$40GRAHAM-DORIAN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 0 Comprehensive accounting softWare written in © CBASIC-2 and su pplied in source code . Each ® sottwarepackagecanbeusedasastand·alonet f6'rs~u~o~ait7~e~~~f:g~bt~!;e~:~~~~ln~:d~=~quires CBASIC-2.GENERAL LEDGER' ' ' .$805/ $40ACCOUNTS PAYABLE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE.$805/$40 .$805/ $40INVENTORY SYSTEM' ' ' .$555/$40JOB COSTING ..... .'. $805/$40APARTMENT MANAGEMENT .$805/$40CASH REGISTER.$805/ $4011 MOBS - Micro Data Base System. Full network- - - - - - - - - - -.- - - data base with all features of HOBS plus multi· D POSTP~A.STER -:-- A comprehen~1ve packagelevel read/ writ e protection for FILE , SET. REC- ® for mail .hst mamtenanc:e that is completelyORD and ITEM. Explicit representation of one to one , one to many. many to many. and many to·t.;-.t·1\1..menu dnven. Features include ' extractio~ ~nd label p~oductio~ .keyed record A form letterone SET relationships. Supports multipleprog_ram is mcluded wh1~h provides neat lettersowner ~nd multiple record types within SETs., on sm_gle sheet or contm.uous forms . IncludesHOBS hies are fully compatible.'/i.;1.;.~· NAO file translator. Requ1res CBASIC-2D HDBS-Z80 version.$250/$40.. ·' '· s1501s2oD MDBS-Z80 version .. ...... ..$750/ $40.. 8080 version available at $75 extra .When ordering. specify one of the language inter faces listed below. Additional language in terfaces available at lime of purchase for $100 or $125 if purchased later.··The single manual cove ring HOBS and MOBS when purchased alone comes without specifi c language interface manual. Manuals are available for the following Microsoft lan guages:1) MBASIC 4.51 , 2) BASIC-80 5.0 , 3) CompiledBASIC or FORTRAN -80, 4) COBOL-80, 5)M A C R 0 -8 0 ..SNA/$1 0MICROPROr J SUPER-SORT I - Sort . merge. ext ract utility as© ~~sf~u~c~~~~~t~~~~~;,os~~ ~~!~k0arb!~r~~~record s with data 1n binary. BCD. Packed Oeci· mal . EBCDIC. ASCII. floating & fixed point. ex· ponential . field justified . etc. Even variable number of fields per record! ....$22 5/ $25[ J SUPER-SORT II -Above available as abso© lute program only .. .$175/$25STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUPn Complete interactive accounting software fort business. Each product can be used standalone or with automatic posting to the general ledger. Each product is thoroughly tested andvery well documented . Each producl requiresCBASIC-2.GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ACCOUNTS PAYABLEPAYROLL INVENTORY CONTROL'.$820/$40 ' . $8 20 / $ 40 '.$820/$40 ' ' ' ' .$820/$40 ' ' ' ' '$820/$40NEW! NEWSLET1"E FROM LIFEBOAT· Latest Version Numbers List of Software· Update on CP/ M Users Gro up1..1:.. ..._.. ~11 SUPER -SORT 111 -As II without SELECT/(<J EXCLUDE. . . $125/ $ 2 5I J DATASTAR - Professional forms control entry© and display sy slem for key-to-disk data capture. Menu driven with built-in learning aids.Input field veri f1ca11on by length , mask. allribule(1.e upper case . lower case. numeric . aulo-dup.etc.). Buill-in arithmetic capabiliti es using keyeddata, constant and derived values . Visual feed·back for ease of forms design . Files compatiblewith CP/ M-MP/ M supported languages. Requires 32K CP/ M. .$350/ $35The Great ZOSO Speaks Out from Behind the Scenes $ 18 ppd. for 12 issues (U .S.. Canada. Mexico). Elsewhere $40. Send Check lo "Lifelines ," 1651 Third Avenue . New York . N.Y. 10028 or use your VISA or Mastercharge-call (212) 722-1700 Copynght C> 1980 Lifeboat Associates. No por tion of this advertisement may be rep roduced without prior perm is~on .t[J ANALYST -Customized data entry and report ing syslem. User specifies up to 75 data itemsper record. Interactive data entry , retrieval,and update facility makes informationmanagement easy . Sophisticated reportgenerator provides customized reports usingselected records with multiple level breakpoints for summarization. Requires a disk sortutility such as OSORT. SUPER-SORT orVSORT and CBASIC-2.$250/$1 5l J LETTERIGHT-Program to create . edit andtype letters or other documents. Has facilities toenter. display. delete and move text. with goodvideo screen presentation. Designed to integrate with NAO for form letter mailings. Requires CBASIC-2 .. .$200/$25[ J NAO Name and Address selection systemInteractive mail list creation and maintenanceprogram with output as full reports with reference data or restricted information for maillabels. Transfer system for extraction and transfer of selected records to create new files . Re ·quires CBASIC-2. .$100/ $200 OSORT -Fasl sort/ merge program for files with fixed record lenglh . variable field length information. Up to five ascending or descend ing keys . Full back-up al input fi les created.$100/ $ 20*CO*N*DI*ME*N*TS** * * * * * * 0 HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE-Cleans the drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Disketteabsorbs loose oxide particles. fingerprints. and other foreign particles that might hinder the per formance of the drive head. Lasts al least 3 months with daily use. Specify 5" or 8" .Single sided . . Double sided.$20 each/$55 for 3 . .$25 each/$65 for 3D FLIPPY DISK KIT - Template and instructions to modify single sided 5y," diskettes tor use of second side in single sided drives .$12.500 FLOPPY S AVER -Protection for center holesfor 5" and 8" floppy disks. Only 1 needed perdiskette. Kil contains centering post, pressuretool and tough 7 mil mylar reinforcing rings for25 diskettes.5", Kit .. .$ 14. 955" . Rings only .. . .$7.958" , Kit ... ... . .. .$ 16.958" , Rings only. .$8.950 PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORTBy Jensen and Wirth . The standard textbook ontaes~:,~z.u~~:Ca1~~c~n~~~~:iJMff~s~~: s~~D THE C PROGRAMMING LA NGUAGE - ByKernighan and Ritchie . The standard textbook on the language. Rec~mmf!mded for use by BOS C, tiny C. and Wh1tesm1ths C users .$12D STRUCTURED MICROPROCESSOR PRO·GRAMMING - By the authors of SMAL/80.~8~~rfni1~~c~:~~e~err~g~a~~ii~~tJ8~0~r;!-guage ..$20[I ACCOUNTS PAYABLE & AC C O UN TSRE CEIVABLE- CB ASIC - By Osborne/McGraw- Hill. . $2 0[J G ENERAL LEDGER-CBA S IC -ByOsborne/ McGraw- Hill .. .$20[I PAYROLL WITH COST ACCOUNTING CBASIC-by Osborne/ McGraw -Hill .... $20[] LIFEBOAT DISK COPYING SERVI CE Transler dara or programs from one media for· mat to another at a moderate cost .. f rom $25* * * * * * * Hearty Appetite.* * * * * * * ·cP/M and MP/Mare trademarks ol Digital Research. 280 is a trademark of Zilog , Inc. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratori es. WHATS IT? is a trademark of Computer Head ware. Electric Pencil is a trademark of Michael Shrayer Software. TAS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp. Pascal/ M is a trademark of Sorcim. SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoll. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer PASM . PLINK . BUG andµBUG are trademarks of Phoenix Software Associates Lid. CPAids is a trademark of Computer Tax Ser vice . Inc. t Recommended system configuration consistsof48K CP/ M, 2full size disk drives. 24 x 80 CRT and 132 column printer.® Modified version available for use with CP/ M as implemented on Hea th and TRS-80 Mode! I computers.© User license agreement for this product must be signed and returned to Lifeboat Associates before shipment may be made.© Thi s product lncludes/ eXcludes the language © manual recommended in Condiments® Serial number of CP/ M system must be supplied with orders.© Requires Z80 CPU .Ordering InformationMEDIA FORMAT ORDERING CODES Whe n ordering, please specify format code. LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES MEDIA FORMATS LIST Diskette. cartridge di~k and cartridge tape format codes to be specified when ordering software for listed computer or disksystems. All software products have specific requirements in terms of hardware or software support. such as MPU type . memory size. support operating system or language.Compul:·r l yM~FormM C:OCS. Coml)ul·r 1ytQmFormat CochComput·r · )'lt~FOf'mat C:OCS.Altair 8800 0.SkSee MITS 3200Alles.. A1"Apple · SoftCard 13 SedorRGApple ~ SoftCard 16 Sector.RRBASF System 7100..RDBlackhawk Smgle Dens11y.03Blackhawk M1cropolts Mod II02CDS Versatile 3B .01CDS Versatile 402COMPAL-SO02Cromemco System 3..Al"Cromemco Z2D... AGCSSN BACKUP (tape)T1'Delta.Al'O.g1-Log Microlerm II.ADO.gilal M1crosys1ems. Al"DiscusSee Morrow DiscusDurango F·85RlDynabyte 008/2.RlDynabyte 088/4Al"EJUdy Sorcerer , L1leboat CP/ M 02Exidy Sorcerer · E:io:1dy CP/ M 04Heath HS . H1 7/ H27.. P4Heath H89 · Uleboat CP/ MP4Heath H89 ~ Magnoha CP/ M P7Helios II See Processor TechnologyHorizonSee North Star1COM 2411 Micro FloppyR3iCOM.3712Al1COM3B12Al"1COM 4511 5440 CartndgeCP/ M 14Dl#1COM 451 I 5440 CartndgcCP/ M 2 2D2·IMS 5000RAIMS 8000Al·IMSAl VDP-40R4""IMSAI VDP-42.R4 . .IMSAI VDP-44Rs··IMSAI VDP -80.. A1''lntecolor.See ISC lntecolorIntel MOS Smgle DensilyAllntertec SuperBram DOS O. 1R7lntertec SuperBrain DOS 0 .5-2 X RJlnlertec SuperBram DOS J .X .... AKISC lntecolor 8063/ 8360/ 8963 AlKontron PSl-80 .. . .RFMeca 5y, ·.PSM ic romat1on(Except TRS-80 below)..Al"M1cropol1 s Mod IQlM1cropolls Mod II..02MITS 3200/320281Morrow DiscusA1·MostekAlMS05't'RCNorlh Star Smgle DensityPlNOr1h Siar Double/ QuadP2Ny1ac Smgle Density03Nylac M1cropo~s Mod II02OhlO Scientific CJA3Onyx C8001T2·Pertee PCC 2000Al "Processor Technology Helios II 82Quay 500ROQuay 520RPRAJA Single DensityR9RAIA Double Dens11yREResearch Machines 8'Al Resear ch Machines 51, ·RH REX03Sanco 7000 s v·RQSD Systems 8"Al"SD Systems 51/.i"R3Sorcerer.See Ex1dy SorcererSpacebyle.AlSuperBrain.See lntertecTarbell.. Al"TEI SY·R3TEI 8Al"Thmkertoys .. See Morrow DiscusTRS-80 Model I 5'1i'.R2TRS-80 Model I * FEC Freedom RNTRS-80 Model I · M1cromat1on A4"TRS-80 Model I · Omikron 51/i' RMTRS-80 Model I ~ Omikron 8 AlTAS ·SO Model 1 .. Shuffleboard 8 AlTAS·SOModel IIAl"VDP·40/ 42/ 44/ 80See IMSAtVector MZ02VersallieSee CDS VersallleV1s1a VSO S'li ' Smgte Dens11y P5Vista v200 s v..-· Double Density .P6Zeni1h Z89 · Lifeboat CP/ MP4Zenith Z89 + Magnolia CP/ M P 7Prices F.0.8 . New York . Shipping . handling and C.0 .0. charges extra.· S1ngle-S1de Smgle· Denstty disks are supplied lor use w11h Doub!e Dens1ty and Double Side 8 soil sector format system s Manua l cost applicable against ·· IMSAI formal s arc smgic dc n::.11yprice of subsequent softwarewtth d11ectory off set ot zer opurchase.11 A media surcharge ol $25 !or 01·The sale of each proprietary software package conveys a license for use on onederson 1apelorma1 s Tl and T2 and ol $100 for orders on 01sk formats D 1 and 02 will be addedsystem only.The hst ol available lormats is sub· 1ect !O change without notice Incase ol uncena1nty. cal! to conl11m1he !01 mat code for any pa111cular eq u1p m en1t._''"The Software Supermarket is a trademark of Ufeboat AssociatesCircle 80 on inquiry card.HANDLER CONCESSIONAIRES DISTRIBUIDORES O.E.M. AUSGEZEICHNETE GROSS HANDELSPREISE stellen nur einen Aspekt unseres Handlerprogrammes da r. Treten Sie noch h eute mit uns in Verbindung. (Wir sprech en Deutsch )UN EXCELLENT PRIX DE GROS ne represente qu 'un seu l aspect de no tre programme de distribution in tern a tionale. Meuez-vou s en contact avec nous aujourd 'hui po ur recevo ir p lus de renscignements. (On parle fra nc;:ais! )EL EXCELENTE PRECIO AL MA YOREO que ofrecemos repre senta solo un aspecto de nuestro programa de distribuci6n inte r nacio na I. P6ngase en contacto con nosotros para informaci6n mas detalla da. (Se habla espafiol! )A.D.D.S . ANADEX APPLE CENTRO NI CS CROM EM CO HAZELTINEIND. MICRO OKIDATA SOROC SUPERBRAIN TELEVIDEO TEXAS INSTR.MICRO- COMPUTER BROKERSlf'ITERf'IA T!Of'IAL6819-P. North 2 Ist Avenue Phoenix . Arizona 85015 U.S. A.Telephone: (602) 2 4 2 -9961 Telex: (0) 668382Address 02 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ABCDE F000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 02 7F 02 04 00 00 00010 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 1C 2A 2A 2A 1C 08 08 00 <I>020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3E 08 08 08 08 00 00 00 00 .i.030 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 22 22 3E 22 22 1C 00 00 00 l"I040 oo oo 00 oo oo oo 1C 1o 1o 1O 1o 1o 1o 1o 10 oo L050 00 00 00 00 00 00 OC 10 20 3C 20 10 OC 00 00 00 ·060 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 08 1C 2A 49 7F 08 08 00 t070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 14 22 41 7F 00 00 00 v080 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 7F 49 2A 1C 08 08 08 00 +090 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 08 08 08 08 10 00 00 00 00 '\OAO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 18 24 24 18 00 00 00 00 o080 00 00 00 00 00 00 7F 41 41 41 41 49 49 49 7F 00 elOCO 00 00 00 00 00 00 7F 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 7F 00 0ODO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 3E 08 08 08 3E 00 00 00 00 IOEO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 08 08 3E 00 00 00 00 TOFO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1C 22 41 49 41 22 1C 00 00 o100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 20 7F 20 10 00 00 00 110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 22 14 08 14 22 00 00 00 · 120 00 00 00 40 20 10 1E 11 11 OE 00 00 00 00 00 00 P130 oo oo oo oo oo oo 1o 1o 1o 1o 1o 1o 1o 1o 1c oo r140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 1E 26 2A 32 3C 40 00 00 19. 150 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 1C 2A 08 08 08 08 08 08 00 160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1C 22 35 49 68 2A 1C 00 00 ® 170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 7F 00 00 08 00 00180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 14 22 41 00 00 00 00 v190 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 08 08 08 08 2A 1C 08 00 1AO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 22 14 08 00 00 00 A 180 00 00 00 00 00 00 7F 41 49 41 7F 41 49 41 7F 00 8 1CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 3E 00 04 08 10 20 10 08 04 00 ~ 100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7F 00 1EO 00 00 00 00 00 00 3E 00 10 08 04 02 04 08 10 00 ~ 1FO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 20 7F 08 7F 02 01 00 00 ~Table 1: Data that must be prog rammed into tir e 2708 erasable programmable read only m em ory (EPROM ) dev ice. This data tells tir e v ideo display /r ow to fo rm tl1 e APL characters fr om a d ot matrix. To th e left is th e address of th e data , in tl1 e center200 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 1C 2A 2A 1C 08 7F 00 00 00 ~ 210 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 220 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 230 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 240 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 250 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 260 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 270 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 280 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 290 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2AO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 280 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 200 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2EO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2FO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00300 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 310 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 320 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 330 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 340 00 00 00 00 00 00 4A 2E 20 57 2E 20 00 00 00 00 350 00 00 00 00 00 00 4C 61 6E 67 6E 65 72 20 00 00 360 00 00 00 00 00 00 57 42 32 4F 53 5A 2F 36 20 00 370 00 00 00 00 00 00 33 2F 34 2F 37 38 00 00 00 00 380 00 00 00 00 00 00 42 24 18 18 24 42 00 00 00 00 390 00 00 00 3C 02 02 3E 42 42 42 42 42 00 00 00 00 3AO 00 00 00 00 00 00 7E 20 10 08 04 7E 00 00 00 00 380 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 6A 15 08 00 00 00 A 3CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 08 08 08 00 08 08 08 08 00 300 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 54 28 41 00 00 00 00 ¥ 3EO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 44 2A 11 00 00 00 00 00 3FO 00 00 00 00 00 00 7F 7F 7F 7F 7F 7F 7F 7F 7F 00 ·is th e data in hexadecimal form , and to th e right is th e cliaracter formed by th e data in that row.Circle 81 on inquiry card.~ Pascal 11 GYAlSUPER-MICROTMExecutes Pascal 13x faster than an LSl-11!The SUPER-MICRO'" series of X-pert Syslems:· desig ned by Computex. combine high performance with low cost. The X9000 system line features the Pascal MICROENGINE'"' 16-bit CPU and is now available for delivery.· r 111demaro. Wes1e1n Oog1i.1 CorpSYSTEM X9020(CPU Manual $19.95)$4195*READY TO RUNSYSTEM FEATURES (putial llst) PHcal MICROENGINE'· X9000 · 16 b it P-code CPU · 64K bytes RAM /Full OMA · Floppy d isk cont roller (SS or OS ) · Floating point hardware (IEEE standard) · System software with enhancements · 2 senat. 2 parallel po rts · Pascal compiler ,text editors . Ille manager ,CPU & memory diagnost ics. sy mbolic Pascal debugger. hnker. ut1l1 t1es and moreFlo ppy Disk Drives (2) · lM combined memory · Double density. single S·ded · Standard 8" diskettes · 6 ms track to trackSYSTEM X9023PLUS ...SYSTEM FEATURESMODEL X-920DISPLAY/EDIT TERMINALX.920 FEATURES (p·rtl·lll·I)(Manual $10)· Microprocessor controlled· Seri al RS232C and 20 ma cu rrent loop· 10 baud rates-75 to 19,200· 24 Imes x 80 c haracters· 12 x 10 character resoluhon· Dual intensity display· Programmable reverse video & underline· 14 key numenc pad w ith decimal· 16 special !unct ion keys· 8 ed it !unct ion keys· 2 block transmission keys· Block. protect & sell-test modes· BO storable tabbing· Insert/delete Ch aracte r and hne· Addressable cursor· A host a l othe r features, including curso r cont rols and remotecommands such as clear 10 nu lls. spaces. end ot hne, end olscreen; set h1 . low , zero 1ntens1ty: set bl ink , etc·LIMITED TIME cHh price. 10% DOWN guarantees pnority. MHter Charge & VISA cards acceptedPri ces: X9000 CPU $2995. Manual $19.95. X-920 CAT $995. Manua l $10. Perk i n - Elmer .. Bantam " CRT $799 X-800 disk dnve $495. Hardware F 0 .B . Chicago. Manuals postpaidCustom systems are also a vai lable We 11rvlce what we sell. Written hardware warranty. Nationwide service contracts. Custom software. We provide expert technical 1upport.(312) 684-31 83<:,~~!.~.!!~" The Computer ExSMrts" 5710 Drexel, Ch lcego, IL 60637 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 123Photo 3: The APL character-generator circuit is connected by a ribbon cable to the socket formerly occupied by the MCM6571 part on the video display board. Use of sockets enables you to unplug the APL character-generator circuit and plug the MCM6571 back into the video display board if you need to reactivate the Greek characters.Hexadec ima l Code 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 OA OBocOD OE OFOld Charactera8y8New Character<I> _L ~L'1v8v.f>'\Xµ.CJ0{IT0Hexadecimal Code 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C1D1E 1FOld Characterp"¢ x o/New CharacterpIISl ®nv./f\63!>l:2::::::~60~78('I"<7D)¥Table 2: Table of character substitution to swap the APL characters for the Greek alphabet and other seldomused characters in the MCM6571 character-generator chip .124 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc---+ Circle 82 on inquiry card .EVERYTHING 50 N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977l< APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF THE APPLE CORPFROM COMPUMAX BUSINESS SYSTEMSThe COMPUMAX business applications programs are written with the novice computer user in mind. They are easy to use. yet powerful in their capabilities. Further, COMPUMAX supplies the BASIC source code. Thus the programs are easy to modify.MICROLEDGERThi s General Ledger system performs the essential functions of dual entry bookkeeping and matc hes revenues and expenses: MICROLEDGER inc ludes the fo llo wing programs .. LEDGER 1 - builds and ma intains the CHART OF ACCOUNTS file. This file contains both current and accumulated totals for each account.LEDGER 2 - builds and updates th e JOURNAL TRANSACTION fi le. LEDGER 3 - lists both the the JOURNAL file and the CHART OF ACCOUNTS. LEDGER 4 - com putes the TRIAL BALANCE and executes POSTING o f journal transactions into the CHART OF ACCOUNTS . An AUDIT TRIAL of all transaction is output . LEDGER 5 - produces th e PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT. LEDGER 6- produces the BALANCE SHEET . Assets. lia biliti es and o wners' equities are shown by account and by totals. .......................................... $140.00 MICROPAYAn Accounts Payable system . MICROPAY includes the foll owing program & function s:PAY 1 - initializes both Transa c ti o n and Master files . then beg ins the Accounts Payableprocess by in putting and adding reco rd s in the Tran sac tion file .PAY 2 - allows for c hang es and deletions o f Transac ti o n and Master record s.PAY 3 - reports ou tst anding Ac cou nts Pa yables in fou r categories: under 30 days , 31-60 days. 61-90 days. and over 90 days.PAY 4 - repo rt s all o utstanding Acco unts Payab les fo r a single customer o r for all custo mers , and computes Cas h Requirem ents.PAY 5 - reports all ou tstanding Accounts Payables for a sing le date or fo r a range ofdates and com putes th e Cash Requ irementsPA Y 6 - li sts both the Transactio ns and Master files. PAY 7 - prints checks and accu mulates and journalizes Accounts Payables Th is program sim ult aneou sly c re ates entr ies fo r the MICROLEDGER fi le.. . $140.00MICRORECAn Accounts Receivable system . MICROREC includes the following prog rams andfunctions:RE C 1 - init ializes Accounts Receiva ble fi les. adds A / A record and prints invoices.RE C 2 - accepts recei pt of custo mer paym ents and c hanges o r deleti ons of A/ R Transaction or Master file recordsREC 3 - reports outstand ing Accounts Receivables in four categories: under 30 days.31-60 days, 61-90days. and over 90 days.REC 4 - repo rts all outs tand ing Accou nts Rece ivables for a si ngle customer. o r fo r allcustomers and computes Cash Projections.REC 5 - produces reports fo r all outs tand ing Accou nts Receivables for a si ngle date o rfo r a range o f dates and com putes Cash project ions.REC 6 - lists Transacti on and Master files and accumulates and journalizes AccountsRece ivables. c rea ting JOURNAL entries whic h communicate with the MICROLEDGERJOURNAL file.. ......... $140.00MICROINVTh is Inventory Contro l system prese nt s a general method of Inventory Control and pro duces several important reports. Its program inc ludes:IN V 1 - init ia li zes Transaction and Maste r fi les and adds and updates Transaction and Master record s.INV 2 - handles inventory issued or received. creating inventory records. Thi s program also accumula tes and journalizes transactions, producing JOURNAL ent ries which communica te with the MIC RO LEDGER file.IN V 3 - li sts both Tr ansac ti on and M as ter fi les . !NV 4 - p roduces the STOC K STATU S REPORT. sho wing the standard inventory stock data and stoc k valuation . and th e ABC ANALYSIS breaking down the inventory into groups by frequency of usage. INV 5 - g ives a JOB COS T REP ORT / MATERIALS . sh o w i ng al location of materials used yea r-to-da te by eac h job or work code. (This is complemented by the Job Cost Report / Perso nnel 1n the MI C ROPE RS program .) IN V 6 - co mput es and provides the E.0 .0 . ( Econ om ic Order Quantities) .... $140.00MICROPERSThi s 1s a Payroll / Personnel program whose functions include :PERS 1 - initializes th e M as ter file and allo w s for entry and updates o f Master records . PER S 2 - in iti alizes th e Payroll file and allows fo r ent ry an d updates o f pa y roll records . PER S 3 - lists an Employee M aster Record or the en tire Employee Maste r file : lists a single Payroll Record or the entire Payroll filePER S 4 - com put es Payroll and prints the PAYROLL REGI STER . Prints PAYCHECKSand creates JOURNAL en tries to be fed into the MI C ROLEDGER JOURNAL file.PERS 5 - p roduces the JOB COST REPO RT/ PERSONNEL . computes th e qua rt erly 941bank deposi t. and the Annual W-2 run .. $140.00All CO MPUMAX pro grams avai lable in machine readable forma t (d iskette fo rm ) for thefo llo wing m ach ines.TRS-80'" Model IMic ropol 1s 1053 / 11APPLE IIMi croso ft under CP / MPETCBAS IC unde r C P/ M CromemcoFROM ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL (By Scott Adams)t 1 ADVENTURELANO - You w ander through an enchanted world trying to recoverth e 13 los t treasures. You 'll encounter w ild animals. magi c al beings, and many o th er perils and puzzles. Can you rescue the Blue Ox from the quicksand? Or find your way out of the maze of pits? Happy Adventuring ..t 2. PIRATE'S ADVENTURE - " Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum " You'll meet up with the pirat e and h.is daffy bird along with many strange sights as yo u attempt to go from your Lo ndo n flat to Treasure Island. Can you recover Long John Silver's lost treasures? Happy Sai ling , mat ey 3. MISSION IMPOSSIBLE ADVENTURE - Good morning , you r m iss ion is to... and so it starts . Will you be able to complete your mission in time? Or is the wo rld 's first automated nuclear reactor doomed? This one's well nam ed . It's hard, there is no magic. but plenty of suspense. Good luck ..4. VOODOO CASTLE - Count Cristo has had a fiendish curse put on him by his enemies. There he lies. w it h you his only hope . Will you be able to rescue him or is he forever doomed? Beware the Voodoo Man* All orders processed * within 24-Hours30-Day money back guaranteeon all Software (less a $3penalty for handling)5. THE COUNT - You wake up in a large brass bed in a castle somewh ere in Tran sy lva ni. Who are you . what are you doing here . and WH Y did the postman deliver a bottle of blood? You 'll love this Adventure. in fact. you m ight say it's Love at First Byte .6. STRANGE ODYSSEY - Marooned at the edge of the galaxy . you've stumbled on the ruins of an ancient alien c ivilizat ion complete with fabulous treasures and unearthly technologies. Can you collect the treasures and return or will you end up marooned forever? .7. MYSTERY FUN HOUSE -Can you find your way completely through the strangest Fun House in existence, o r will you always be kicked out when the park doses? .8. PYRAMID OF DOOM - An Egyptian Treasure Hunt leads you into the dark re cesses of a recently uncovered Pyramid. Will you recover all the treasures or more likely will you join its denizens for that long eternal sleep? . 9. GHOST TOWN - Explore a deserted western mining town in search of 13 treasuresFrom rattlesnakes to runaway horses. th is Adventure's got them all' Just remem ber. Pardner. they don't cal l them Ghost Towns for nothin '. (Also includes newbo nus scoring system')$14.95 Per Adventure· Note: Apple requires 24K and has no lower case. t Recommended for the novice adventurer. with many built-in HELPS'FROM PERSONAL SOFTWARE INC. VISICALC.............. $150.00T ake virtually any problem you would explore usi ng ca lcu lator. pen . and paper.working in rows and columns. Apply VisiCalc and you'll see why every reviewer of thisproduct has said the same thing : VisiCalc is the most useful , most important program yetdeveloped for personal computing. W ith VisiCalc, yo u work with an electronic worksheet of up to 63 colu mns and 254rows . At the juncture of any column and row yo u can type in words and numbers. VisiCalcautomat ically performs all arithmetic fun ctions . net present value. and transcendentalfunctions - instantly!CCA DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM... $74.95OMS Features: File Creaton and Maintenance:· Fields may be alphanumeric. numer ic, integer. floating po int . or fi xe d decimal withcommas. · Fields may be COMPUTED FIELDS. OMS w ill compute any field within a record. using constants or other fields in the same record. Functions include add, subtract, multiply. divide, and raise exponential powers. · Record s are easily loca ted . using the SCAN feature . SCAN for records with a fieldover. below, or between a range of values. · Records are easily added and updated. OMS " prompts" yo u with quest ions. · Multi-diskette capabilities for larger files - up to 85.000 characters per file' · Sort the records into almost any o rd er. usin g up to 10 fields as " keys ". So you can sort for customer numbers: within zip code. for instance. · Delete records . " compact" files. and backup files on data diskettes easily. Report Features: · Print reports with records in any order. · Select fields to be printed. · Print mailing labels. ·N umeric totals and subtotals can be speci fied wh en a value in an unre lated field in the same record changes. For example. sort, subtotal . and print according to depart ment. or month. or c ustomer number. or model number.GUARANTEED PROFIT91 Ofo ~~~~ES SHOWSTHE HORSE SELECTOR II (FLATS) (By Dr. Hal Davis) .. $50.00New simp lified versi o n of the origi nal H o rse Selector. The first Ho rse Selection System to actuall y calculate the estimated odds of each horse. HIGHER PROFITS (O VER 100%) POSS IBLE THROUGH SELECTIVE BETTING ON :·R ates each horse in 10 seconds. · Easy to follow rul es. · Can be used w ith any Appl e 11 Computer. · 100% money back guarantee (returned for any reason ). ·U ses 4 fac tors (speed rating. track variant . di stance o f the present race. distance o f the last race) · Using the above fa ctors. the Horse Selector ca lc ulates the estimated odds. BET o n horses wh ose actual payo ff (fr o m th e T ote Board o r Morning Lines) is high er than payoff based on estimated odds. ·U sing the above factors . the Horse Selector ca lculates th e estimated odds. BET o n any selected horse w ith an estimated payo ff (based o n T ote Board or Morning Lines ) higher than c alculated payo ff (based on H o rse Selector II ). · Source listing for th e TRS -80'", Tl -59, HP-67. HP-41 . Appl e and BASIC Computers . · No computer or ca lc ulato r necessary (although a calculator would be helpful for the simple divisi o n used to ca lculate estimated odds) FREE Outchlng Tables allows betting on 2 or more horses w ith a guaranteed profit.24 HOUR ORDER LINE(914) 425-1535ADO $2.00 FOR SHIPPING UPS AREA S ADO $3.00 FOR C.0 .0 . OR NON -UPS AREA S ADO $4.00 OUTSIDE U .S.A. CANADA & ME XICONEW TOLL-FREEORDER LINE(OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE)(800) 431-2818Construction of a Fourth Generation Video Terminal: Part 2Theron Wierenga POB 2007Holland Ml 49423Last month in Part 1, I presented the first part of a complete plan for building a versatile, microprocessor controlled video terminal. Now we 'll look at the rest of the construction details.We stopped at the point of troubleshooting the 8085 microprocessor and related circuitry. If your tests with oscilloscope and fre quency counter show that everything built so far checks out properly, you can proceed with the remainder of the construction .Getting the Debug Monitor OperatingThe next step is to install the four 2114 memory circuits, IC19 (the 74LS138 that decodes the 2114s) , IC13 (the 7401 that is used with the 74LS138 decoder ), and IC4 and !Cs (the two 8212s that are connected back-to-back to buffer the 2114s) . The 2716 must be programmed again , this time with the entire softwareTh e n um bering seq uence of figures , listings, an d pho tos is con tin ued fro m Part 1 of th is a rt icle.package that is given in listing 2. Before continuing, let me definesome terms that are frequently used in the next section. Figure 4 on page 128 is a block diagram relating a number of these terms . · Host computer: the computer towhich your completed video ter minal will be connected. It will operate completely independently of the terminal circuitry . Com munications between the host computer and the video terminal will be via a serial interface driven by UARTs. · 8085 microprocessor: the com puter that will control the internal operation of the video terminal. · Checkout terminal: any standard computer terminal with a current loop interface that will be used to debug your video terminal's hard ware and software. · Temporary interface: a simple cir cuit that must be built to tem porarily connect your video ter minal to the checkout terminal.· Terminal control software: the software that directs the 8085 in the procedure of controlling the terminal. It operates the displayand takes care of incoming characters and scrolling. This soft ware resides in the 2716 program mable read-only memory . ·System monitor: a separate operating system that resides within the terminal control soft ware . When this monitor is used, the 8085 microprocessor "aban dons" the video terminal circuitry, and then behaves as a separate computer for the checkout ter minal. The monitor allows the user to load and display memory loca tions, run simple programs, and fill and move blocks of data in the memory . The data transfer lines to the host computer are not con nected when using the monitor.Activating the Monitor In normal operation the 8085operates as a dedicated micropro cessor. This means that the micro processor's total job is to operate the display and process incoming characters. The 2716 programmable read-only memory can hold 2048 bytes of program code . Only about 1500 bytes are needed for the terminal control software, so a portion of the126 Se ptember 1980 ~· BYTE Publications IncWhatSthedifference between BAslc_ and Pdscal? COMPARE THESE APPROACHES TO DRAWING A CIRCLE "This is easy ..."loo MO\Ji" R)o I lO fOR T·O '11:J SW> S1 GP '2..D1-:20 DRA'W' R*Cot.C'tj> 'R~StNCT) 130 NEXT T"Oops, didn't quite meet .. ... . but that's easy to fix."'0100lMOVS: R\o"'FOR I= 0 TO5"'1~zE..Pr 45""120 DRAW R.~COS~~ R· S1N(\jl'aO NE'~ 'Tin Pascal"The simplest circle drawn with line segments is a regular polygon ..."procedure Circle (X, Y. Radius: real); const Sides= 16; Pi = 3 .14159265; var N : integer; Theta : real; begin Move (X+Radius,Y); for N : = 1 to Sides do beginTheta : = 2 * Pi * (N/Sides); Draw (Radius * cos (Theta) + X,Radius * sin (Theta) + Y);end; end;"Oh, now it closes ... in fact, it overlaps."Programming by trial and errorProgramming by designINTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORSAustralia: Sydney Network Computer Services 290-3677Canada: Vancouver Valley Software (604) 291-0651England: London Real Time Products 01-588-0667 Japan: Tokyo Rikei Corporation 03-345- 1411 Circle 83 on inquiry card.GET IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME ---------------------------------------, If you like the feel of precision tools, give us a call or return this coupon. BY9IIOregonName - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I IFirm --------------~ ISoftWare Address - - - - - - -- - - - - -- IICityI2340 SW Canyon Road · Portland, Oregon 97201I-----(503) ------------ 226-7760 · TWX 910-464-4779 ----State ---------------Zip ----'I BYTE September 1980 127Circle 84 on inquiry card.CHOOSE... HOST COMPUTERA compact bi-level desk ideal for an Apple computer system. This 42" x 31 Y:." desk comes with a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf for your TV or monitor and manuals can also have an optional paper slot to accom odate a printer.Choose a Micro DeskVIDEO TERMINAL8085IMICROPROCESSOR11--------------,TEMPORARY INTERFACEGet your micro computer off the desk top and into the micro shelf under our Designer Series desks. Suitable for the North Star, Dynabyte, Vector Graphics, and Altos computers. The desks come in a variety of sizes and colors.Choose a Mini RackCHECKOUT TERMINALL ______________ _JFigure 4: Block diagram of th e connection of th e video terminal to the host computer. Also shown are th e temporary connections to the checkout terminal, used for debugging the project.Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard venting, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" desk model in a variety of colors and wood tones. A custom rack is available for the Cromemco.Choose a Printer StandThe Universal printer stand fits the:Centronics 700's Dec LA 34 NEC Spinwriter Lear Siegler 300'sDiablo 1600's & 2300's T. I. 810& 820 Okidata Slim line Anadex 9500'sDelivery in days on over 200 styles and colors in stock. Dealer inquiries invited.ELECTRONIC S~STEMS FURNITURECOMF'AN~17129 S. Kingsview Avenue Carson, California 90746 Telephone: (213)538-9601128 September 1980 © BYTE Publicati ons Incadditional memory has been filled with a completely separate operating sys tem which is termed the sys tem monitor . By causing the 8085 microprocessor to execute a TRAP in terrupt , a jump is made to the section of memory wherein the system monitor resides . In this mode the 8085 microprocessor and its associated circuitry cease to control the video terminal circuitry . The 8085 now behaves as a simple computer with a system monitor. Another ter minal , the checkout terminal , is necessary to communicate with the system monitor; the temporary inter face is also necessary to connect to the checkout terminal.Construct this interface for tem porary use by breadboarding. Aschematic diagram was shown in figure 3, part 1. Any general-purpose computer terminal with a 20 mA current-loop interface can now be connected to your video-terminal board. The 8085 microprocessor will be acting as a computer for the checkout terminal. Be sure that thedata rate is the same for both devices. If your checkout terminal runs at 110 bps, you will have to temporarily connect a 7040 Hz square wave into pins 9 and 25 of the 8251 (IC7), since this frequency is not available on the video-terminal board.When all connections to the tem porary interface are made, open the TRAP switch for a moment. The 8085 microprocessor should send a car riage return , line feed, and question mark to your checkout terminal. Next, type a letter D. and the ter minal should perform a carriage return and line feed. Now type in four Os , and it should again perform the carriage return and line feed. Lastly, type in "003F" and the checkout ter minal should print out four lines of memory contents. If you get to this point, congratulate yourself, take a break, have a glass of wine, and show the family you 're not as crazy as they thought you were to start this project.If you were able to get the first test program to send out "U" characters,Text continued on page 152:Circle 85 on inquiry card. ---+A Small-Systertls Breakthrough!UDS Line-Powered Data Modems· 0-300 bps full-duplex (Model 103 LP) or 0-1200 bps half-duplex (Model 202 LP) over ordinary two-wire telephone circuits· No AC power required · Fits under your telephone handset · Easy hook-up · Simplified controls - talk/data only · Direct connect to dial-up network · Better data integrity than acousticcouplers at the same (or lower) pricePetent Appllecl FewYour telephone , combined with a UDS 103 LP or 202 LP modem, can put your computer system in contact with the rest of the DP world.Make three easy snap-in cable connections and either of these FCC approved devices is ready to go on-line. A front-panel rocker switch lets you go from voice to data and back again whenever you wish. Either the 103 or the 202 fits comfortably under your telephone - you'll hardly know the modem is there.The UDS units are compatible with Bell 103- and 202-series modems.SPECIFICATIONS OPERATION - full-duplex (Model 103 LP) or half-duplex (Model 202 LP) on two-wire dial up telephone circuits. °"TA RATE - 0-300 bps (Model 103 LP) or 0 to 1200 bps (Model 202 LP) . DIGITAL INTERFACE - RS-232C on both models; TTY current loop on Model 103 LP. CONTROLS AND INDICATORS - Data/Talk switch ; data ON light emitting diode. DISTRICT OFFICES: Summit, NJ, 201 / 522-0025 ·Blue Bell, PA, 2 15/ 643-2336 · Atl·nt8, 404/952 3463 · Chlciigo, 312/441 -7450 · D·llu, 214/385-0426 · Sllnt· AM, 714/ 972-4619 · Sunnyv·le, 408/738-0433. Boston, 617/ 875-8868"Confidence in Communications"Universal Data Systems5000 aradford Drive· Huntsville, AL 35805 ·Phone 205/837-8100r,..Created by Dayner/ Hall , Inc., Winter Park, Florida1111 Member IDCMAListing 2: The main video-terminal-control routine. Appended at the end is the system monitor used in the checkout procedure. This code is stored in the 2716 read-only memory. The program was modified by the author from the original routine provided by Intel Corporation.C CRTLP 18080 MA CRO ASSFMBI FRr VFR 2.0 ERRORS = 0 PAGE 10001 00000000 0061 0060OO~il0050 0044 0045 0046 0047 000()0084 00480000 0024 0024 0040 0040C34000 C3F905 31FF8700430046 0047 004<1004A 004C 00 4F0050 005221FF7F ;>:33b20 7DFECF C24600 7CFE87 C24600OO~i~jOO~ifl OO~iF<210000 :·:·[13 87 ::·:0 E2fl/;****************************************;****CRT DRIVER****;****************************************i**** AS PER ' IN TEL PERIPHERAL****i**** DESIGN HANDBOOK ', PAGE 2- 1b4. ****'**** COPYRIGHT INTEL CORP. - 1978 ****'******************** ********************'**** MODIFIED BY THERON WIERENGA****;**** JANUARY 10, 1979****;**************************************** CNCTL EQU OOOlHCNIN EQU OOOO HCNOUT EQU OOOOHi8 251 OUPUT DATA ADDKCOM EQU 06 1Hi8 279 CO MMAND ADDKDAT EQU ObO Hi8 279 DATA ADDRESSCRCOM EQU 051H CRDAT EQU 050H PC 2S A EQU 044H PC2TC EQU 045H PC3SA EQU 046Hi8 275 COMMAND ADD i8 275 DATA ADD RE SS ;8 257 CH 2 STA RT ADD i8257 CH 2 TERM CO UNT i8257 CH 3 S TART ADDPC3TC EQU 047H MDC5 7 EOU 0 MDS 57 EQU 084H PMD 57 EQU 048 H;9 257 CH 3 TERM COUNT i 8257 MODE CLEAR ;9 257 MODE SE T i8 257 MOD E SE T;*************************************************** COLfl STARTJMF' ORG .JMP ORG CRTGO: LXJCRTGD 0024H SSS2 0040H S Pr8 7 FFHiJUMP TO S TART OF PROGRA M ; TRAP TO MON I TOI~ ;t.DAfl S TACK POINTERCl. EAr\ MEMOR YLXIALPHA: INX MVT MDVCPT JN ? MDVCPI.JN?l-lr7EFFHHMr 020H A.I...OCFH ALPHA ArH 087H ALP HAiLOAfl SCREEN S TARl - 1 ;INCREMENT ADDRESS ; LOAfl A SPACE H~ HF CK IF L=rF; TF NIH I OOP ; r:HECK TF H=H7; TF NOT LODP, Fl SF 11!1NFPOINTER/BUFFFR CLEARNXT 2:LXJ HrO S HI .fl RCTAD S HLfl LOCBIJF; ?FRO F\O~I COUNT ; ZFFW F<l IFFFI~005F 22 flBl37S HL 1:1 1. DCAD;zERD CHAR. LO CATION8080 MA CRO ASSF MBIFRr VER 2.0 ERRORS0061 0064 00b7 006A 006[12 :.' flA 87 22DC87 22flE87 22E087 2100130S HL n 1 nco1SHL [I I Ctr:BOS Hl fl I.OCXX S HLf· LOCPR LXJ Hr 8000 H0070 0073 0076 007'? 00 7 F< 00 7F22Db87 218087 22E687 3FOO:~ ::>fl:.·1373::>11~;n7S HU1 TO F'A[I LXI Hrff780H S HLD BDTAD MUI ArO STA CCTAD S TA CURSY0081 32E487!:>TA XFLG008432E~iH7!HA ll !';C HI~0 F'ACiE ;:>;zFRO l S T CHAR JN ROW ;1ERO BOT H CHAR JN ROW ;?FRO 1. 0C OF I S T CHAR ;zFRO LUC OF 1 S T CHAR ;p[)JNT TD TOP OF SC RFFN i SE T TOP ~ 8000H iF'OINT TO BOT OF SC RFFN ;sFT f<J:JT~B /H Ol-I; zERO COl .UMN CO UNT iSET CUR SOR Y POINTER i ZER O ESC SEQ FLAG '7ERO 0251 CHAR BllFFINITlAL1 7E 13 :~5 100870089 OOSB 008D3E7B[1 301 3E27 [1 301MU I Ar07BHOllT CNCTL MUI Ar0 27 H OUT CNCHINJTIALI /E 8279OOSF 00913UF [1361MUI A. 03 FH OUT KCOM;nivrnE BY 31INITIALIZE 1327::)0093 3EOOMVI A·O009~i[13 51OUT CRCOM0097 3E4EMUI A, 04F H0099 [1350OUT CR DAT009B 3E58MUI Ar0 ~;13 H009[1 [1350OUT CRDAT009F 3E89MUI Ar0139HOOAl [1350OUT CRDATOOA3 3E59MUI Ar059HOOA5 [1350OUT CR[IATOOA7 3E80MVI A,OSOHOOA9 [13 51OUT CRCO MOOAF.< 3EOOMUI A,OOOAD [1350OUT CR[I ATOOAF 3EOOMUI A, ()OOBl [1350OUT CRDATOOB3 3EEOMVJ ArOEOHOOB5 D351OUT CRCO MOOB7 3E23MUI Ar0 ~'3 HOOB9 [1351OUT CRCOMOOBB OOBECD6704 DBOlCALL RT 7ci LOOP: IN CNCTLOOCO E602ANI 002 H18080 MACRO AS SE MBLFR, VER ;~ , 0 ERRORS;RESET & STOP DISPLAY iSCREEN PARAH BYTE ;sc:REFN f'ARAM BY 'TF 2 iSCREEN PARAH BYTE 3 ;scREEN PARAH BYTF 4 ;cuRSOR POSITION ;x c1msnR PO SI TION ;y CURSOR PO SI TION ;PRE SET COU NTER S ;START DISPLAY ; SE T UP B:!57 i CHECK FOR CHAR RFC,0 PAGE 3OOC2 OOC5C4D200 DB51CNZ AGGIE IN CRCOMiREAD CHAR IN 13251 iREAD B275 S TATUS Listing 2 continued on page 132The VP-111 hobby computer: Start programming for only $99. New! VP-111$99 $199 New low price!Add computer power aMicrocomputer....· VP-711, only..........· board at a time.Assembled* and tested.Completely assembledWith easy-to- buy options, the versati leFeatures :and tested.· RCA 1802 Microprocessor. · 1K Bytes static RAM . Expandable on-board to 4K. Expandable to 32K Bytes total. · 512 Byte ROM operating system. · CHIP-8 interpretive language or machine language programmable. · Hex idecimal keypad . · Audio tone generator. · Single 5-volt operation.All the features of the VP-111 plus: · A total of 2K Bytes static RAM . · Power supply. · 8 Bit input port. · 8 Bit output port.· 1/ 0 port connector.· System expansion connector. · Built-in speaker. · Plastic cover. Three comprehensive manuals:· Video output to monitor or modulator. · Instruction Manual-20 video game · Cassette interface-100 Bytes/ sec. listings, schematics. much more. · Instruction Manual with 5 video game · User's Guide-operating instructions listings, schematics, CH IP-8, much morel and CHIP-8 for the beginner.RCA hobby computer means even more excitement. More challenges in graphics, games and control functions. For everyone, from youngster to serious hobbyist.Built around an RCA COSMAC micro processor, our hobby computer is easy to program and operate. Powerful CHI P-8 interpretive language gets you into programming the first evening. Complete documentation provided.Send the coupon now... Complete the coupon below and mail to: RCA Microcomputer Customer Service, New Holland Ave, Lancaster, PA 17604.Ideal for low-cost control applications. · RCA 1802 User's Manual (MPM-Or call toll free (800) 233-0094Expandable to full VP- 711 capability with 201 B)-complete 1802 reference guide. to place your Master Charge or VISAVP-114 Kit.'U ser need only conn ect cables (i ncluded), aR C l l 5-volt power supply and speaker.Please send me the items indicated.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - O VP-111 NewlowcostMicrocomputer0 VP-565 EPROM Progr ammer Board Prog rams 2716 EP ROMs.credit card order. In Pennsylvania, call (717) 397-7661 , extension 3179.ASCII keyboards.(See descri ption above) . . . . . . . . $ 99Wit h software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 99 0 VP-601 Keyboard- t 28-character ASC II0 VP-114 Expansion Kit for VP-111-lncludes0 VP-575 Ex pansion Board-Provides 43K RAM . I / 0 Port and connectors $ 76buffered and one unbufferedencoded alph anumeric 8-bit parallel output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 690 VP-711 T he original VI P Microcomputer (See description above) . . . . . . . . $199expansion sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . S 59 0 VP-576 Two- Board Expander -Allows0 VP-606 Key board-Same as VP-601.Asynchronous serial output . . . . . S 990 VP-44 RAM On -Board Expansion Kit-Four 21 14 RAM ICs. Expands VP-7 11use of 2 Accessory Boa rds 1n either0 VP-611 Keyboard-Same as VP-60 1 plusI / 0 or Expansion Socket . . . . . . . S 2016-key numeri c keypad . . . . . . . . $ 89memory to 4K Bytes . . . . . . . . . . . $ 360 VP-590 Color Board-Adds color . Four background and eight0 VP-700 Tiny BASIC ROM Board-BASICcode stored in 4K of ROM . . . . . . S 390 VP- 701 Floating point BASIC for0 VP-616 Keyboard-S ame as VP- 606 plus 16-key numeric keypad . . . . . . . . $119n VP-620 Cable-Connects VP-60 1/ 611 toforeground colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 69VP-71 ton casse tte. Requires 16KVP- 111 /7 11 . ... . ... . ........ $ 200 VP-595 Simple Sound Board-ProvidesBytes RAM (avail 7 / 80) . . . . . . . . S 49 0 VP-623 Cable-Unterminated for256 programmable frequencies. For0 VP-710 Game Manual-List ing for 16VP-60 1/ 611 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20simple music or sound effectsIncludes speaker .. . . . . . S 30exciting games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 10 0 VP-720 Game Ma nual-II-More games . . S 15O VP-626 Connector-Male ·u ·mates toVP-606 / 6 16 . . ..... . . .. .. .. . .. $ 70 VP-550 Super Sound Board-TurnsVP-111 /7 11 into a music syn1hes1zer1 Two independent sound channels .Enclosed is $_ _ for items checked plus shipping & handling c harge of $3.00.Outputs to audi o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S 49O VP- 551 4-Channel Super Sound-IncludesAdd your state and local taxes $_ _ Total enclosed $_ __VP -576 and demo cassette . RequiresI enclose D check or D money order. Or charge my D VISA D Master Charge.VP -550 and 4K RAM . . . . . . . . . . . $ 74 0 VP-570 Memory Expansion BoardCredit card account No.Plug-1n 4K RAM memory . . . . . . . S 95 Master Charge Interbank No.Expiration date _ _ _ _ __0 VP-580 Auxiliary Keypad - Adds two-player 1nteract1ve capability. Connects Signature (required for credit orders): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __to VP-590 or VP-585 . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20 Name (please type or print):O VP-585 Keypad Interface Board-Interfaces two VP -580 Auxiliary KeypadsStreet addressCity _ _ __toVP-111 /7 11 .. . . . . . 0 VP-560 EPROM Board - Interfaces two$ 15 State & Zip:Telephone (2716EPROMStoVP-11 1/711 .. $ 34 Make checks payable to RCA Corp. Prices and specificat ions are subject to change without notice.C ircle 88 on inqu iry c ard .BYTE September 1980 131Listing 2 continued from page 130:OOC7 OOC9ooccOOCFE620 C46704CDA0 04 C3BEOOANI 020H CNZ RT75CA LL KPOLL ..JHP LOOPMASK INTFRUPT BIT SE RVICE 8257 IF INTCHECK FOR KEYPRESSSERVICE 8251 AND ENTER CHA R INTO DI S PLAY00[12 00[15 00[18[[1[1900 CDE100 C9AGGIE! CALL RDF51 CALL CHR EC RET;READ R2~il ;CHAR HANDLIN G ROUTINE8 251 READ CHAR SUBROUTINE00[19()()[It)OODD OOEODBOO E67F 32EC.87C9RDF51: IN ANT STARETCNIN 07FH USC HR;IN CHAR FROM 8251; Hr~SK OFF f'<T T H ; S Tnl~F THF u.iro.1;·CHARACTER HANfll. TNfi RCll ITIN FOOE1 OOE4 OOE6OOE9 OOEC OOEDOOFO OOF2 OOF5OOF8 OOF9 OOFCOOFE 0101 01040105 0108 010A3AE487 E6FF CAEDOOCDOBOl C9 3 AE58 7E660 CAF900 C04103C9 3 AE58 7 E610C20501 CD2301 C921E487 3601 C9CHRF C: NXTX: NXTY: NXT Z :LOA ANT.17CALL RET LDA ANT.llCALLRET LOA ANT..JN Z CALL RETLXI HUI RETXF I 1; OFF H NXTX FSRFCUS CHR 060H NXTY OT SPLUSC HR 010H NXT Z CNH'l..H, XF U i Hr l; I OAD FSC FU<G ; s FT / RFSET /F RO Fl AG ·l =2 ND CHAR ESC SEQ ; FSC SEO f''OUT I NF; LOAD UART CHAF~ ; MASK ALL f<I IT E<l T b ~ 7 ; o=CTR l.·l =DH> Pl .AY CHAF< ·DISF'l.AY Cl-lr~R f;·fllJTINF; I. [1{;[1 Ur'\ RT C HAI~ ;M ASK ALL BUT BTl Ci ·O=CTRL·l=ESF SEQ ; CTl~L c nr1F ROl.ITTNF;ponn TO F';r: Fl Af'; SFT i:;: r; r; HF1) F l. l~GESCAPE SE QUENCE ROUTINE010B 010[1 0110 0113 0115 0116 0119OllC3EOO32E487 3AE587 E60F 07 21C10 4 1100005FESREC: HUI S TA LDA ANJ RLC LXI L XI MDVA.Cl XFLG USC HR OOFHH, F<SET1D, 0F,A;?FRO A ;RE SE T ESC FLAG ;LOAD UART CHAR ;MASK OFF HIGH 4 BIT S ; C> HIFT I HJI~ IJFF!'.> FT ; BA SF M1D TMll .F 1·MIJVF OFFSFT TO DE8080 MACRO AS SE MBLER· VER 2 . 0 ERRORS011[1 19 011E 5E 011F 230120 56 0121 EB 0122 F9flAP fl MDV f,M IN X HMDV O,H XC HG F'CHL;ADD DFFSFT TO BASF ;JOAD VFCTOR TN DF; VFCTDR Tfl HI ;VFCTfJR TD PC; CONTROL CODE ROUTINE0123 0126 012801:.1 B Ol.2E 012F0130 0131 01320133 01343AE58 7 E606 21El0 4 1 1 0 0 0()~7jF195En5bEBE9CNTRL:LDA ll SC HR ANI 006 H LXT Hr f< SE T:.:>LXT D. O MDV F,A flAfl flHOV E rM INX H HOV DrH XC HG F'CHLLC!AD 1IAFO CHAf( SAVF BITS 2 +-i: BASF Aflfl r,~~ Fti. F ;) ;MOV E C!FF SFT Tfl flF ·A DD OFFSET TO RASF ; I r:JAD ·JEr>rn1;· TN flF ; VECT0 1;· TO HI. iV ECTDR TO PC CURSOR UP ROUTIN E013'.) 0138 0139 013B 013E () 141 0142 0143 0145 0148 014B 014C0 14F01520154 0157 015A~' AD3877[1 FEOO CA4201 CDFE02 C9 7C FEOO CA4C01 CDFE02 C9 21800722[1387 3E18 32[1587 CD3203 C9ESCA: AL.PH: BETA:l..HLD RCTAD HOV A,L CF'I 0 ..JZ AL.PHCALL ROWUF' RET HOV A,1-JCF'I 0JZ BETA CALL RO WUP RET LXI H, ()7f:IO HSHLD RCTAD HUI Ar0l.8H STA CUR SY CALI. WF' 75 RETCURSOR DOWN ROUTIN E;10Afl RDWCOUNT IN HL ;1.ow BYTF TO A ;rs TT ZERO? ·lF ZERO CO NTTNU E iHHiH F.<YTE IN A ; IS lT ZER !F iIF OrROW = t ST RO W · ROWCD UNT =l.A ST ROW ; (l9 ::·o flFTTi1HLi ; STORE IN ROl.JCNT f<llFF ;1BH TO CURS Y BUFF ;CUR SOR Y-PDS =I AST ROW iLOAD CURSOR PUS SUf<015B 2AD387ESCB: LHLD RCTAD015F Ol.5F 01617[1 FEBO CA6801HOV A.t.. CPI OBOH .JZ GAMMA0164 0167 0168CIH003 C9 7CCALL FWW[IN RET GAM MA ! HOV A,H1 8080 MACRO ASSEHBLERr VER 2 .0 ERRORS; r~nwrnUNT TO HL·LOW f<YTF TO A ; IS IT B\1H "; ; IF BYH =B OH THEN ; ROW!IOWN SU F<,l:ONTTi~llEiHIGH BYTE TC! A0 F'AGE 50169 016B 016E 0171 0 172 0175 0178FE07 CA7201 CD1003 C9 CD3203CD FF 03 C90179017C 017E3AD287FE4F CA850lDELTA:CPI.JZCALL RET CALL CALL RET007 H DEL TA ROWDNWP 75 SCROL;JS TT 7 ? ·IF=7·RDWCNT, ,= I AST ROW ; ROWDOWN SUF<,iCURSOR POS ROUTINE ; SCRO LL SUBROUTINE;CURSOR RIGHT ROUTINEESCC! LDA CCTADCF'I 04FH .JZ ZETA;coL.CNT. TO A ;rs IT 4FH? ; IF=4FH COL. CNT Listing 2 continued on page 134SIX STORES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAO~TSIDE CALIFORNIA' CALIFORNIA ORDERORDER LINEAND INFORMATION LINE(800) 854-0523lll(714) 549-7373THE HP- 8~S!~ ;llappk! computerHE WL ETT PACKARD 'S PERSONAL COMPUTERFOR PROFE SS IONAL S!Apple 111 is a highly integrated computersystem, evolved from the Apple 11 designand optimized to best serve the profes sional user. The new computer will beoffered in packaged configurations forpersonal use in professional applications.The HP-85 is a powerful BASICLook at these special Apple 111features : · an 80- character upper/ lower case display disc drive andintegrated peripheral interfaces · enanced grap Ii1.cs cap1·b 1·11· ty_· an emulsion mode allowing Apple 11 software to be run-...-- ~- ;:::.~~~~ /~ - - ..._ . ...-..-.."_'_~ ____ ; ~ · ~ . f11""" .GAANMDE SOFT -WARElanguage computer complete with keyboard ,CRT display, printer. and tape drive - all inone compact unit.F//O'I ! WP wi ll me~t 01 bea1 any comµrt1 ror·s11.:eJlll p1111·1tlii>li astheme1cha11rl1seonhand. 1HEWLETT PACKARD- MORE HP VALUES-on theApple Ill.AVAILABLEHP 4 IC Basic Calculator and Co1nple te System ... CALLNow-the Texas Instruments~iiQ;i~meC~~~~~·~)·HP 61 HP 91 HP 91 HP 33C NEW HP 34C NEW HP 38C NEW$299 .95 399 .95 584 .95 99 .95 124 .95 124 .91HP 3 1E HP 3/E HP 33 E HP 3IE HP 18[41.95 54 .91 73 .95 59 95 104 .95ATARI~~ 800You can begin using the Tl Hom e Computer 1n minutes . Witho ut any previou s comp uter ex perie nce You si mp ly snap 1n one of Tl s Sol id State Software ·· Com man d Modules. Step-by-step instruction s aredisplayed right on the screen .~Tl 35SP NEW Tl 50 Tl 55 n .57 . Tl 58C NEW TI 59 Tl 56 59 l 1hrar 1ps Tl 30S P$24 95 33 .50 34 .9554 .95 109 95 209 9535. 00 11 95TEXAS INSTRUMENTS-----IN ( OHPORATlOPC IOOC TI 5015 TI 5040 Tl 5 100Pr o4 rarnmp1 MBA Bu si ness Ana lyS ! I169 .95 64 95 89 .95 $39 .95 54 .95 59 .95 21 .95BA II Exec. NEW in.. es t Ana l. NEW44 .95 .. 49 .95BusinP.SS Ca rd NEW39 .95Language Tra nsl a1or NEW 249 .95Lanquaqe M oduli>sea . 54 .95SriPa~ & S1iel !Modu l1·sChrono A larm 806 3 1S4 .95 ea. 14 .9539 .956200 NEW EXECU TIVE-581 3 NEW PR OG RAMMABI ESHARP 5100 NEW LCD A lphanum11r1 r····5102 7000NEW NEWMPm n WrttPr~;:~;. 89 .9579.95~=:=~16.95COOE·A·PHONE 1450 . 1500 .CHESS -rCHALLENc:;ER. 224 .95 '2 79.9589.95MRTT~~~Lt!'r:n>.oruc:s. · lntell1vision . Send Orders to D ept BY-Sep1. 299.95ALSO : Cano11 , Seiko, C1a1g, Sanyo, Matt el. Pearlcorde1 , Recorcl ·a Cal l. Cas111. And Many 0 1hers. ALL AT GREAT PRICES'PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM''.''''I\,,\\\~§ r~' !] [ ! .TARI~·_]-~==->-\'.=I '·L_-_ _ _)\ \ - ~ - - !I!'_.,$ Plot your investment strategy95 with confidence . Take the899 guesswork out of business decisions. Organize your house- NOW! 16Khold finances. Control your taxoptions. Come in and find out why some very shrewd people now own the versatile AtariJllPersonal Computer System.ATARI'MORE ATARI----ATARI 8 10 Oise Drive559.95ATARI 820 40 Column P rmter. 479.95PL US Con1p let e tn 1erta1nment & Educa11onal So ft wa reMEWPORT BOCH/COSTA MESA3211 So Harbor Bl vd Santa Ana. CA 92704 1 M, iri~)~~~;'JI 1405)FULLERTON2514 E Cha pman Ave FullertonCaner ol State Coollege & Chapman(714) 738-7775TORRANCE/LAWNDALE16611 Hawtho rne Blvd Lawndale· 8'ks Soolh a San D<>go Fwy(2131 370-5795LOS ANGELES11986 Wilshire Blvd Los Angeles8 8'ks Wesl. a San [)ego Fwy.(213) 820-0423TARZAllA18665 Ventura Blvd Tarzana2 8'ks. wesi. a Reseda Blvd(2 13) 705-7507PASADENA260 So. Lake Ave.Pasadena Lake Avenue OIStrd (213) 795-3007WE WILL BEAT OR MEET ANY COMPETITORS PRICE ON MOST ITEMS IF HE HAS THE MERCHANDISE ON HAND . All urn ts shipped in or1g1nat facto r y cartons with accessories accord1nq to manufacturer's specif1cat1on CALL TOLL FREE (800) 854-0523 (outosde CAI or (714) 549-7373 (within CAI VISA and Master Charge , money order, Pers Ck 114 wmk""I days to clear I, COD accepted . Min . $4 .95 for shipping 1n USA . We ship AIR on request CA resi dents add 6 % sales tax All merchandise subiect to ava1labil1ty Prices good only with this ad for l1m1ted time only . WRITE OR CALL FOR FREE CATALOGCircle 87 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 133Listing 2 continued from page 132:0181 0184 01850188 0189 018B018E 018F 0191 0194 0196 0199019C 019D 019F01A2 01AS 01A8CD2A03 C9 2AD3877D FE80 C294017C FE07 CA9D013EOO 32D287 CD1003C9 3EOO 32D287CD3203 CDFF03 C9CALL COLRTRET ZETA: LHLD RCTADHOV A·L CPI 080H JNZ CC TOAHOV A,HCPI 007H JZ CCTOBCCTOA: HVI A,O STA CCTAC1 CALL ROWDNRET CCTOB: HVI A,OSTA CCTADCALL WP75 CALL SCROL RET;LAST CHAR TN ROW ; COL. RIGHT SUB,;ROWCOUNT TO HL ; LOW BYTE TO A ; IS JT 80H ? ; IF =BOH CONTINUE ;HIGH BYTE TO A ; I S IT 7 ? ;IF 7 ,ROWCNT, =L AST ROWiZERO COL. CNT. BUF iROWDOWN SUBROUTINEiZERO COL. CNT. BUF iCURSOR POS. ROUTINE ;scROLL ROUTINECURSOR LEFT ROUTINE01A9 01AC OlAE3AD287 FEOO CABSOlESCD: LDA CCTAD CPI 0 JZ NXTA01B1 CD2203CALL COLL T01B4 C9RET01B5 01B8 01B92AD387 7[1 FEOONXTA: LHLD RC TAD HOV A·L CPI 001BB C2C401 01BE 7CJ NZ CCTHA HOV A,HOlBF FEOOCPI 001C1 CACD01,JZ CCTHB01C4 3E4FCCTHA: HVI A,04FH01C6 32[1287STA CCTA D01C9 CDFE02CALL ROWUP18080 MACRO ASSE MBLER, VER 2 .0 ERRORS; COL, CNT, TO A ;Is IT ZERO ? ;IF=O COL. CNT,= ;1sT CHAR IN ROW ;coLUHN LEFT SUB.;ROWCOUNT TO HL ;LOW BYTE TO A ; IS IT ZERO '' ;IF BYTE=O CONTI NU E ;HIGH ROW CNT, TO A ;r s TT ZERO? ; IF a.HOME POS EXISTS iSET COLUM N COUNT ;TO 4FH ; CALL ROWUP ROUTINE0 PAGE 6OlCC01CD 01[10 01[1301[15 01[18 01DA 01 [l[I01EOC9218007 22 [138 7 3E4F32[128 7 3E18 32[1587CD3203 C901E101E4 01E7 01E9OlEC 01EF 01F22 10000 22[138 7 3EOO 32[128732[1587 CD3 203 C9RFTCC THB: LXI H,0 780H SHLD RCTAD HVI A,04FHSTA CCTAC· HVI A·Ol.AH STA CURSYCALL WP 75 RETHOME ROUTINEESC H:LXI H, O SHU1 RCTAD HVI A,o STA CC TA[ISTA CURSY CAI .L WP 75 RETiRO WCNT. = 780 H ; ( ·1920D) i SE T COLUMN CO UNT ; TO 4FH ;LOAD CURSOR WJTH il8H= 24D,LA5 T LTNE : LO AD CU RSOR ROUTINF; zER O HL ; SET RO Wl:Ol.INT=O ; z ERO A ; cnL UMN CNT. =O ; ClJR SOR Y PNTR =O ; LOA D Cllf''SDR ROUT I NFERASE LINE ROUTTNF01F3 01F6 01F701FA 01FB OlFE0200 0201 02040207 0 2 0A 020[1020F 0210 021.:30216 0219021C 021F2 AD687 EB 2AD38 719 22 flE87 3E87BC D20 A0 2 CD2002C3:L6o::> C21602 3ECF BD [12160 2 CD20022AflF87 22 E287 Cfl2604C9ESCK: LHLD TOPAD XCHG LHU· RCTAD [IA[I DSHU· LOCXX HVI A.08 7HCMP H J NC FRDDO CALL CDMRX,JMP BTLF<D FRDDO: JNZ BILBOHVT A· OC FH CMP L ,JNC BIL BO CAl.L COMRX BILBO: LHLD 1.0CXX SHU1 LO CBUF CALL FILL RET ;L oAn TOF' TN HI ;;;iWE TO DF ; RQW COUNT JN HI. ;T OF' +RO WCO UNT ; STORF RE SUI T ;87 H TO A ; c oMPARF Tn 87 H ;N O CARRY=CONT. i CO HP ENSATTON ROUT, ;IF NO 0 END COMPARE ; c FH TO A i r: OMPARE TO CF H ; JF ;-ic ,1 01-: XX <' =87r. FH ;JF C· CO HPENSATF ;1.ncxx TO HI.. ; STOf''F IN BUFFFR ff T1.1 RO W WITH SPACES COMPENSATION ROUTINE0220 02 230226 0 22 7 022A2ADE87 1130F819 22 DE87 C9COMR X: l.Hl .D LOCXX LXI n. oFB30 HDAD D SHU1 LOCXXRET ; 1.. OC XX TO HI. ; CO MP VALUE' HJ DE ;su;; THF TWO HHORE SUM CLEAR SCREEN ROUTINE8080 MA CRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2 .0 ERROR S = 0 PAGE 7022B 02 :w 022 F 0:?3 2 0235 0 236 0237 0238 023B 023E 0 2410 2 44 0247 02 4A024[1 02 4F025202550 2 5802:::;B3EFO 0619 115000 2100 80 77 19 05C23~i02:?10000 22 [1387 21008022 fl68 7 2 1B08 7 r .'E68 73FOO:> ;~ [1 2 8 73 2[15ff73 :~ F48 7Cfl3 203 C9ESCE : MVI A,OFOH MVJ f.< ,OJ9H LXI [l,050H LXT H.8000HL.OADX: HOV M,A [IA[I [IflCR B .JNZ l OAD X LXI H, O SHL[I RCTAD LX1 H.8 01)0 HS HI D TOF'A[I I.XI H,8 780H S HI. (I (<OTAfl MVI A,() STA CC TAD STA r. ui;·sySTA XF l.fiCA L.I WP ?:'> RET iEOR CHAR . TO A ; ;:>~ i . TNES TO B ; 8,-, !: HAR I TNF TO DE ;sTARTTNG ADDRE SS ;FOR CHA R, TO HFH, ; Af1f1 80 TO HI.. ; (·EC LINE CO UNT ;1..oop ; zE Rn HI.. ; ZFRO ROW>-: OlJNT ;BEGIN ADDRE SS ; FNr1 Ar·DRFSS ; ZE'f''O A ; z ERn c n1 .UHN COUNT ; ZE RO ClJR SOR Y PflS ; zE Rn FSC SF U Fl AG ; LOA Tl r:uRSOf;' F'flS ERASE TO F.: N[I OF sc ~· FEN RnllTTNF0 25C0 25F0 2602 AD687 EB :.'AD387ESCJ: L. HLfl TOPAD XCHG LHLfl RCTAD;TOP Tfl HL iMOVE Hl DE ; ROW COUNT TO HI _ Listing 2 continued on page 136NEED QUALITY RESEARCH FOR THOSE INDUSTRIAL MARKETING PROBLEMS?Where can a companysend any employee toupgrade almost any skill...without travel expense?CALL ARNOLD DEUTSCH212· 997·6401OR WRITE HIM:MARKETING RESEARCH GROUP McGRAW-HILL RESEARCH 1221 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS NEW YORK, NY 10020The Control Data Leaming Center, a dynamic resource where you can assist in raising the productivity of a single employee or an entire depart ment. Without costly and disruptive travel. And under a program thatguarantees satisfaction or it costs you nothing. The key is Control Data's exclusive PLATO® system , one of thefastest, most individualized and most effective systems of computerbased training. The Control Data Learning Center offers hundreds of courses to helpdevelop the potential of everyone on your staff- from salespeople to managers. Through the PLATO® system of self-paced, individualized instruction, each course is tailored to the ability and needs of each par ticipant. So more people can be trained better, faster at less cost. Also, because there are 84 Control Data Learning Centers across the country,you save travel time and cost. If you're losing good people due to a lack of training, don't wait. Actnow. Call toll free, 800-241-8444 (in Georgia, call 800-282-1333) ask for operator 20, or mail coupon today.CONTR_OL DATA LEAR_NING CENTER.~a=\ an education service of \::ii r:::J CONTR_QL DATA COfl-I'OR.ATION r-------------------------------Ron Williams Control Data Corporation , P.O. Box 0 HQA02J, Minneapolis, MN 55440 Send information on the following courses: D Accounts Receivable Collection Techniques D Selling: The Psychological ApproachD Managerial Success D General InformationD Others--...Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Title _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __Company _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phone _ _ _ _ _ _ __L,\ CityStateZip,,.I·--------------------------------------------------' Circle 356 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 135Listing 2 continued from page 134:0263 19DAD D; s UM =PO S OF !ST CHAR ; IN PRESENT ROW0264 0267 0269 026A026[1 0270 02730276 0278 0279027C 027F 02820283 0285 02880289 028B 028E0291 0294 029722E087 3E87BC [1 27302CDE402 C37F02 C2?F02;3ECF BD D27F0 2CDE402 2 AD687 7[1FEOO C29702 7CFEBO C29702 21808722E687 C3A102 11BOFFVAR: FIN:TROLL:SHLD MVI CMP .JNCCALL JMP ..JNZMVI CMP ,JNCCALL LHLD MOVCPI .JNZ MDVCPI JNZ LXISHLD JMP LXILOCPR A.087H HVAf~COMRY FIN FINA.OCFH L FINCOMRY HJF'AD A.I...0 TROLL ArH080H TROLL H,8780HBOTAD GNOME DrOFFBOH; STORF TN MEM ;a 7 H TO A ;COMPARE TO 8?H ;NC=CONT COMPARE ;COMPENSATE ROUTT.NE;JF NF END COMPARE ;cFH TO A ;coMPARE TO LOW BYTE ;N C MEANS ~= 87CF H ;COMPENSATION ROUT. ;TOP TO HI. ;LOW BYTE TO A; IS JT ZER O" ;JF NOT TO TROLL ;HIGH BYTE TO A HS IT 80H ? ; IF NOT TO TROLL ;BOTTOM=8?80H ; STOR E IN MEM ; ,JUMP TO GNOME ; ·- 80[1 TO DE18080 MACRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2.0 ERRORS = 0 PAGE 80 2 DA 0 2 D[I 02DE 02E1215000 19 22E087C3A102NUF:LXI H· O~iO H DAD [I SHl..f· l...Ol~ Pl'i .JMP r;NOMEit OA[I 801'1 T.N HI ;Ann 80 [1 Tn LOCPR ; STC1RE SIJM TN MF'M; I. fii"iF'COMPEN SA TTDN ROUTTNF02E402E7 02EA 02EB02EE2AE0871130FB 19 2'..!F087C9CDMRY:LHLD1...XI DAD SHLDRFTLO CPR Dn)FB31) HDLl:l CPf'';1 OCPR Hl HI; r:nM;::· Vei l I IF HJ (IF ;A[l[I CO MP Tn 1. nCPR ; ST[)f;'F TN MEMI. INE FF.TD RflllTINF02EF C35BOl.CTRL.J: J MP ESCB; r; 111~ S OR [·OWN l I. TrJF; CARR IAG E RETURN ROUTTNE18080 MACRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2 .0 ERRORS = 0 PAGF 902F2 02F4 02F702FA3EOO 32[1287 CD3203C9CTRLM: MVI ArO STA CCTAD CA LI.. WP /5RET; 7 El~n li; CO LUMN CNT. ·= 1) ii.DAD CUR SOR PO S .BACK SPACE ROIJTINE029A 2AD687LHLD TOPAfl; STORE IN MEM029D 19DAD D;ADD -BOD TO TOP02FB C3A901CTRLH: JMP ESCD; MOVF CIJRSDR I EFT I029E 22E687SHU1 BO TAD; STORE IN MEM02A1 3EFOGNOME: MVI A,OFOH;EOR CHAR TO A; ROWUP ROUT J'NE02A3 2AE087LHU1 LOCPR;LOCPR TO HL02A6 02A702A802AA 02AD 02AE02BO 02B3777 [1FEBO C2CB02 ?C FE8 7C2CB0 2EBGZDNK:MDV MOVCF'I.JN Z MDV CPI.JNZ XC HGM·AA.I...OBOH WlZAf;: ArH OB/HWI ZAR; FOR t: Hr.~R Tll MFM ; LflW f<'i'TF Tfl H;r s IT BO H ;·; IF i'JOT Fl WUAh' HHGH RYTF HI A ;r!;; TT B7H?; ff NfJT TO Wl7f1h' ;PRE SENT LO C TO !'IF02FE0301 030403050308 030B 030C 030F2AD387 ll.BOFF 19 2 2 [13872 1fl587 35 CD3203 C9ROWUF':LHLD LXI DADSHl...flLXI DCR CALLRETRCTAfl f1,0FFBOH[IRCTAfl H· CUR SY Ml~P 7:5; ROWCDlJOIT Ti'l HI ; ·- nor1 Tn ni::;Ann - Ron Tfl RnWCOUNT; c; TORF TN i-iFM; Cl..JR ;'ifiR ·,· TO Hi; DECRF'MFNT Cl ll'i'S Y ; 1. n,:;n r:UR 'i nfi· F·n:~02B4 2AE687 02B7 7[1l..Hl.. D BDTA[I MDV Ari.;BOTTOM TO HL ; I. f'llJ ~<YTF Tll AROW DOWN ROI.IT TNE02B8 BBCMP E; l'lrlF ' i F ·= A02B9 C2C202 0 2 BC 7C..JN Z FUN MDV ArH; T.F NOT Tll FIJN ; 1-1 T;·; 1-1 BYTE Tn (10310 2AD387 0313 115000ROWDN: LHLD RCTAD 1...XI [1,0 50 H; h'f) \.I Ci"l l li~T Tl1 HI..; +81.) fl rr. r1F02BD BACMP I); flOES D·= A0316 19DAD [I; Af1[1 + Aon TCt Rnwr ni JNT()02BEc:~c202.JN Z FUN; TF NIH TO FIJN0317 22[1387SHL..D RCTAD;STORF TN MFM02C1 02C202C5C9 2 1008022E087FllN:RET I.XI Hr8000 H SHLD LOCF'I~; qoOO H TO HL ; SFT p(lrPR Tr:J 8000 H031A 031[103lE21 [158734 CD3 203LXI H, CUR SYINR M CALL WP '.75; CURSOR Y Tfl HI; INCREiiEN T CIJl~S Y ; I. ()Af1 CURSOR Pn s0 2C8 C3Al.02.JMF' GNOME;1 . nnP0321 C9RET02CB EB 02CC 2AE68 7W JZAI~: XC HG LHLI'I B!JlA!'Id OCP I'( Tl'l J1F ;BOTTOM Tli I-ILCOLUMN LEFT ROUTINE02CF 02[10 02[110:?[1402[15n .1 BB C2DA027C BAMOV Ari.. CMP F .JNZ NUF MDV A,HCMP D; 1.nw BYTE TO H;n('\F' S F"= A; TF Ni'JT Tfl NIJF ;l·llf-!H t:<YTF TO H ; noF c; l) ·= A032203250326 032921[1287 35 CD3203C9COLLT: LXI H. CCTA D DCR M CALI... WP 75RET; ;:rn. r.NT Tn HI . ; DCR COL Ull JNT '1... 0Afl Cl.IRSOR Po ;;0:?[16 C2flA02JN Z NI.IF; IF NOT TO i~l IF02[19 C9RETListing 2 continued on page 138The easy way _to learn about computers: BUILDON.ESelf-Instruction Programs fo,. Assembly and BASIC Programmingcan do it. Heath makes it simple ·to-'buJld kits and step- by-step ihUtuals that lead you from un · final plug-in.you build your own computer,know it inside-out. You'll know how ke it work for you. ,. re, designed espec.ially for HeathkitCorilputers, Includes innovative programsfor running your home or business, and exciting games your kids will eajoy.The Heathkit User's Group (HUG), made up of owners of Heathkit Computers, will share w ith you a library of over 400 pro grams that they've written to make your computer serve you in ways you never imagined.Heathkit Computers may be low-cost kits.But they're not playthings. They're power ful, high-capacity computers designed for complex programming. You'll find com plete systems hardware, software, acces sories within the pages of the colorful, 104-page, Free Heathkit Catalog. And you'll fi nd service any time you need it at 55 locations throughout the U.S. or at the Heathkit factory.FREEFor complete descriptions of Heathkit Computers, send for the latest, free Heathkit Catalog.If Coupon is missing write: Heath Co., Dept. 334-692, Bent~ Harboi; Ml 49022In Canada, write Heath Company, 1480 Dundas Hwy. East, Mississauga, Ontario l4X 2R7Heathkit Products are also sold and serviced at Heathkit Electronic Centers (units of Veritechnology Electronics Corp. in the U.S.) throughout the U.S. and Canada. See your white pages. D.EC is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corp-oration.r.;;thki--,~~~~--------~,IDept. 334-692IBenton Ha~ Ml 49022II D YES Please send me my FREE Heathkit Catalog.III am not currently receiving your catalogs.II NameI AddressI CityIIStateIILICP-182-----------Zip----.IJ'Listing 2 continued from page 136: ; COLUMN RIGHT ROUTINE032A 032[1032E 033121[1287 34 C[l3203 C9COL RT: LXI H, CCTADINR MCALL WP 75 RET COL CNT TO HL TNR C:OI.. COUNT 1..00:.Io CUR SOR pp c, 03320334 03363E80 [1351 3AD287LOAD CUR SOR POSITION ROUTINE;WP75: MUI A,080HiLOAD CUR POS COMMANDOUT CRCO MLDA CC TADiA=CURSOR X POSITION8080 MACRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2 .0 ERRORS 0 PAG E 100339 033B 033E0340D350 3AD587 D350C90341 034403460349034C 034F 03500353 0354 0356 0359 035C 035F 0360 0361 0363 0366 0369 036C 036D 0370 03733AD287 FE4FCAS003CD7403 C[IB103 C9 2AD3877[1FEBO CA6003 CD7403 CDB903 C9 7C FE07 CA6[103 CD7403 CDB903 C9 C[l7403 CDD003 C90374 0377 0378 037B 037C037F 0380 0383 0386 0387 03882AD68 7 EB 2AD38 7 19 22 DA8 7EB 210000 3AD287 6F 19 22[1887OUT CR DAT LDA CUR SY OUT CR DATRETiA =CURSOR Y POSITIONDISPLAY CHAR HANDLIN G ROUTINE; DISPL: L[IA CCTAD CPI 04FH; COL UMN CNT 1 u '' ; DOES IT '= 79[1 JZ CTAiIF 79D, LO:.ST CHAR ; IN THE ROWCALL DI S1CALL DISARETCTA: LHLD RCTAD;ROWCOU NT TO fiLMDV A,L;LOW BYTE TO ACPI 080H; IS IT 80H ?JZ CTBiIF=80H CONT COMPARECALL DISlCALL DISBRETcm: MDV A,HiHI GH BYTE TO ACPI 007H;rs IT 7 ?JZ CTCiIF=7,END OF DI SPLAYCALL DISlCALL DISBRETCTC! CALL DIS1CALL DISCRETSUBROUTINE DISLDIS1:LHL .D TOPAD XCHG LHLD RCTADDAD D SHLD LOCO:!.XCHG LXI H,O LDA CCTADMDV L.,A DAD D SHL..D 1...0CAD; TOPA[I TO HI... ; MOVE IT Hl DEiROWCOIJNT TO HI. iA[l[I TOP AND ROW CNT ;STORE LOC OF JST iCHAR IN ROW iMOVE TO DE ; z ERO HI... iCOLUMN CNT TO AiMOVE TO L ;1.oC=TOP+ROWCNT+COl . CNT iSTllRE TN MFM038B 038D 038E3E87 BC D29703MUI A, Off?H CMP H ..JNC NXTCM0391 03940397CDDC03 C3A303C2A303CALL CO MRT ..JMP XSTA[INXTCM! J NZ XSTAD18080 MACRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2.0 ERRO RSi87H TO A HS H 87 H ? iNC=CPNTINl.JE CO MPARE ;coMPENSATE ROUTINE ;JUMP OVER iNE,EN[I CO MPA RE0 PAGE 11039A 039C 039D 03AO 03A303A6 03A9 03AA 03AC03AF 03BO3ECF BD D2A30 3 CDDC03 CDF103 2 1E5877E E63F 2A D887 77 C903B1 03B4 03B503B821D287 34 CD3203C903B9 03BB03BE 03C1 0;3c403C5 03C8 03CB03CC 03CF3£00 32D2872 AD387 115000 1922[1387 21[158 734CD3203 C903DO03D2 03D5 03[1803[1B;3EOO32[1;~87CD3203 CDFF03 C903[1C 03[1F03E2 03E3 03E603E9 03EC03ED 03FO2A D887 1130F819 221:1887 2ADAB71130F8 19 22DA87 C9XSTAn:MUI CMP JNC CALL CALL LXI MOU ANI LHL[I HOV RETA.OCFHLXSTA[I COHRT EORT H,IJ SC HR A,M 03FH LOCAD M,AiCFH TO A ;r s l..=CF H ; NC ,=l...OC <=87CF H iIF CARRY COMPEN SATE iEN[I OF ROW CHAR TESTil.JART CHO:.R O:.DD TO HL iUART CHAR TD A iHAS~ UPPER 2 BIT S H .. OCATTON TP HL iMOV TO LO C IN DJ SPSUBROUTINE DISADISA:LXI H, CC TAD I NR H CALL WP / 5RET;col. CNT AD[I TO HL; INC COL U:ll .INT ; LOAD C:URSOI;· PCiSSUBROUTINE DJSE<DI SB !HUI A,() STA CCTA D LHL[I RCTAD L..XI D·050H DAD [ISHLD RCTf'.1D LXI H, Cl.JR SY JNR HCALL WP-75 RET;/Ef'·O A ; ZERO COLUMN c·.N T; R()WCOUNT TO HI ;eon TO nE iADD BOD TO ROWCOUNT; STORE 1N MEM iCURSOR Y ADD TD HI. ; INC r:tJRSnR y ; LOHI· ,-. iiR SOR F·nsSUBROUTINE [I I SCDISC:HUI A,O STA CCTAD CALL WP / 5 CALL SCRPIf;'ETi ZEfW A ; ZFl''O r,n1 1IMN f'.N r; I .OAD CUR S OR Pi) ~=~AnDRF SS UlHPEN SAT HlN l~ nl ITTNECOMRT:LHLn L..XIDAD SHL. ro LHLDI.XI flA[IS HUI RETLOCA[I[l , OFB~OHn l... OCAro LOC01 [I, 0Ffl:30 H[II. nco1; CHAR I. fi Cr· TTflN ;cnHP VAi I.IE Tn DEiA[ID TD 1..nrATTflN ; SHJRF IN HFH ; LOC ilF :IST rHf·lR ; CDMF' VA i IIF Hi f!F ; Aflfo Tfl I OCAT HlN ; STflf;·F TN MFM1 8080 MA CRO ASSFMBLER, VER 2 . 0 ERROR S = 0 PAGE 12;; EN[I OF ROIJ TF.:S T ROUTT NF0 44 9 c~ 044A C5 044B C5044C C5 044[1 c~PUSH B PUSH B PUSH BPUSH B PUSH F<03Fl03F4 03F5 03F703F8 03FB 03FE2ADA8 77E FEFOco22E287 CD260 4C9EORT!LHU1 LOC01 MDV A,M CPI OFOH RN ZSHL. [I UlCB IJF CALL FILL. RETti n1: ilF I ST r. Hf'.lR; 1ST r. HAR TO A ;FNfl OF ROIJ CHl'.IR 7 HF NOT E XIT ; STOF;:E l.ST CHAI'' A[ITI ; FTl..l.. RO W WITH SPACF S044E C5044F C5 0450 C5 0451 C50452 C5 0453 C50454 cs 0455 csPUSH BPUSH FlPUSH PUSH~·F<PUSH BPU SH BPUSH BPUSH E<SC ROL L SI JBROl.JT IN F0456 C5 0 457 C5PUSH F< PUSH B03FF0402 04050408 040B 040C 040E 0411 04120414 0417 041A041[1 041E 04212AD68722 E287 CD2 6 0 42AD687 7[1 FEBO C21E04 7C FE87C21E04 210080 22D687C9 11SOOO 19SCROL! LHL.D TOPADSHLD LOCB UF CALL. FILLLHLD TO PAD MDV Arl. CPI 080H JNZ DUCK MOV ArH CPI 087HJNZ DUCK LXI Hr8000H SHLD TOP ADRET DUCK! LXI Dr050 HDAD D;TOP TO HL ;STORE lST CHf'.lR Aflfl ;FILL ROW WITH SPACE S ;mp TO HL. ;LOW E<'iTE TO A ;rs IT 80H ? ; JF NOT CDrHIN IJ E ;HIGH BYTE TO A ;JS IT 87H ? ;JF NOT CONTINUE ;JF 8087 TOP=8000H ;STORE IN MEM; aoD TO DE ;ADD 80[1 TO TOP0458 C50459 C5 045A cs045B C5 045C C5 045D C5 04SE cs04SF C5 0460 cs 0461 cs 0462 cs 0463 cs0464 EB 0465 F9 0466 C9PUSH B PUSH B PUSH B PUS H B PUS H E< PUSH B F·USi-i B PUSH B PUSH B PUSH BPUSH B PUSH BXC HG SP HL RET~SF- TO HL ;RESTORF ST ACK0422 22D687 042S C9SHLD TO PAD RET;STORE IN MEM8275 INTERRUPT SF RVICE 8257 REINITIALI 7 ATION;I('""3'0426 0429 042C 042D 0430 0433 0436 0437 04380438 043C 043D2AE287 11SOOO 19 22DC87 012020 210000 39 EB 2ADC87F9cs csFILL SUBROUTINE ; FILL! LHLD LOCBUFLXI [l,OSOH DAD D SHLD LOC80LXI Br2020H LXI H,O DAD SP XCHG LHLD LOC80SPHL PUSH B PUSH B;1sT CHAR IN ROW ;LOHD 80[1 IN DE ;ADD 80D TO lST CHAR ;STORE IN MEM;SPACES IN BC;zrno HL;sp TO HL ;sp TO DE iLOC OF LAS T CHAR I N ;ROW TO HL ;LAST CHAR LOC IN SP ;FILL LINE WITH SPACES0467 3EOORT75 : MVI A, Ml'IC~i 70469 D348OUT PMD 57046B 2AD687LHLD TO PAD046E 7DMOV ArL046F D344OUT PC2S A0471 7CMDV ArH04 72 D3 44OUT F'C 2S A0474 7DMOV Ar L.047S 2FCMA0476 6FMOV L r A0477 lCMDV A,H1 8080 MA CRO ASSEME<LERr VER 2 . 0 ERROR S;MOflF Cl.FAR COMMf'.lNfl ;ouT TD A/5 7 ;ToP TO HL. H.OW BYTE TO A ; CHAN 2 START HflflRES S ;HTGH F<YTE TO A ; CHAN 2 STHRT ADDRF SS iL. 0 1~ F.<YTF TO A ; COMF·L..EMFNT A ;MOVF TO L ;HIGH F<YTF TO A() t=·f-tF;F. 14~043E csPUSH B0478 2FCMA; COMPI EMENT ,:,~l"!''l043F cs 0440 csPUSH B PUSH B0479 67 047A 23MDV H,.A INX H;MtiVF TO H · ::> ,. ~' r·.rJMP IN HL.. OF TOP@0441 C5PUSH B04lB 11CF87L..XI Dr8 7CF H ; B7C FH TO DEm"~'044? C5PIJSH B047E 19 04l F 110080DAD [I LXI [I , BO O<I H; Aflfl =!PC FH - TOP ; 80lh) H TO Ii Ec-08080 MA CRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2 .0 FRf;'flf;· !; () PAGF I :'c5!·:g·0443 C5PIJ SH Fla0444 C5PUSH Bg0 44 5 C5PU SH E<0446 C5.......'°0 44 7 C5 0 448 C5PUSH Fl PUSH B PU SH B0482 0483 0 484 0486 0 4870489 048C19l[I[1345 lC [13452 10080 7 [1DAD [I MDV Ari..OUT PC 2TC MDV ArH OUT PC 2TC LXI Hr8000H MllV A.I .;ADD f:i l1 (1\iH+87C FH - TDPH . nw BYTF TO A;n11T CHAN 2 TC TO 8 257 ;HT GH F<YTF TO A ;ouT CHAN 2 T1-: TO fl /57 ; Rl°H) ~J H TD HI.;i nw ,, ·,·rF TO flListing 2 continued on page 142All that computer for $599.The Imagination Machine, the personal computer from APF Electronics. l e Imagination Machine is more personal computer than you'd expect at $599.The Imagination Machine is a superbly designed, expandable, user programmable computer system .. .at $599.No other personal computer on the market can touch it, at that price.Read what it brings you:First of all, The Imagination Machine has 9K RAM and 14K BASIC-IN-ROM . A full 53-key professional, typewriter keyboard . A high-resolution picture on your TV set, in eight colors . Fast loading (1500+ baud rate), built-in dual-track cassette deck, for APF's digitally recorded tape programs. Built-in sound synthesizer. And , even a built-in RF modulator, which is a $40 option on other computer systems.All that, plus user-programmability.We know sophisticated users aren 't going to be satisfied forever using preprogrammed software. (Even though we offer a large library of educational, entertainment, home and business management pro grams.) So. we made The Imagination Machine user programmable. in both BASIC and MC6800 machine lan guage. To simplify matters. we've just developed the first and only BASIC TUTOR course on cassette. With it. you can learn to program The Imagination Machine in BASIC. with hands-on training. right at the computer.Some exceptional features.The Imagination Machine has several unique features that can help you use your time at the computer more effectively.For example. it stores programs and data on the same cassette tape. (With other computers. you have to read programs from one tape into the computer, remove the tape. put in another tape and store your data on the new tape .)Another special feature is The Imagination Machine's unique keyword system, which simplifiesBASIC programming . The machine has 24 different programs statements and commands printed at the top of the keyboard . You can enter these 24 into your program without retyping them every time you use them . Instead of typing out "PRINT:' for example. you just press two keys and the word appears on the screen . The system helps prevent typing errors and can speed up entering programs.A third feature is Timed Response Monitoring. which automatically adjusts the computer's pace and level to your own . It makes "tutoring programs:· for instance. easier and more interesting to follow.And then there are The Imagination Machine's three graphic display modes: 1. Alpha numerics. mixed with low-resolution graphics in as many as eight colors . 2. High resolution - up to eight colors - 128 x 192 display. 3. High resolution graphics - up to four colors - with 256 x 192 display.And expandability.A personal computer that can't grow along with your growing requirements soon becomes obsolete . So. we designed The Imagination Machine to be expandable. By adding APF's optional " Expansion Box" and inter face cartridges, you can hook up any compatible floppy disk or printer. or an additional 8K RAM memory cartridge.$995. Full mini-floppy systemFor small business and professional use. you may require a full mini-floppysystem . In that case. order APF's System II. It includes The Imagination Machine. the "Expansion Box:· floppy disk interface and 72K-byte. mini floppy disk drive. All for just $995! No one can come close to that price.You can't beat our prices or our guarantee.If you can find a better personal computer system for the money, let us know. In the meantime. we stand by our statement: There is no otner per sonal computer on the market that offers so much for so little. And if you order now. we'll even include our $19.95 APF Technical Reference Manual. with complete schematics, absolutely free.Order The Imagination Machine directly from APF Electronics, with the assurance that if you are not com pletely satisfied. you can return it within 30 days of purchase for a complete refund . To order. or to learn the name of the dealer nearest you . call TOLL FREE 1-800-223-1264. New York residents call 212-869-1960. Master Card and VISA accepted .Price list:System I, The Imagination Machine. $599. System II, Mini-floppy System (Includes The Imagination Machine, BB-2, and Minifloppy Disk Drive).$995. BB-1. Expansion Box with RS232 cartridge.$199.95BB-2. Expansion Box with floppy disk interface cartridge.$199.95SK RAM memory cartridge. $ 99.95RS232 cartridge.$ 99.95Floppy-disk interface cartridge.$149.95Mini-floppy Disk Drive.$399.95$599 . Manufacture(s suggested retail price.HPF'rJ~!!a9Dl'2~N~~£;Circle 90 on inquiry card .Listing 2 continued from page 139:0 4E 3 EF0 2DW CTR L. J 048[1 ftl460 1n pr:3s ;,; CHAN 3 ST ART Ann TO 875704E5 F202DW c ri;· 1.. M 0 48F 7CMOV A, H; HT r;H F.< YTF Tfl r:\04E 7 C0 04OW DIJMY 0490 n346 0 49 ? 2 1CFR 7OllT F'C :3SA LXT H· 87C FH; CHA N l START ADD TO 8?57 ; 87r;F H Hl HI0 4E9 1B;****************************** ** * ~ ***** * **********F< SET'I: PB 01 i'< H; FS i' 0 4 95 0496 0 49 80499 049B7 fl[114 7 7Cn34 7 3ER 4MIW A,L OIJT PC :Hr:; MCJIJ A,Hni l"f F' C3 TC MVI AdiDS5 7~~ H AN; f-IT r; Hi CHAN; MO[IF~ ST ARTWi"l F Hl3 ST ART SFT Wi lAnnRFSS,:.,ArtDRF SSrrJ A0 4EA 31 04EB 32 04EC ::13 0 4Ert 3 4 04EE :3~ftf.< 0:3 :1HD~ 03 2 HDR 0::1 :'\ H DF< 0::14H flF< <>:'1 5 H; I. ; 7i 3 ... ;4 · co49nn :-~48OUT F'riTt57; filJT Mrl[tF SFT TO R;:>5704EF ~36[If'< 0:3/. H 049F f:9FiF r04FO 00 04Ft 09[If· () f'tf.< 009H n :n 9 KfYF·OARn F'(11 I TNG j;·iHIT TNF04F2 ~1ftF< ,') :::;1. 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XI [t,OPl [}Aft F.<A f> F Aftf· Tr'lf'<I F :'\ r 7 ERl1 T.tF04FE 47 04FF 48[ tB 04 '/ H;G DB 048H;H 04B3 0 4B4 04B504B7 04B95F 19 DBOlE601 CAB504us z :MOV E·A DAD [I IN CNCTL ANI 001 H,JZ usz;MOVE f:HAR TO nF iADD F.<ASF TO CHAR ; INPUT l.lf'.1RT STATll S ; MA SK TF\E ADY BIT rLODP IF NOT RFADY0500 00 0501 00 0502 5A0503 58flB (\ l"tf.· 0 DB 05 AH [If.< 058HiN r, d _ BLANK ; z. ;x 04BC 7E 04BD [1300MOV A,M OUT CNOUT;LOA[! CHAR FROM TAF.<iE ; OUT CHAR TD IJART8080 MACRO ASSEMBLER , VFRERRORS 0 F·AGE 1604BF C9RET0504 43DB 04 :'>H DUM MY ROUTINE0505 56rm 056 H 0506 42[tf.<1) 4 '.> H 0 4CO C9DUMY: RET 0507 4E[If.< 0 4EH 1 05on 20fl B 0 20 Hi SF"A CF ROSO MA CRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2 .0 ERRORS 0 PAG E 15 0509 00;***********************************·****** ********nB()iR Fi l ANI' 050A 00[If.< 0;i.Jr'. LOOKUP TABLE S050B 00 050C 2FDB 0DBO ~'F H;r.1 c ; /04C1 C004BSE Tl: DW DUMY0 4 C3 350 1DW ESCA0 4 C5 5B01DW ESCB00 4C 7 7901DW ESCCm 00 4 C9 A901 0 4CB 2B02"'04CD C004DW ESCD DW ESCE DW DUMY04CF C00 4DW DUMY0 50 [1 2E 050E 2C 050F 4[1 0510 00 0511 ()[I051 2 '7£< 0513 '2'7 0514 3Bf'tBO ~'F:H DB 0 2C H DB 0 4 DH[If.< 0 [If.< OO DH[If:< 0'7B H[If.< 0 '.'7 H DE< O:> BH1M ;r1 c. ; r·R ; L BRACE ; ;04[11 ElOl 04[13 C004DW ESC H DW DUMY0515 4C 0516 4B[If.< 0 4CH [If· 04(< H 04[15 5C02DW ESCJ051'7 4AflB 0 4Mi 04[17 F301DW ESCK05 18 00DB 0 04[19 C004DW DUMY0519 OA[If:< OO AH 0 40B 0 4[1[10 40F 04E tC00 4 C004COC·4 FB0 2DWftWnwBSFT::>: DWrtlJM "([lllMYrtllMY r:; n;·1..H051A 5C051B 5B 051C 50DB 05C H [If.< 05F.< Hi'tBO~IO Hii F<R r'l t.KFT ;p Listing 2 co ntinued on page 144COMPUTERS-TERMINALS-MODEMS! ----Tl-99/4 Home ComputerT.i-····-· .;;. c-:Ji l~ _ -.NEW!From Perkin-Elmer 1250 Super Owl$1799Optional color monitor$449Main console unit$889!I nclude:, RF moduldtor for use with any TVJWrite for a list of extensive program modules available everyt hing in games, education, and home computer applications.Incredibly powerful and flexible· 24 fully programmable fun c tion k eys· Full scr ee n editing capabilities · RAM m emory for down line loading byhost computer · Built ·in printer port · Full polling capabilities · Detac hable keyboard · Optional light penMuch morelUSR-1600P ComputerNEW!$4099PASCALWith power and speed for business, educational, and scientific applications.W .D . Microengine-based single board computer with 64K RAM· 1 megabyte of nappy disc · 2 parallel ports · 2 serial ports · Floppy disc controller with DMA · File manager · Screen oriented editor · Single cabinet design · Includes power supplyPerkin-Elmer Bantam 550 CRT$749· Transparent mode · Addressable cursor · Editing functions · Upper/ lower case · CompactPerkin-Elmer 650/655CRT Page Printer· 100 CPS ·Quiet · Compact · RS232 · Can be added toany CRT with our interface option.$999The print er d esigned to give you rapid. reli able. hard copy of your CRT sc ree n display.Connect anv comput('r or te rminal 10 rhe phone lines· 1200 Baud - Bell 212A · 300 Ba ud · Originat e/ Auto answer · Full duplex · RS232 · 1 year warranty$799Direc t co nnec t1on to the phon e lines via RJI IC slandard exlension phone iac kUSR-330 Modem· 0·300 Baud- Be ll 103/ 113 · Originate/ Auto answer · Hal f/ Full duplex · RS232 · 1 year warranty$339Direc t co nnec t1on 10 rhe phone l111es via RJl IC standard ex tension phone iac kThe Phone-Link NEW.'Acoustic Modem· Sleek, low profile · 0·300 Baudii ~ ~· Originate/ Answer modes · Half/ Full duplex$179· Self-test· RS232 Will work with any RS232computer or terminal· LED displays of all functions· 1 year warrantyAt your computer store now!DEC LA34P.',.,::,~:.,~~""' · v.m_ able charac ter sizes · Full width paper · M any more fed tures Wrrr e fo r prrn1 sa mpl eTeletype Model 43KSR $1049 Microterm Mime HA CRT $819 Microterm ACT VA ... .. .$779Listing 2 continued from page 142:O~ilD4F05lE 49051F0520 7FO~j ::.~ 15C0522 3[1 052:3 2[10~;24300525 390526 380527 370528 080529 lBo~;2A21052B 400~;2cn05 2 [1 2 4052E052F 5EO~i3000[IE<04FH;o[I[<049H; lDBO~i5 HdiDB 07F H; ))FLDBO~iC HDB 03DHI=DB 02D H;DB 030 H;oDB 039 H;9DB 038Hi8DB 037Hi7DB OOB Hi BACKSPACF;************************************************** DB Olf:<H DB 0'.'.'l HnB 040H;,~T ~::u; i~[If< o ::.·3H; :~DB 0;:> 4H;$DBo ::.·~.:H; ·;:,[If< 05EH[I[<0; ,,ff·0554 3A0555 4C 0556 4B0557 4A 0558 000559 OA05~jA7C05~5B5D05~jC'.'iO055[1 4F055E 49055F0'.560 7F0561 7F05l>2 2B0563 5C 0564 290565 280566 2ADB 03AHDB 04CH DB 04BH DB 04AH DB 0 DB OOAH DB 07C HDBO~'iD HDBO~iOHDB 04FHDB 04'i'H DB 05:7; HDB O/'F HDB 07F HDBO ~'B HDBO~'iC HDB o ::!9 H[l[C 02B HDB 02M1BOBO MACRO ASSEMBLER· VER 2 .0 FRR OR S'...;UFR l · . BRf) ~FN ; 1:< f<h'{1Ch:F T i F· ;n BAR ;' ul iDFI.. ; TILDE ;+ I ; ) ; (I* 0 F'AGF lB0531 09[If<0532 51[If<0533 57DB0534 45DB1 8080 MACRO AS SE MBLER· VER 2 .0OO'fHO'.'ilHO~i 7 H04'.'i HERRORSi TAf< i (l;w ;r1) h\r!F l l0567 26O~i68OB0569 H<O:"i6A 00O:"i6B()()DB 026 HIi DB OOBHI BACK SPACE I***************************************************DB OlBHIFSC DB 0; ;-1c nB 0 056C 00[If<() 0535 520536 540537 590538 000539 00053A 41053B 53053C 44053[1 46053E 47053F 480540 000541 000542 5A0543 580544 430545 560546 42()0547 4E0548 200549 00 054A 00DB 052H[If< 054HDB 059H[If<0DB 0[If< 041.HDB 053HiSDB 044H;nDB 046H;FDB 047H;GDB 048HIHDB 0INCDB 0IL BLANKDB 05AHIZDB 058HIXDB 043HICDB 056H;vDB 042HIBDB 04EHINDB 020HISPACFI**************************************************DB 0IR BLANKDB 0;NC056[1 00056E 00056F 000570 00O~i7:l09o5n 110573 170574 0505'75 120576 14O~i77190578 00O~i 7 9()()057A 01057B 13057C 04()~j 7 [106057E 07057F 080580 00O~iB1000582 1A058 :3 18DB 0 DB 0 DB ()[IF<0DB 009H[If< Ol lH[If<Ol / H[If< 00'.5H[I[<Ol 2H[If<Ol4HDB Ol9HIH<()DB ()[If< 00 :1.HDB Ol3 HDB 004H[If< 006 HDB 007 HDB OOUHDB ()DB ()DB OlAHDB 0 ·1UH· NC 9 TH ft ;c T RI 0 ;cm1 w ;r:nd F ; r; Th'I F( ;r:n<t. ,. ;cTRL Y iNC ;Ne if'TF<I. 1'1 ; f'T1;·1 !:;rCTl'd . rt ;cTl:d . F ~ C T~\: i fl ;end H IN C ; I FCl.. ANI\ ; r:TRI Z ; r:T1;·1 x 054B 00DB 0INC0584 03DB 003H1 r: T1:« 1 r: 054C 3F 054[1 3E054E 3C 054F 40 0550 000551 0[1 0552 70 0553 22DB 03FH DB 03EHDB 03CH DB 04DH DB 0 [IB OODH DB 07DH DB 022HI? I )IM INC ICR IR BRACE I.0585 06 0586 ()':> 0587 OE 0588 200589 00 058A 00DB 006Hi CTF< I.. V [If< oo ::· HiCTRL B DB OOFH; cr1:<1 ;~ DB O? OH;sPACF I************************************************** *DB 0;R Bl ANK DB 0;Ne Listing 2 continued on page 146COMPUTERS "SJ" US MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS®tD® pplC?0computc!r~~!!S!ales and Servicee a~ 0AVAILABILITY ANO PRICE.. -. ·.. , , .. ' ,~><>', ·- - .....,~"'",APPLE II OR APPLE II PLUSAPlllU COMlllUTI· N·lllllllllALaDISK II DRIVE & CONTROLLER cord ... . 485 DISK II DRIVE ONLY ....... . .. . .. . .. . . 425 GRAPHICS TABLET ....... . .......... 855 SILENTYPE PRINTER wllnt. cud .. . .. . . 515SSM AIO SERIAL/PARALLEL 110 kit..... 125 SSM AIO AHembled & Teoted ......... 185 SYMTEC LIGHT PEN SYSTEM .. . .. . .. . 215 SYMTEC SUPER SOUND GENERATOR . . 225 SVA 8 INCH DISK CONTROLLER CARD . 335 VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER SYSTEM . . . . 215ao VIDEX VIDEOTERM COLUMN CARD . 315VIDEX VIDEOTERM w/grophlc1 ROM ... 335 LOBO DISK DRIVE ONLY ..... . .. .. . . .. 385 LOBO DRIVE w/controller cord . .. .. .... 485APMI COMPUTI· INTl·PACI CA·HPARALLEL PRINTER Int. cud .......... 145 COMMUNICATIONCARD w/conn. coblo . 185 HI-SPEED SERIAL Int. cuo .... .. .. . ... 145 LANGUAGE SYSTEM with PASCAL .... 425 CENTRONICS PRINTER Int. cord . .. . .. . 185 APPLESOFT 11 FIRMWARE cud ....... . 148 INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE cud ...... 148MOUNTAIN COMPUTI·. . _ . . I · A C C l a H · l l a'-lyllllrtlw·reAPPLE CLOCK/CALENDER cud ..... . . 225SUPERTALKER SD200 SPEECH SYNTHISIZER SYSTEM . . .. . ... . . . .. 245ROMPLUS w/koyboerd filter .. . . .. .. . .. 185INTROL/X-10 BSR REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM ............ . ........ .. . . . 245INTROL/X-1 Ocontroller cord only . . .. . . 185ROMWRITER SYSTEM .... ... .... .. .. . 155 MUSIC SYSTEM (18 volce1/1toroo) .. . .. 485 A/D-0/A 18 CHANNELS ... ... . .. . .. . .. 318 EXPANSION CHASSIS (8 1lot1) . . ..... . 555APlllU ADD-ONaCORVUS 10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK DRIVE SYSTEM w/pwr 1upply . ..... .. 4385 CORVUS CONSTELLATION . . ........ . 585 18K MEMORY UPGRADE KIT(TRS-SO, APPLE II, SORCERER) .. .. . .. 80 ABT NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD(1peclly old or new kybrd) .. . ........ 115 ALF MUSIC SYNTHISIZER .. . ..... . . . .. 235 BRIGHTPEN LIGHTPEN ........ . .. .. ... 32 GPIB IEEE-488(1978) ln1. . . .......... .. 258 ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR cud .. . .. .. 335 SPEECHLINK 2000 (84 Word Vocob.) ... 215 M&R SUP-R-MOD TV MODULATOR . .... . 25 M&R SUP-R·TERMINAL 80 column cord . 335 MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD SYSTEMw/CP/M . . . . . . .... . .. . .. . ..... . . . .. 318 MICROWORKS DS-85 DIGISECTOR . . . . 338APlllU II or APMI II MUa aoPnlA·IPASCAL with LANGUAGE SYSTEM . . .. 425 FORTRAN for UH with LANGUAGESYSTEM . .... . .. . . ... . ...... . .. . .. 185 CP/M for UH with MICROSOFTZ-80 SOFTCARD (Incl.) . . .. .. . .. . . .. . 318 DOS 3.3 . ................... . .. . .. . . .. 49 THE CONTROLLER Gonerol BuolneHSyltom ............. . ........ . .... 519 THE CASHIER Rotoll Monogomont &lnvontory Syotem . . .. . .. . .. . ..... . . 198 APPLEWRITER Word Proceoaor ... . ..... 85 APPLEPOST MAILING LIST Syltom.. . ... 45 APPLEPLOT Groph & Plot Syotem . ...... 80 DOW JONES PORTFOLIO EVALUATOR .. 45 CONTRIBUTED VOLUMES 1 THRU 5 w/Monuol1......... . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . 30 VISl-CALC by PERSONAL SOFTWARE . . 120 DESKTOP/PLAN by DESKTOPCOMPUTERS ............... .. . ..... 85 CCA DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMBy PERSONAL SOFTWARE .... .. . . . .. 85 APPLEBUG ASSEMBLER/DISASSEMBLER75 APPLE DOS TOOLKIT . ................. 85OHIO 9CllNTIPIC C1P MOD 2 . ... .. . ... .. . . .. 429 C4P . . .. . .. ...... . . ... .. .. 799 C4PMF (1 disk drive). ·. .... 1589 AC·16P JOYSTICKS (2) . ..... 39 ATV RF TV MODULATOR . .... 35ATA·I ACC1aa. .11a ATARI 400 COMPUTER - _- - _439 ATARI 820 PRINTER - - - ... . 489 ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE . . ... 575 ATARI 410 Program Recorder. 69 ATARI 16K RAM MODULE ... 145 ASSEMBLER/EDITOR ........ 45 STAR RAIDERS ... . .... .. ... 40-- -·-ill!J!jfC4P BK ROM BASIC BK RAM EXPANDABLE TO 96K 32x64 UPPER & LOWER CASE256x512 GRAPHICS POINTS PROGRAMMABLE TONES ANALOG INPUTSCOMPUTERS-100 EXPANSION UNIT . . .. 375 WORD PROCESSING PAC ... 179 DEVELOPMENT PAC . .. .... . 89I :'1 ;Ji :ii:j;fiANADEX DPBOOO. . .... . .... 775 ANADEX DP9500 .... ..... 1350 BASE 2 ... . .... ...... ... .. 599 CENTRONICS 737 ... ... .... 825 MPI 88-T .. . ..... .... ...... 699 PAPER TIGER IDS-440w/graphlca .... . . .. ... . .. 975 NEC SPINWRITER .. .. .. . . . 2550 TRENDCOM 200 .... .... .. . 519 SILENTYPE w/lnt ... . .... . . . 515Cll·MODll BK ROM BASIC 8KRAMEXPANDABLET032K COLOR EXPANSION 48 LINE DISPLAYLEEDEX MONITORYIDIO MONIT. .a LEEDEX VIDEO 100.. ....... 129 SANYO 9" B&W ... .. ...... 155 SANYO 15" B&W . . ..... ... 245 PANACOLOR 10" COLOR .. 329 ZENITH 13" COLOR ... .... . 399WIN AN APPLE DISK 11 DRIVE!! GRAND OPENING GIVEAWA y ___ _HERE ' S HOW TO ENTER THE DRAWING: Send your Nomo, AddreH , Telephone number, ·nd the n·m· of two friend· th1t own Apple ll 'a or are In the m1rket for one. No purch11e la nece111ry. Dr1wlng wlll be held on December 111 HUSO, 111 entrle1 mu1t be r.celved before NO¥ember 15th 1980. Nomo1 will be uoed for our 1981 cotolog molllng1.(714) 698-8088PAST DILIYlaY LOWltalCISVISAcouaTIOUS ···VICIK-WUDeAllLI STAPP LA···vAallTY·CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR FREE 1981 CATALOG!In··· ORDERING INFORMATION : Phono Ordoro Invited uolng VISA, MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS, or bonk wlro tronofero. VISA & MC credit cord Hrvlce chuge of 2%, AE creditcerd ··rvlc· ch.,ge of 5 % · M·ll order· m·y aend ch·rge c·rd number (Include explr·tlon d·te). caahlera check , money order or peraon·I check (·llow 14 bu adaya to clMr).PINH Include 1 tolephono number with ·II ordero. Forolgn ordero (oxcludlng Mllltory P0 '1) odd 10 % for 1hlpplng ind ·II fund1 muot be In US doUoro. Shipping, hondllng ond In·1uronce In U.S. odd 3 %. Collfornl· re1ldent1 odd 8 % IOIH tox. Our low morgln1 prohibit u1 to Hnd COD or on occount. All oqulpment 1ubject to price chonge ond ···lloblllty.Equipment la new ·nd complete with m·nuf·cturer warr·nty . We ahlp moat order· within 2 deya. Order deak hour· are Monday thru S·turd·Y 8·5 PST.SEND ORDERS TO: COMPUTERS "R" US 8907 LA MESA BLVD., LA MESA, CALIF. 92041Listing 2 continued from page 144:05DF 0000DW 0058B 00DB(); i~C05El 0000[IW 0058C 00058D 00 058E 00 058F 0[10590 00 05<11 0[1[If.< 0f1B 0DB()DB OODHDB 0DB OO[I H.; I;; ,; crn 1 M <r:rniNC;er(05E3 0000DW 005E5 0000DW 005E7 0000[IW 0;***********************************************18080 MACRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2.0 ERRORS = 0 PAGE 200592 000593 00 0594 00 0595 or.DB ()J)[<0DB 0[I[<OOCH.,ii, B f(AC F';; r: T1:d; MINIMAL MONITOR0596 OB 0597 OADB OOB H IH< 0·1A HiCTRi. I, ;cTRL , I ·: IF )05E9 OSEB3E40 0301sss2: MUI A.040H OUT 18080 MACRO ASSEMBLER, VER 2 .0 ERRORS = 0 PAGF 19OSED 05FF3EFB(130 :1MUI A,OFBHOUT :I05F1 3F:UMVJ A,o ;:>7 H0598 0599 059A 059B 059C 059D 059E 059F 05AO 05A1 05A2 05A305A4 05A5 05A6 05A7 05A805A900 OA lC 1B 10 OF 09 l.5 7F 1C 00 0000 00 00 00 080000DB ()PiH:DB OOA H;1..F[if<OJC H,CTi=( iDB OlB H;cm1 L f<FN\i '. l\FT()fl OlOH;crn1 r·[If< OOF H; CTf(L 0[If< OO'JH; r: n u T ,· Tf'.1F·)DB0 l ~'iHiCTh' I U[If< (i 7 F H;.i")FI .[If< OlCHPCTh·I[If< 0~ ::::DB 0DB 0iODB 0;9DB o;8DB 0;?DB 008HiBACl\ SPACE'************************************************* DW 0O~iF305F5 05F6 05F9 05FC: 05FE 0601 0604 0606 0608 060B 060[1 06100612 0615 0617061A06 l C[1 301F3 :3tFFB7 CDA306 3E3F C:[l8906 CD7701.>E67FFF4C C:A2301.> FE44 CC3606 FE4 6CCF306 FE4ll CC1007FE47C2F60~iSTART:OUT :I[IT LXT SP , B/ FFH CALL CR MVI A, 1 ·r 1 CAL. I. S(lllTCALL srnANI 07FH CPT ' L ' .J? LOA !)CPT ' [1. CZ DUMP CPI 'F' Cl Fii CPT ' M' Cl MOVECF'l ' G'.JN? START ; ' GO' ROUTHJF05AB 05A[I05AF 05Bl0000 00000000 0000DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 0061.F 0 6 :1 2r:r16BO.<, F<ICA I I TN{·[1 F'CHI ; ' I fl14[1 ' ~·()1 .ITTrff05B3 000005B~I000005B7 000005B9 000005BB 000005BD 000005BF 0000()05Cl 000005C3 000005C5 0000DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 DW 00<'>23 0626 0629 062£< 062F 06 :H 063:! 0633CD6f<06 CD5F06 3E2D CD8906 CIH<506Tl:1 :3C3 :>606LOAr·! Tl!C:A l. I TN<·flCALL OUTADMUI A, ' ·-' CALL SOl lT CALI.. ZIN MDV M,A TNX H.JMF' TI; ' DIJMP ' h'fl lJTT NF05C7 05C9 05CB05CD 05CF 05[1105[13 05[15 05[1705[19 05DB 05[1[10000 0000 00000000 0000 00000000 0000 00000000 0000 0000DW 0 DW 0 DW 0 [IW 0 DW 0 DW 0DW 0 [IW 0 DW 0DW 0 DW 0 DW 00636 0639 063A 063[1 063£: 063F06 41 0644 06470649CD6f<06 EB Cfl6f<06EB7[1F60F C2 4 706 CD5F06 3F:'O CPB901·fll IMF' : ri;:>:Bl!CA I .I. T NAr1 XC Hr; C{\LL INM1XCHGMDV A·I. ANI OOFH.JN 7 f<Icr. 11. OUTArlMVl ;, , ..CALI . SOUTListing 2 continued on page 148.+.;: · ., · 14itModel 460 Listing 2 continued from page 146:1 8080 MA CR O ASSEMBLER, VER 2 .0 ERROR S064C 7EMDV A,M064[)06!'i0 06!'ilCDF606 7C [<ACALI.. ZUUT MDV f'\·H CMf:· D 0652 CA!'i906.JZ Xi 065'.'.'i ;>3xo:TN X H 06!'i6 c:r>Fo1,.IMF' H::_i0659 7[1X7!MDV (4, I 065A BBCMF' E 06!'iBC2~j~50b../N Z xn· 065E C9RFT 065F 066 2 06630666Ob67066AC[IA306n:CDF606 7 [1 CDE606C9OIHAD!CA LI CR MDV A,H CA LI ZOUT MOU A.I. CA LL 71ilJT RF T ; INF'UT HFiADDRE SS066B 066E 0671 0672 067!'i 0676CDA306 Cflfl !'i06 67 Cfl[l506 6 F C9TNAD:CAI. I CR CALL ZIN MDV H.f\ CA LI ZIN MDV L·A RFT ; JNF'UT CHAR FROM TTY06T7 0679 06/B 067E 0680068 2 06Wo 06BBflBOl E60::>CA7706 flB OO FElBCAF 60'..'i CD8906 C9SIN!IN ANI oo :.' H .17 SIN IN() CF'I OlBH .J lSTM<T CALL Sili .ll 1:<FT ; oun·ur CHAR TO Tri·0689 068A 068C 068E 06910693 069!'i 0698 069A 069C 069F 06AOF~;[lf<Ol F602 CA9806 DBOOFE1BCAF60~iflf<Ol E601 CA91306 Fl [1300so ur:xv:F'USH PSW IN ANT OO :J H .J Z XY IN 0 CF'I OH<H .JZ STAR T IN l ANI OOlH .JZ XY f''ClF' PSW OUT 0 8080 MACRO AS SE MBLER, VER 2 .0 ERROR S06A2 C9 3EOflRET ; SENDS OUT CR/LFCR!MUI A,OODH06A5 06A806AA 06AflCfl8906 3EOA Cfl8906 C906AE 06810683 06B6 06880689 0688 068E 06CO 06C3 06C5CD7706 FE30 [IAF605 FE3A [18FE41 DAF605 FE47 D2F605 C609 C9XIN:CALL sour MUI A,OOAH CALL SOUT RET ; INF'UT CHAR, ADD ASCII BIA S; CHECKS FOR A HEX CHAR CALL S IN CPI 030H .JC START CPI 03AH RC CPI 041H .JC START CPI 047H JNC START ADI 009H RET ; OUTPUT CHAR, ADD ASCII BIAS06C6 E60FXOUT! ANI OOFH 06CB C630 06CA FE3AADI 030H CPI 03AH 06CC DAD106 06CF C607JC Zl Af1I OO? H 06l:i:I CD8'10f.7 1:CA I.I. !'. OUT 06fl4 C9RFT ; TNF'l.ll ::> ASCTT CH1\P06fl!'i CDAFOI>; PACI\ IN RFG '" CALL XTN 06[18 OFJ;:RC 06[19 OFF\RC 06DA OFF<l'< C 06D8 OFF\R C 06DC E6FOANI OFOH 06DE 47MOU B, r~ 06flF CDAE06 06E2 E60FCALL XIN ANI OOFH 06F4 flOADD B 06E!'j C9RFT ; OUTPUT 2 ASC Ji ~HAR06E6 F!'i; PACl\FD lN RFG A zo ur: PUSH f>SW 06F7 OFF\RC 06E8 OFRF<C 06F9 OFRfi:C 06EA OF1;:Rc 06FB CDC606CALL XClUT 1HOBO MA CRO ASSE MBL ER , VER 2 . 0 ERRORS06FE 06EF 06F?Fl CDC606 C9F'!:W F' S l.J CA LL XDI Ii 1;: E T 1 FTI L MFMOl'< Y06F3 CD6 B06FILCALL INAfl 06F6 EBXC HG 06F7 CDb80bCAL L INAri 06FA EBXC HG 06FB 13IN X [I 06FCC[)A :~ OI>CALL CR Listing 2 continued on page 150Exciting, entertaining software for the Apple II and Apple II Plus::~ If you liked "Invaders". you'll love ASTEROIDS IN SPACE by Bruce Wallace. Your space ship 1straveling in the middle of ashower of asteroids. Blast the asteroids with la sers. but beware - bi g asteroids fragment into small asteroid s1The Apple game paddles allow you to rotate your space ship, fire its laser gun . and give 1tthru st to propel it through endless space. From time to time you will encounter an alien space ship whose mission isto destroy you. so you'd better destroy it firstiHigh resolution graphics and sound effects add to the arcade-like excitement that this program generates Run s on any Apple II with at lea st 32K and onedisk drive.On diskette - $19 .95FRACAS'" by Stuart Smith. A fanta stic adventure game like no other- up to eight players can part1c1pate in FRACAS at the sa me time.Journey in the land of FAROPH . sea rching for hidden trea sure whilewardin g off all sorts of unfriendly and dangerou s creatures like theTen Foot Spider and the Headless Horseman . You and your friend scan compete with each other or you can 1oin forces and gang up onthe mon sters. Your location is presented graphi ca lly and soundeffect s enliven the battles. Save your adventure on diskette orcassette and continue it at some other time. Requires at least 32Kof RAM .Cassette $19.95 Di skette $24.95BATTLESHIP COMMANDER'" by Erik Kilk and Matthew Jew .Agame of strategy. You and the computer each start out by positionin g five ships of d1fferent sizes on a ten by ten grid. Then the shootingstart s Place your volley s skillfully - a combination of logic and luck are required to beat the computer. Cartoon s show the ships sinking and announce the winner. Sound effects and flashing lights also add to the enjoyment of the ga me. Require s at least 32K of RAM .Cassette $14.95 Diskette: $19.95FASTGAMMON '" by Bob Chr1 st1an sen Sound. h1 re s color. and ca rtoon s have helped maked thi s the most popular ba ckgammon -playing ga me for the Apple 11. But don't let the seenterta1n1n g features fool you - FASTGAMMON plays seriou s backgammon . Requires at leas t 24K of RAM .Ca ssette: S19.95 Di skett e: $24 .95~ " Appl e !!' ' and "Apple II Plu s" a1e tradPmark ~ ot Appl e Computer. In cQUJILrTY SOFTWJIRE6660 Reseda Blvd.. Suite 105. Reseda. CA 91335WHERE TO GET IT: Call us at (213) 344 -6599 for the name of the Quality Softwa re dealer nearest you If necessary, youmay order directly from us. Ma sterCharge and Vi sa cardholders may place orders by telephone and we will deduct $1from orders over $19 to compensate for phone charges. Or mail your order to the address above. California reside ntsadd611 0salestax.SHIPPINGCHARGES: WithinNorthAmericaorder s mustinclude$1.50forfirstclasssh1pp1n g andhandlin g.Out side North America the charge for a1rma1I shipping and handling 1s $5 .00 - payable in US cu rrencyCircle 93 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 149Listing 2 continued from page 150:LLOC80 LOCXX MDS57NXTA NXTZ PC3SA RCTAO RT75 SPTOPAO VARX8 XOUT Zl0005870C 87C·E 00840185 0105 0046 8703 0467 00068706 0273 0655 06C6 0601LOADLOCAD LOOP MOVENXTCM OUT AD PC3TC ROF51 SCROL SSS2 TROLL WIZAR XFLGXSTAO ZETA0623 87[18OOBE 07100397 065F 0047 00[19 03FF 05E90297 02CB87E4 03A3 0185LOA DXL.O CBU M NUFNXTX PC 2 5A PMD57 ROWDN SIN STARTUS CHR WP7 5XINxxZIN0 23587E 2 0006 0 2 DAOOED 0044 0 048 0310 0 6 77 05F687E5 033206AE 0703 06[15L.O COlLOCPR MDC 57 NXT2NXTY PC2TC PSW ROWUP SOUT TlllSZ X7 XMITXY ZOUT87DA8 7EO 0000* 0055OOF9 0045 0006 02FE 0689 06260485 065904A90698 06E6Photo 6: The complete terminal system with keyboard, monitor, power supply, and main circuitry.Text continued from page 128: but you cannot get the monitor operating with the checkout terminal, then most likely your problem is in the 2114 programmable memories, the decoder circuitry for the 2114s, or the 8212 buffers for the 2114s. Other problems could be caused by the tem porary interface or data rates that dif fer .Using the Monitor After your built-in monitor isworking, you can jump to it for use in debugging the remainder of the cir cuit. Opening the TRAP switch will cause the 8085 microprocessor to transfer control to the monitor. To return to the terminal-control soft ware, the 8085 microprocessor is reset. To facilitate this, I have con nected the BREAK switch on my keyboard to the 8085 RESET IN line (pin 36) . This connection is also useful for resetting the video terminal just after it is turned on, or for easyclearing of the screen. One of the most useful functions of the system monitor is its ability to load into memory and run short programs that will read the status registers of the peripheral circuits to determine whether or not they are operating properly. This includes the 8251, 8257, 8275, and the 8279 integrated circuits.The system monitor commands are as follows :D (Dump): Type the letter D followed by two 4-digit hexadecimal numbers that represent addresses in the system. Memory contents be tween the two addresses will be printed on the checkout terminal in hexadecimal with 16 bytes on a line . The line will begin with the address of the first byte in that line. A dump can be aborted by pressing the ESC key.F (Fill) : To fill a block of memory with a specified value, type an F followed by two 4-digit hexadecimal addresses which are the inclusive152 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Inclocations in memory to be filled. Last ly, type the 2-digit hexadecimal number that the block of memory is to be filled with .G (Go): Typing a G followed by a 4-digit hexadecimal address will transfer that address to the program counter, and program execution will continue from that location. After a short program has been loaded into memory, the Go command can transfer execution to this program .L (Load): To load sequential memory locations with arbitrary values, type an L, followed by a 4-digit hexadecimal address . The system will prompt the user with se quential addresses, after which the user can type in the desired contents in the form of 2-digit hexadecimal numbers . You can exit from the load routine by typing any nonhexa decimal character.M (Move) : The Move command can write blocks of data from one memory location to another. After the M is typed, three 4-digit hexa decimal addresses must be typed in.The first two addresses enclose the block of data in memory to be moved, and the third address is the beginning location of the area where the block of data is to be written.Any time a character other than D,F,G ,L, or Mis typed in response to the "?" prompt, the monitor will simply reissue the prompt character. When the appropriate response should be a hexadecimal character and another character is typed in stead, the monitor will cancel the command and reissue the prompt character.No carriage returns are necessary after typing in data to the system monitor. When the monitor has the correct amount of data it will execute the command.Keyboard Assembly I used the sixty-three-key unencoded keyboard offered by Jameco Elec tronics, 1021 Howard Ave , San Carlos CA 94070. The cost was $29.95 . This is a good-quality keyboard for the price. Each pair of switch contacts protrudes from the bottom of the keyboard by about an eighth of an inch, making it necessary to mount the unit on a printed-circuit board. Because of the complexity of the switch matrix, a complete printed-circuit layout would have toText continued on page 156But you don't have to be one to use it. Now, from those wonderful folks that brought you WordStar;M comes DataStar;M A general purpose key to disc data entry software package you don't have to be a graduate from M.I.T to operate.DataStar makes life a breeze because DataStar makes data entry and verification a breeze.It has two distinct phases. One allows you to actually design on the CRT the exact form you need. Just name the job. If it can be done on a CP/ M* based micro computer, then DataStar can do it. :From handling inventory and billing to entering names in the office football pool.How's that for flexibility! The other phase allows you to store andretrieve data. All kinds of data. Quickly and accurately. Which also allows you a chance for that second coffee break, you genius you.And don't worry, DataStar makes sure that what you put into the system is right; because even a genius like you can sometimes make a mistake.~ g.o ahead. Let DataStar bring out thegenius m you.Simply call us at (415) 457-8990. After all, with over 300 dealers around the world, we've made buying DataStar as easy as using DataStar.The world leader in microcomputer word processing. MicroPro International Corporation 1299 4th Street, San Rafael, California 94901 Telex 340388 Dealer/ Distributor/ 0. E. M. inquiries invited. * Trad emark of Digit al Resea rch CorporationPrices and specifications s ubject to change without notice.Listing 3: A hexadecimal object dump of the video-terminal control routine.C CRTBO :03000000C34000FA :03002400C3E90528 :1000400031FF8721FF7F2336207DFECFC246007C13 110005000FE87C2460021000022D38722E28722DBF1 :100060008722DA8722DCB722DE8722E08721008050 :1000700022D68721808722E6873E0032D28732D57A :100080008732E48732E5873E7BD3013E27D3013EAA 1100090003FD3613EOOD3513E4FD3503E58D3503EE4 :1000A00089D3503E59D3503EBOD3513EOOD3503E69 :1000BOOOOOD3503EEOD3513E23D351CD6704DB0142 :1ooocoooE602C4D200DB51E620C46704CDA004C31D :1000DOOOBEOOCDD900CDE100C9DBOOE67F32E58767 :1000EOOOC93AE487E6FFCAEDOOCDOB01C93AE587BE :1000FOOOE660CAF900CD4103C93AE587E610C205BA :1001000001CD2301C921E4873601C93E003 2 E48 7C D :100110003AE587E60F0721C1041100005F195E 2 34D :10012ooos6EBE93AE587E60621E1041100005F1984 :100130005E2356EBE92AD3877DFEOOCA4201CDFE3D :1001400002C97CFEOOCA4C01CDFE02C921800722F3 !10015000D3873E1832D587CD3203C92AD3877DFE97 :1001600080CA6801CD1003C97CFE07CA7201CD1098 :1001700003C9CD3203CDFF03C93AD287FE4FCA85EA :1001800001CD2A03C92AD3877DFE80C294017CFE5B :1001900007CA9D013E0032D287CD1003C93E00320E :1001AOOOD28 7CD3203CDFF03C93AD287FEOOCAB54C !1001B00001CD2203C92AD3877DFFOOC2C40l7CFE83 :1001cooooocACD013E4F3 2 D287CDFE02C9 2 18007 41 :1001D00022D3873E4F3 2 D2 873E1832D587CD3 2 03A5 !1001EOOOC9 2 1000022D3873F003 2 D2R732 D58 7C D85 !1001F0003203C92AD687EB2AD38719 22 DE8 73E87A6 :10020000BCD20A02CD2002C3t602 C2 ! 6023EC FBDE6 !1002 1000D21602CD20022ADE8722E287CD2604C92B !100220002ADE871130F8192 2 DE8 7C 93FF00619113F :100230005000210080771905C 2 350 22 10000 22 D329 :100 2 400087210080 22 D68721808722E6873E0032EO :10025000D28732D58732E487CD3203C92AD6R7FBDD :100260002AD3871922E0873E8 7 BCD 273 02CDE40 2 ED !10027000C37F02C27F023ECFBDD27F02CDF4022AFD !10028000D68 77 DFEOOC 2 9 7027CF EROC 297022 180 45 !100290008722E687C3A10 2 1 1 BOFF 2 AD6 871922E67 A !100 2 A000873EF0 2AE087777DFEBOC2CB0 27 CFE8706 :1002BOOOC2CB02EB2AE6877DBBC2C2027CBAC2C2B5 :1002coooo2c921ooeo2 2 Eoa 1c3A1 02 Ee 2 AE6B77D D4 :1002DOOOBBC2DA027CBAC 2 DA0 2C 9 2 1500019 22E 0 9C :1002EOOOB7C3A102 2 AE0871130F819 22 E08 7C9C329 :1002F0005B013E0032D287CD3203C9C3A9012AD3A4 :100300008711BOFF1922038721D58735CD3203C994 !100310002AD3871 150001922D387 2 1D58 734C D32B3 !1003200003C9 2 1D2 8735CD3 203C921 D287 34CD 32DA :1003300003C93E80D3513AD287D3503 AD58 7 D350AO :10034000C93AD287FE4FCA5003CD7403CDB103C959 :100350002AD3877DFEBOCA60 03C D7 4 03CD B903C95B :100 360007CFE07C A6D03 CD7 403 CDB903 C9C D7403F8 !10037000CDD003C92AD687EB2AD387192 2 DA 87E B9 7 :100380002 100003AD2876E1922088 73E8 7BCD297C6:1003900003CDDC03C3A303C 2A3 0 33 ECFBDD 2 A3039 B :1003AOOOCDDC03CDF1 0321E5877EE63F2AD88777BO :1003BOOOC921 D28734CD3203C93E0032D2872AD335 :1003C0008711500019 22 D38 72 1D 5873 4CD 3203C93 4:1003D0003E0032D287CD3 203C DFE03 C9 2 AD8 871 l 20 :1 003E00030F81922D8872ADA87t130F81922DA87EB :1003FOOOC92 ADA8 77E FEF OC022 E287C D260 4C9 2A08 :10040000D68 722E28 7CD260 4 2 AD 6877 DFE ROC2 1FAB :1004100004 7CFE87C21E0421008022D687C91J50A9 :10042000001 922D687C92AE28711500019 22 DC87 D9 :1004300001 202021000039EB2ADC87F9C5C5C5C59C!10044000C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5 C~ ( :5~5C5C55C!10045000C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C:5C54C :10046000C5C5C5C5EBF9C93EOOD3482AD6877DD39B :t004 700044 7CD3 447D 2E6E7C 2 F6 7231 1CE8 7 1 91 i C4 :10048000008019 7 DD 3 457CD3452100807DD 3 4 67C F 7 :t0049000D346 2 1CF877 DD347 7C D34 73 E84D 3 48C9F9 :1004AOOODB61E60 7C 8CDA904C9DB60 F EC0 2 1F904 2 J :1004B00011 00005E19DB01E601CAB5047ED300C953 :1004COOOC9C0043501 5 B01 790 1A901 2 B02C004 C038 11004D00004E101C0045C02E301C004C004C004C014 :1 004E00004FB02EF02F202C0041B3132333435361 2 :1004F00000095157 45525459000041 5344464 7485 A :1oosoooooooo5AsB43564 24F 20000000 2F2E2c 4n1A :10051000000D 7 B273 B4C4B4AOOOA5C5B504E495 5 12 :100520007F5C 3 D2 D303938 37 081B 2 140 232 4 255 E60 !10053000000951 57455254590000 41 53444 6 4748 19:1005400000005A5843 5 64 2 4E 200000003 F 3E3C 4DAA :t0055000000D 7 D223 A4C4B4AOOOA 7C5 D504F4 955B 4 :100560007 F 7E2 B5C 292 8 2 A26081 B00000000000 04 3:100570000009111705121419000001130406070809 :t005800000001A1803060 2 0E200000000000000 DF3 :10059000000DOOOOOOOCOBOAOOOA1C1BIOOE0915AE :1005 A0007F1C0000000000000800000000000000A8 :1005B000000000000000000000000000000000003B:1005cooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooon00 n ' ~11005D00000000000000000000000000000000000 J B :1005E00000000000000000 00 003E40D 30 13EF BD 3A D :1005F000013E 27 D301F331FF8 7C DA30 63E3 FCD89CF :1006000006CD7 7 06E67FFE4CCA 2306FE44C C3 60 6 AF :10061000FE46CCF306FE4DCC1007EE47C2F605CDD4 !1006 2 0006B06E9CD6B06CD5 F0 6 3E 2 DCD 890 6C DD 597 :t006300006 7723C32606C D6B06EBCD6B0 6EB7 DF676 :100640000FC24706CD5F063F 20 CD89067ECDF60669 1100650007CBACA 5 90 623C3 3F0 67 DBBC25506C9CD26 :10066000A3067CCDE6067DCDE606C9CDA306CDD595 :100670000667CDD5066FC9DBOIE602CA7706DB0047 :10068000 EEtBC AE6 05CD8906C9F5DB01E602CA984C :1006900006DBOOFE1BCAF605DB01E601CA9806F17F :1006AOOOD300C93EODCD89063EOACD8906C9CD7756 !1006B00006EE30DAF605FE3ADBFE4JDAE605FE47C8:1006COOOD 2 F605C609 C9F60 F C630FE3ADAD106C6 2 B :1006D0000 7C DB906C9CDAE060EOFOFOFE 6 F04 7C D4 7 :1006EOOOAE06E60FBOC9F50FOF OFOFCDC606E1CD90:1006FOOOC606C9CD6B06EBCD6B06EB13CDA306CDRD :10070000D50647 7 0 2 37CBAC 203077 DBBC 203 07C965 :1007 10001603CD6B06E51 5C2 1207E1C103DllA77A6:OD07200013 237 ABBC 21E 077BB9C 2 1E07C999 :0000000000$OHIO SCIENTIFIC USERS SOFTWARE - GAME AND UTILITY PROGRAMS FOR AS LOW AS $1.00. ALL WITH LISTINGS AND COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION. KITS - UPDATE YOUR COMPUTER TO PLAY MUSIC, INCREASE OPERATING SPEED, HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS AND MUCH MORE. KITS INCLUDE PARTS AND COMPLETE ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS. LOW AS $3.00. OUR $1.00 CATALOG INCLUDES OSI PROGRAMMING TIPS PLUS DESCRIPTIONS OF AVAILABLE PROGRAMS AND KITS.MITTENDORF ENGINEERING 905 VLLA NUEVA DR. LITCHFELD PARK,AZ 85340 154 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 96 on inquiry card.Centronics' new Model 737 means you get more than ever from a printer. Outstanding print quality. Fast, quiet operation. Ready to handle text processing, word processing, or electronic mail in addition to reg ular small business requirements. And it meets every business' prime requirement: low cost.Outstanding Print Quality Model 737 is the first small business printer tooffer correspondence quality printing. Characters with true descenders as well as underlining. Proportional spacing, the ability to justify right margins and serif typeface makes the 737 ideal for text processing appli cations. Standard business data processing spacing makes it available for applications ranging from let ters to aged accounts receivable reports. The steel platen assures crisp, clean print impression.Unexpected Features Leave it to Centronics to have some surprises in thenew Model 737. You get the ability to print subscripts and superscripts (particularly important for chemical or mathematical applications) . The field proven 700 Series printhead technology and fewer moving parts mean reliability that you wouldn't expect in a com pact, low-cost printer.And the 737 is quiet. An optional acoustic cover makes it ideal for office environments.Circle 97 on inquiry card.Pick Your Paper Run letterhead paper for correspondence, roll paperfor general information, or fan-fold paper for standard data processing (payroll, billing, inventory, etc.). You can, with the 3-way paper handling ability of the Model 737.The Printer of the Future ... Thday Never before has one printer offered such highquality, reliability, and applications flexibility at such low cost. (If you don't need the correspondence qual ity of the 737, our Model 730 delivers 100 c.p.s. at even greater savings.)Why Wait? The new Model 737 is now available for delivery.For more information: call (603) 883-0111, Centronics Data Computer Corporation, Hudson, New Hampshire 03051, or any of our 15 U.S.A. or 9 international sales offices.All Centronics products are supported by the largest worldwide service network of any independent printer company. Always use genuine Centronics ribbons and accessories.C : E n T R D n 1 c s ®P R l n T E R S... the advantageText continued from page 152:be double sided and include plated through holes. Since producing this type of printed-circuit board is beyond the capabilities of most amateur builders (including myself) , I opted for a single-sided board with additional wire-wrap pins and con nections to complete the wiring. The wiring diagram of the switch matrix is shown in figure 5, and an illustration of the printed-circuit layout is given in figure 6. A 24-pin wire-wrap socketwas mounted at the top of the printed-circuit board and serves as a plug for the interconnecting cable. The cable is a 36-inch long DIP jumper with a 24-pin plug on each end . The Vector board also has a 24-pin wire-wrap socket to mate with the cable.Install and Check Out the Video CircuitryThe remaining half of the com ponents can be installed at this point.Check the video-dot-timing circuitry thoroughly to be sure that the correct frequencies are being generated at particular points in the circuit. After resetting the 8085 microprocessor, make sure that the 8224 is oscillating at 22.68 MHz. Pin 5 of IC15 (the 7474) should show the dot rate of 11 .34 MHz as well as pin 2 of IC21 (the 74163) and pin 7 of IC22 (the 74166). You should measure a fre quency of 1.620 MHz, which is theText continued on page 1608279SHIFTLOCKSHI FT 1--3'-6'=--<10----a'CNTL C NTL ,_3_7_ __,,,9JO1112131415BREAKTO 808 5 .,---, _/RESET ~ 0----,(PIN36)/1774LSJ38Figure 5: Schematic diagram showing detail of the keyboard matrix. A sixty-three-key unencoded keyboard from /ameco Electronics was used. The BREAK key is connected to the RESET IN line of the 8085 processor.156 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncApparat , Inc ., ann o unces th e most powerful Disk Operating System for th e TRS- 80®. 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On board parity. 64K x 9 $995.00.Cl-S100 - 16KB to 64KB. Transparent hidden refresh. No wait states at 4 Mhz. Compatible with Alpha Micro and all Major 8080, 8085 and Z80 Based SlOO Systems. Expandable to 512K bytes thru Bank Selections. 64K x B $750.00.Cl-BOBO - 16KB to 64KB on a single board. Plugs directly into MOS 800 and SBC 80/ 10. Addressable in 4K increments up to 64K. 16KB $390.00. 64KB $750.00.Cl-1103 - 16KB to 256KB on a single dual height board. Plugs directly into LSI 11I2, H11 or LSI 11 /23. Addressable in 2K word increments up to 256KB. BK x 16 $390.00. 32Kx 16 $750.00. 12BK x 1B $2B80.00.Cl-6BOO - 16KB to 64KB on a single board. On board hidden refresh. Plugs directly into EXORciser I and compatible with Rockwell's System 65. Addressible in 4K increments up to 64K. 16K x 8 $390.00. 64K x B $750.00.Tested and burned in. Full year warranty.DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.Chris/in Industries, Inc. Computer Products Division 31352 Via Colinas ·Westlake Village, CA 91362 · 213-991-2254 Multibus is a trademark of the Intel Corp.LSI II is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp .EXORciser is a trademark of MotorolaCirc le 101 o n inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 159Text continued from page 156: character clock rate, on pins 6 and 8 of IC14 (the 7410), pin 12 of IC21 (the 74163), on pin 9 of IC23 thru IC27 (all five 74175s), pin 1 of IC21 (the 74163), pin 15 of IC22 (the 74166 ), and pin 30 of IC9 (the 8275) . Pin 7 of the 8275 should measure 16,200 Hz , the horizontal line frequency , and pin 8 should be at 60 Hz , the frame fre quency. Do not proceed until you can measure all of these frequencies cor rectly . If your display shows something quite distorted, torn, or scrambled, it is probably a problem in the video timing . An incorrect horizontal or vertical sync frequency can greatly disrupt a display.Final Checkout At this point, your terminal shouldbe working. If it is not, double-check the following:·On opening the TRAP switch, does the 8085 microprocessor branch to the monitor program and issue a carriage return, line feed, and question mark from the 82517· Are all of the frequencies listed above for the video timing correct in your circuit?· Check the output of pin 35 of the 8275. This is the video-suppression (VSP) output which is active high during horizontal and vertical retrace at the top and bottom rows of every character, and in certainother cases involving end-of-row or end-of-series codes. Video sup pression is also turned on if a direct-memory-access underrun occurs. If video-suppression is pro ducing a logical 1 and has no ac tivity on it, a direct-memory access underrun is most likely your problem. This means that the soft ware is not reinitializing the 8257 at the end of each video frame. The video-suppression line should show a frequency of 12 kHz on it. Pin 37 of the 8275 (the light-enable output) will have a frequency varying from 28 to 32 Hz.· After the 8085 microprocessor has been reset and before data is sent to the video terminal, IC18 (the 74LS138 peripheral decoder) should be putting out pulses at constant rates . Pins 9, 10, and 15 should show a frequency of about 23 kHz, and pin 11 should show600 Hz .· The address-enable line on the 8257 (pin 9) should show a fre quency of 1.5 kHz, and the ad dress strobe (pin 8) should be 135 kHz. Again, these frequencies should be measured by a counter using a full 1-second gate time, since the duty cycles of pulses of these lines are not constant. This is especially true of the address strobe output of the 8257. Using a frequency counter and anoscilloscope to check for the correct activity on the various pins of in tegrated circuits is an effective method of troubleshooting your cir cuit. It is possible that a single wiring mistake is your only problem. Using an ohmmeter as a continuity tester and checking every connection is often worth the effort. I turn the cir cuit board over and put the ohm meter probes on the pins of the in tegrated circuits themselves. This also serves to check for a bad socket con nection. Draw over the connecting lines on your progress-checking schematic with a different colored pen as you make each check.Possible Additions Some readers may wish to makefurther modifications to my design. Here are some possibilities :· Lowercase letters could be added fairly easily if the 7 by 10 format for each character is retained . The+ 5 V 2513 character generator isalso available with a lowercase set of letters. The second character generator could be added by using the full 7-bit ASCII code in memory . Only six bits are stored in memory in this design . The most significant bit could be used to select which character generator would be enabled. The character handling routine in the terminal control software would also have to be modified . If a larger format for characters was desired (eg : that used by the Motorola 6571 character generator), the entire dot timing would have to be changed, as well as the initialization of the 8275 in the software. · The 8275 Video Display Controller has provisions for light-pen detec tion. Very little hardware would be needed to add this feature; only a small switch and a small light-sensor circuit using a phototran sistor. When the raster sweep reaches the light sensor, it presents a signal to the light pen (LPEN) in put, and the row and character positions are stored in a pair of registers in the 8275 . These registers can be read on command . Modification of the control soft ware would be necessary to read the registers and act upon their contents. ·Character- and field-attribute codes can also be handled by the 8275 . Character-attribute codes are used to generate graphics sym bols without the use of the character generator. These sym bols can also be programmed to blink or be individually high lighted . Field attributes are codes that affect the characteristics of a field of characters. These charac teristics are blink, highlight, reverse video, underline, and two general-purpose outputs that can be user defined. The Intel Peripheral Design Handbook gives details on implementing these features in both hardware and soft ware.Conclusion This terminal is not a suitable project for a beginner or for those who are inexperienced in microprocessor hardware. Time and patience will be indispensable in completing this pro ject. I spent about three months assembling the parts and building the circuit. A month of this time involved debugging both hardware and soft ware, due to the many changes I made in the original Intel design .I would appreciate hearing from those readers who complete this pro ject. Descriptions of any modifica tions made would also be welcome.·Portions of this article are copyright by Intel Corporation and are used by permiss ion .r!WI A Pubhc Service of This Magazine & The Advertising Cou ncil ~~ Need help?Callus. -f"S 160 September 1980 © BYTE Pu blications In cDiscover the most organized (and inexpensive) way to keep up with- - - what's new in computer techniques and management~~-DATABASEPrinciples ofSattw.,. e,.._;ng ind Design= -· _ y,_,...,"'"" ·---~a~iscifliH,...11D1···.·1 --x",_....,_._._,__.----------- ----,, !--..- ...:~...:....-...:..:....:.:.=....:....=. .-..:.:..·.~,.'_"-.',,.-":':.:...--.::: The Library of Computer and Information Sciences 41625. DATABA SE: A PROFESSIONAL'S PRIMER . Da··id Kroenke. Covers every aspect of data base concepts. systems and a pplica tio ns _524 954 1785. DEB UCC INC SYSTEM 360 / 370 PROGRAMS US ING OS AND VS STORAGE DUMPS. D. H. Rindfleisch. G uide to storage dump debugging. Illustrati o ns. exa mpl es. sa mple dumps. 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Au xi lial)' memo ry. peripherals. systems design. consulta nt services.softwa re packages. Cn1111ts as 2 of 1'01ir 3 books..$38.9570230 . PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE ENG INEERI NG AND DESIGN. Marvin V. Zelkowitz.ft~UI.~40065-2. COMPUTER STORAGE SYSTEMSAND TECHNOLOGY. Richard Matick. Cou nts as 2of.1·our 3 books.$29.9580150. STANDARDIZED DEVELOPMENT OFCOM P UTER SOFTWARE. R obert C. Ta11sworthe.How to incorpora te princi pl es and techniques ofstructured programming in th e develo pment oflarge-scale syste ms.$19.9580155. STAN DARDIZED DEVELOPMENT OFCOM PUTER SOFTWARE, PART II. Rohen C.Tausworthe. A d eta iled se t o f rul es fo r softwareimplementa tio n. Contai ns extensive ap pe ndices.$21.9532485. ALGORITHMS + DATA STRUCTURES= PROGRAMS. N ikla11s Wirth. A classic wo rk o nstructured progra mming.$20.9539890-2. COMPUTER DATA-BASE ORGANIZATION. James Martin. An inva lu able pl annin g toolhaving ove r 200 diagrams. Co unts as 2 of yo11 r 3books.$26.5085725. UTILIZ ING SYSTEM 3601370 OS AND VSJOB CONTROL LANGUAGE AND UTILITY PROGRAMS. Daniel H. Rindfleisch. Practica l guide to every fea ture of JC L a nd system utilities. $21.9539746-2. COMPAN ION TO CONCRETE MATH·EMATICS. VOLUMES I AND II. Z. A . Melzak .Ma th ema tica l technigues and various applica tions.The set counts as 2 oj your 3 books.$46.45-EXTRAORDINARY VALUE!44900-3. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SC IENCE. Monumen ta l 1550-pa2e vo lume offers accu rate information on e~se nti ;J'I to pi cs ra nging from theory and appli..:i.illOOS lO progra mmin g and Boo lean algchra . Co11nts as J ofruur 3 booksS60.00If th~ rl"pl~ c:.trd h a~ h.:en rem n\'e<l . please write tu The Librar~· of Computer and lnformarion Sciences Dept 7-AD5. Riverside, NJ. 08075 10 o btain membership infllfmation a nd a pplil:ati on The Age al Affordable PersIn 1978 Ohio Scientific introduced a revolutionary new low cost com puter - the Superboard II. This computer provides all important personal computer features on a single board at a cost of under $300. The Superboard II rec;::eived rave reviews by microcomputer experts such as:"We can heartily recommend the Superboard II computer system for the beginner who wants to get into microcomputers with a minimum of cost. Moreover, this is a 'real' computer with full expandability'.'POPULAR ELECTRONICS MARCH, 1979"The Superboard II weighs in at $279 and provides a remarkable amount of computing for this incredible price'.'KILOBAUD MICROCOMPUTING FEBRUARY, 1979"The Superboard II and its fully dressed companion the Challenger lPseries incorporate all the fundamental necessities of a personal computer at a very attractive price. With the expansion capabilitiesprovided, this series becomes a very formidable competitor in the homecomputer area'.'INTERFACE AGE APRIL, 1979"The graphics available permit some really dramatic effects and are relatively simple to program ... The fact that the system can be easily expanded to include a floppy means that while you are starting out with a low-cost minimal system, you don't have to throw it away when you are ready to go on to more complex computer functions. At $279, Superboard II is a tough act to follow'.' RADIO ELECTRONICS JUNE, 1979"The Superboard is an excellent choice for the personal computerenthusiast on a budget'.'BYTE MAY, 1979Since the introduction of Super board II, the cost of personal com puters has actually gone up with new models by major manufacturers ranging from $1000 to well over $4000 due to the general cost of inflation and the increasing func tionality included in these com puters. Today Cleveland ConsumerComputers is offering you the orig inal Superboard II at its original price of just $279. In today's economy this is by far the best buyin personal computing ever!The Superboard II can entertain your whole family with spectacular video games and cartoons, made possible by its ultra high resolution graphics and super fast BASIC. It can help you with your personal finances and budget planning, made possible by its decimal arithmetic ability and cassette data storage capabilities. It can assist you in school or industry as an ultrapowerful scientific calculator, made possible by its advanced scientific math functions and built-in "immediate" mode which allows complex problem solving without programming! This computer can actually entertain your children while it educates them in topics ranging from naming the Presidents of the United States to tutoring trigonometry - all possible by its fast extended BASIC, graphics and data storage ability.The machine can be economically expanded to assist in your business, remotely control your home, com municate with other computers and perform many other tasks via the broadest line of expansion accessories in the microcomputer industry.This machine is super easy to use because it communicates naturally in BASIC, an English-like program ming language. So you can easily instruct it or program it to do whatever you want, but you don't have to . You don't because it comes with a complete software library on cassette including programs for each application stated above. Ohio Scientific also offers you hundreds of inexpensive programs on ready to-run cassettes. Program it yourself or just enjoy it; the choice is yours.The Superboard II comes fullyassembled and tested. It requires+ 5V at 3 Amps and a video monitoror TV with RF converter to be upand running.$279.00Standard r.atures: · Uses the ultra powerful 6502 Microprocessor.· BK Microsoft BASIC-in-ROM. Full feature BASIC runs faster than currently available personal computers and all 8080 based business computers.· 4K static RAM on board expand able to 8K.· Full 53-key keyboard with upper/lower case and user programmability.· Kansas City standard audio cassette interface for high reliability.· Full machine code monitor and I/O utilities in ROM.162 BYTE September 1980Circle 102 on inquiry card .anal Computing is Still Here.Software:Ohio Scie ntific and indep e ndent sup pliers offer h undreds of programs fo r the Superboard II , in cassette and mini-floppy form. Here is a sampl ing of popula r Ohio Scientific programs fo r the Superboard II.Direct access vi deo display has 1K of d e di cate d me mory (besides 4K u ser me mo ry) , featu res upper c a se , lowe r case, graphics a nd gaming c haracters for a n e ffective screen resolution of up to 256 x 256 p o ints. Normal TV's with ove rscan d ispla y a b out 24 rows of 24 characte rs without overscan up to 30 x 30 characte rs .Optional Extras:· Ava ila ble 610 expa nde r board features up to 24K sta ti c RAM (additiona l) , dua l mini -flop py interface, a nd an OSI 48 line expansion interface.· Asse mble r/ Editor and Exte nded Machine Cod e monitor a vail able.· 630 I/O Expande r. RGB color and NTSC composite color outputs with u p to 16 colors, Dual 8-axis joysti c k inte rface, AC re mote control inte rface which mates with AC -12P, home security interface whi ch mates with the AC - l 7P, 16-line para lle l I/O inte r fa ce , 16-pin I/O bus interface whi ch allows the connection of pa ralle l I/O lines or h ig h speed analog I/O module , or a PRO M blaste r or solde rless inte rface pro totyping board, programmable sound g ene rator a nd prog ram se lectable mode m and high speed printe r ports, a nd more .EDUCATIO NAL PROGRAMS BASIC Tutor Se n es C lock Tutor Continents QuizDefinite Integral French Drill & Tuto r Ge rman Tuto r & Drill H angman (8K )Loq Tutors l ·3 Math Blitz Math Intro Mathmk Matn x Tuto rs 1-3 M etric Tutor & Ou1z Spa ni sh Drill & Tutor Spelling Quiz Tng Tutor !BK) I & II BUSINESS PRO G RAMS Address Boo k Advertisement Demo Inventory Demo Mailing List (B K) Straight & Con stant Depreciation Time C alculator PERSONAL PROGRAMS Bior hythm Calorie CounterCheckmg Account Loan Finance Personal Ca lendarSavings Account GAME PROGRAMS Baseball I Blac k lack Civil WarDestroyer Hi gh Noon H oc keyLander Ne w Yo r k TaxiPo ker RacerSpace War Star Tre k Star WarsT i c -Ta c -Toe Tiger TankSBll &C IP SCE-336 SCE-353 SCE-332 SC E-326 SC E-339 S C E-342 SCE-324 SC E-344 SCE-329 SCE-31 9 SC E-337 SC E-345 SC E-335 SCE-352 SC E-333 SC E-318SCB-523 SCB-520 SCB-518 SCB-524 SCB-500 SCB-525SCP-716 SCP-708 SCP-719 SCP-717 SCP-718 SCP-720SCG-975 SCG-955 SCG-977 SCG-951 S C G- 960 SCG-979 SCG-925 SCG -956 SCG -962 SCG-949 SCG-942 SCG-946 SCG-926 SCG-945 SCG-950610 BoardPrice $35 .006.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6. 50 9.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 9.00 6.50 6. 50 6.50 6.50 6. 509.00 6. 50 6-59 6.50 9.00 9.009.00 6.50 9.00 6.50 6.50 9.006.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6 . 50 6 . 50 6. 50 6. 50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 14.00Hardware:Superboard II as spec ified in the advertisement. $279610 Board For use with Superboard II and Challe nge r lP, BK stati c RAM e x-pandable to 24K or 32K system total. Accepts up to two mini -fl oppy disk drives . Requires + 5V@ 4.5 amps. 298 Mini-Floppy Disk DriveIncludes Ohio Sc ie ntific's PICODOS software and connec tor cable.Compatible with 610 expanderboard. Requires+ 12V@ l.5ampsand +5V@0 .7amps.299630Board As specified in the adve rtisement. 229AC-3P 12' combination black and whiteTV/video monitor.159«P4K RAM c hip set.79PS-005 5V 4.5 amp power supply forSuperboard II.35PS-003 Mini· floppy power supply.29CIP Sams C lP/Superboard II Manual.8OS-650 V3 .2 Disk Operating System with9-digit extended BASIC, randomaccess and sequential files.49CS-600 Metal case fo r Superboard II, 610a nd 630 board and two powersupplies.49CS-610 Metal case fo r single fl oppy diskdrive and power supply.49AC-12P Wireless AC remote control system.Includes control console. two lampmodules and two appliancemodules for use with 630 board.175AC-17P Home se curity syste m. Includesconso le, fire detec tor, windowprotection devices and door unit foruse with 630 board.249cu> Sams C4P Manual.16C3 Sams Challenger III Manua l.40To Order: O r to get our free catalog CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE.C h arge your o rde r to your VISA or MASTER CHARGE A CCOUNT.(I111111 Ohio Residents Call : (216) 464-8047. O r write, including yo ur checkor money o rder, to the address listed below.11 CLEVELAND CONSUMER COMPUTERS & COMPONENTSP.O. Box 466270-d- -Fa-- - rCLEVELCAlNeDvecloa"n'dN~OMhEiRo-4-4P1.O4.6eo:-46627--,r Br r m : COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS Cleveland, Ohio 44146D Superboard II $279 .D 630 Board $229.Freight Policies A ll orders of $100 o r morea re shipped freight prepaid. Orders of less than $100 please add $4.00 to cover shippingD 610 Board $298.D AC-3P 12" B-W Monitor $159 .D Mini-Floppy Disk Drive $299. DClP Sams Manual $8.(Attach separate sheet for other items.)costs . O h io Residents add 5.5% Sales Tax .NAME: _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __Guaranteed Shipment ClevelandConsu mer Computers & Components ADDRESS:_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _guarantees shipment of computer systems withi n 48 hou rs upon receipt of your order. Our fa ilure to sh ip within 48 hours entitlesCITY :STATE :ZIP: _ __Payment by: VISA: _ MASTER CHARGE: _ MONEY ORDER: _you to $35 of software. FREE.Credit Card Account # - - - - - -- - -- - -- - - -- Hours:Expires:Interbank # (Master Charge)_ ___ _ _-------------------------------------------------- Call Monday thru Friday 8 :00 AM to 5:00 PM E.D.TTOTAL CHARGED OR ENCLOSED:$(0hio Residentsadd5 .5% SalesTax)All orders shipped insured UPS unless otherwise requested. FOB Cleveland, Ohio.Circ le 102 on inqui ry cara .BYrE September 1980 163NEWS AND SPECULATION ABOUT PERSONAL COMPUTINGConducted by Sol LibesRadio Shack's New Products: This fall, Radio Shack will offer a $399 ter minal/modem combination called the Videotex. This product will be billed as "the world's first low-cost home/office two-way infor mation-retrieval system," and will allow a user to ac cess CompuServe's MicroNet information utility and similar services.The Videotex will con nect directly to a telephone line and to the antenna ter minals of a standard televi sion set (not supplied).A $30 software package will be required for a TRS-80 Model I to use the MicroNet system. In a radical departure from its past marketing policy, Radio Shack will also sell versions of the access soft ware for non-TRS-80 com puter systems such as the Apple II computer.The MicroNet service will be accessible from 235 sites in the United States, pro viding news, syndicated columns, and sports, as well as access to credit card verification and limited banking services.Observers of the micro computer industry have been expecting an an nouncement of three new Radio Shack computer pro ducts at any time now. A replacement for the TRS-80 Model I is due, and an ticipation of more advanced systems is mounting.sharp To Introduce Under-$125 Computer: Sharp Corporation, of Japan, plans to introduce in 1981 an under-$125 hand held computer, which isprogrammable in BASIC. It will store up to 400 pro gram steps and have twenty-six memory loca tions for data storage. It will have an alphanumeric keyboard and a one-line LCD (liquid-crystal display). Optional printer and cassette interfaces will also be offered. Sharp is presently marketing a similar, but more powerful, machine in Japan, for $175.Japanese Show Personal Computers in US : Several Japanese companies showed personal-computer systems at the recent National Computer Con ference (NCC) in Anaheim, California. Nippon Electric Company (NEC) displayed a Z80-based system that currently sells for $730 in Japan. It includes a 12-inch color monitor, up to 64 K bytes of programmable and read-only memory and uses Microsoft BASIC .Casio presented a system with 4 1/2-inch video display and 4 K bytes of main memory, expandable to 32 K. SDC International Corporation said it is preparing to market an S-100-based system.6aooo. Where Art Thou?Two computer-system manufacturers have reported to me that they are in a "holding" position on 68000-based 16-bit microcomputer-system development. They claim that Motorola has still not clearly defined some of the operation codes and will not commit to delivery on anything other than samplequantities. These manufac turers contend that similar problems occurred with the 6809 microprocessor. At this point, it does not ap pear likely that any 68000 products will become available this year.Wanted: One And A Half Million Program mers: "There could be a demand for over one million computer program mers by 1990," said An drew S Grove, Intel's presi dent, in a recent interview. Datamation magazine has gone even further. In a re cent article it reported that new software breakthroughs will cause the number of software programmers to increase 10% per year from 563,000 in 1980 to 1.5 million in 1990.Japanese Memories Superior? According to a report made by Richard W Anderson, manager of Hewlett-Packard's Data Systems Division, Japanese 16 K memory devices are superior to US-made devices. According to Anderson, Japanese 16 K components showed a zero failure rate on incoming in spection compared to a 0 .11 to 0 . 19% rate on US made devices (ie : 100 failures out of 50,000) . Further, field failures for 1000 hours of operation were 0 .010 to 0.019% for Japanese parts versus 0.059 to 0.267% for US-made parts.World Computer Chess Championship:The thirdworld computer chess championship is scheduled to take place this month in Linz, Austria, from September 25 thru 29.The former world cham pion program, Kaissa (from the Moscow Institute of System Studies), will pro vide strong competition for the best programs from the West. The current World and North American cham pion , Chess 4.9 (written by David Slate and Larry Atkin) will defend its title alongside other entries from the United States such as Belle, Chaos, and Duchess. The current Euro pean champion, the pro gram Master, is also ex pected to compete.As in previous tour naments, David Levy will be the Tournament Direc tor. Mr Levy is an Interna tional Master of chess and has been noted for his own play versus computer pro grams.Where Can I Store Ten Gigabits? Optical disks are expected to be the next major advance in high density mass storage. Capacities of 10,000,000,000 bits (10 gigabits) are expected by 1982, 10 12 bits (1 terabit) by 1985, and 10 14 (100 terabits) by 1989. Video disk technology is also ad vancing rapidly, but one shortcoming is that video disks are not erasable, limiting them to archival storage . Some systems now being designed are said to offer 10 billion bytes of storage on a 12-inch disk with 250 ms access time.AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT INCORPORATEDToll-Free Ordering1-800-854-6003 Outside Calif. 714-739-4701 Inside Calif.Outside Cont. USATERMINALSTelevideo 912 . ............ . .. . .... $745Televideo 920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Soroc 10·120 . .. . . .. . ........... . .. 700Zenith A-19 .. . ... ... .. ·. . . . ... .. .. 850Hazeltine 1410 ........ . .. . ...... 750Hazeltine 1420 .... . . .. ..830Hazeltine 1500 .. . . . .. ... . .. .. . .... 950Hazeltine 1510 ....... . . . .. . . ...... 1050NORTHSTARHRZ-1-32K-D .. .. .. . . ... . . .. . ... .. $2100HRZ-2-32K-D ...... . · .... .. . . ..... 2340HRZ-1 -32K-Q ...2450HRZ-2-32K-Q .......... . .... ... . . . 2690Additional 16K RAM . . . . . .365Additional 32K RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565HARD DISC SYSTEM . . . . . . . .... 3950DM6400 64K RAM MAY BE SUBSTITUTEDFOR ASM 32K NORTHSTAR FOR $150.NORTHSTARS WITHOUT MEMORY AVAILABLE .PRINTERS NEC 5510 . . . . .. . .. ... $2700 NEC 5520 . . .2975 MALIBU... . ...... . . 2295 Tl-810 . .. ........ . ... .. ... . . .... 1580 Tl -820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1650 EPSON . . . . .. .. .CALL OKIDATA. . .. ... CALL ANADEX DP-8000 . . . . . . . . . . .795 ANADEX DP-9500 . . . . .... . .. . . 1350 BASE 2 800 MST. . 600 -~-··· ·-BOARDSKIT ASMCB2Z80CPU$168$220VB1 B VIDEO125170VB2 VIDEO135188VB3 VIDEO300347104 INTERFACE135188SBI SYNTHESIZER161227MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS MEMORYDM3200 32K 4MHZ DYNAMIC .... 500DM6400 64K 4MHz DYNAMIC . . .. 640DMB3200 32K BANK SELECT RAM . 650DMB6400 64K BANK SELECT RAM . 790 DYNABYTEDB 8/1 48K .. .... $2395DB8/164K . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2715DB 8/2 48K .3900DB 8/2 64K . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4200DB 8/4 SINGLE .3030DB 8/4 DUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383010M WINCHESTER463032M PHOENI X.. . 1180064M PHOENIX . .. . 1500096M PHOENIX .... . . ......... .. . . 18000MORROW DISCUS-11 DRIVE ... $ 815 DISCUS-1 2 DRIVE ..1465 DISCUS 2D 1 DRIVE970 DISCUS 2D 2 DRIVE . ..... ... . . . . 1635 DISCUS 2 + 2 1 DRIVE .... .1265 DISCUS 2 + 2 2 DRIVE . . .... .2245 DISC JOCKEY 1 ........... ... . - . 190 DISC JOCKEY 2D ....... . .350 DISCUS M26 HARD DISC . ... .. . .. . 4095 ADDITIONAL HARD DISC . .3685 SOFTWARE CPM-2 C B A S I C -2 WORDSTAR MP/M N.S. PASCAL WHATSIT SELECTOR C-111ADDITIONAL DISCOUNTS FROM OUR$ 150 SOFTWARE PRICES WHEN PURCHASING100 A SYSTEM FROM US.350 GRAHAM-DORIAN STRUCTURED SYS300 JOB COSTING $950 ACCTS REC $950175 INVENTORY 550 ACCTS PAY950 170 CASH REG550 GEN LEDG280 APARTMENT 550 PAYROLL950 950 MEDICAL950 INVENTORY950 MISC ATARI 400 ATARI 800 Tl99-4 RS 232 CABLE 5 ' RS 232 CABLE 10 ' LEDEX MONITOR NOVATION CAT$450 790CALL 20 25125 165 DISCS-BOX OF 10 VERBATUM 51/· 1 SIDE $28VERBATUM 51/· 2SIDE 45 VERBATUM 8 1 SIDE 35VERBATUM 8 2 SIDE 55OTHERSCALLWe will try to beat any advertised price.OPEN MON·FRI 8 AM TO 5 PMAutornated Equiprnent Inc.Suite #D 4341 W. Commonwealth Ave. Fullerton, Calif. 92633 TERMS: All prices listed are cash discounted and are subject to change or withdrawal. Credit cards and COD's are accepted at 2% additional handling charge. Univer sities And Well Rated Firms NET-10.SHIPPING: ADDITIONAL IN ALL CASES.TECH. ASSISTANCE: WE TRY TO HELP INTERFACE AND TROUBLESHOOT CALL 714-739-4701Circle 103 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 165Bubble Memory Update: The first bubble-memory components were intro duced in 1977 by Texas In struments and Rockwell In ternational. The number of bubble-memory suppliers has now increased substan tially and includes Intel, Fujitsu, National Semi conductor, and Hitachi. Furthermore, Motorola and Siemens are secondsourcing the Rockwell device. It is likely that several other semicon ductor makers will also enter the market.Intel was the first to introduce a ! -megabit bubble-memory device, last year. Texas Instruments followed a few months later with its !-megabit unit, and Rockwell is expected to an nounce its unit shortly.Further, several manufacturers are also sup plying support integrated circuits for simpler con struction of the bubblememory controller.At this time, the major problem to acceptance of these devices is the lack of standardization. The available devices and sup port circuits from different manufacturers are not com patible. A Joint Electron Device Engineering Coun cil (JEDEC) committee is currently holding discus sions toward establishing standards on device design, reliability, testing, interfacing, and ter minology. There still is no agreement as to whether the standard should apply to the device or to the con !roller level. Hence , it seems that a bubblememory standard is still some time off, and we are unlikely to see bubble memory in wide use for some time to come.Kentucky Farmers Get Viewdata: One hundred Kentucky farmers are try ing out a Viewdata -type service to get information on markets, local crop con ditions, and weather . The service is called the "Green Thumb Agricultural WeatherMarketing Project." Using a box attached to a tele vision set and phone line, a farmer can request informa lion from the State's HP-3000 time-sharing com puter , by means of a menuoriented prompting system augmented by local coun ty Z80-based computer systems. Up to eight items may be requested per telephone call. Currently one hundred farmers are testing the units made by Motorola in cooperation with Radio Shack.Xerox . DEC. And Intel Join Forces For Office Network: Xerox, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Inte l have joined forces in an effort to create a new internal data-communica lions network for business offices. Called Ethernet, it is intended for large or complex business offices. It will link together different types and makes of auto mated office machines (eg: terminals, intelligent copiers, word processors, etc) into a single system. Xerox holds the basic patents and will license others to manufacture com patible Ethernet products. A prototype system with several hundred machines is reported to have been operating for five years.Large-Size Flat Display Technique Announced: RCA Laboratories, one of the leaders in display technology, has disclosed a new technical concept for building a wall-mounted 50-inch (diagonal measure), color, flat-panel television display. A paper presented at the recent an nual Society of Information Display conference estimated that the display could be in production by 1990. The display would consist of forty 1-inch-wide by 30-inch-high modules fastened together, side by side, to form a display 40 inches wide by 30 inches high . Each module would contain an electron gun and beam-guide system.Othello Tournament Results : The best human player of the game Othello can still beat the best Othello-playing computer programs. This we conelude from the results of the First International ManMachine Othello Tourna ment, held on June 19,1980, on the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois. Six of the best computer pro grams and the top two human players participated in a seven-round roundrobin tournament. Mr Hiroshi Inoue, the current world champion from Tokyo, Japan, defeated five of the programs and the other human entry, Mr Jonathan Cerf of New York, New York, to win the tour nament. Mr Cerf is the United States' Othello champion and is con sidered to be second-best in the world, although he placed third in this tourna ment.The second-place finish was obtained by the com puter program written by Dan and Kathe Spracklen of San Diego, California, who are well known for their chess-playing pro gram, Sargon. The Spracklens' program defeated Cerf in the fourth round of the tournament; this defeat was somewhat ironic because Mr Cerf had given the Spracklens help in refining their gameplaying algorithms.Mr Inoue was narrowly defeated by only one oppo nent, a program called "The Moor" written by David Levy, Michael Stean, and Michael Reeve , all of London, England. This defeat, like the defeat of Cerf by the Spracklens' program, took place in the fourth round. Since the fourth round took place im mediately after lunch, many observers have speculated that digestive factors may have impaired the performance of the human players. Oddly enough, The Moor was soundly beaten by pro grams which were themselves soundly beatenby Mr Inoue. Fourth place in the finalstandings went to the pro gram Odin, written by Peter Frey of Northwestern Unive rsity . Fifth p lace was occupied by the program Iago, written by Paul Rosenbloom of CarnegieMellon University, followed by The Moor in sixth place. Peter Nachtwey, a US naval officer stationed in Newfoundland, Canada, entered his program Rever si Master which ended up in seventh place . Last place was occupied by a program written by Tom Truscott and De nnis Rockwell of Duke University.Look for a full report on this tournament in a future issue of BYTE . (The name Othello is a trademark of Gabriel Industries, a sub sidiary of CBS , Inc.)AMSAT-OSCAR Phase Ill Satellite Crashes: When the first stage of the French Arriane rocket ex ploded during launch on Friday, May 23, 1980, the OSCAR Phase III satellite was lost. The spacecraft had an equivalent value of $250,000 and had required thirty man-years of effort for design and construe tion. The launch was not insured, so the Radio Arna teur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) has had to absorb a major loss.The Phase III spacecraft appeared on the cover of the November 1978 BYTE and was discussed in Joe Kasser's article "The Sky's the Limit: Use Ham Radio Bands for Intercomputer Communication" (Nov ember 1978 BYTE, page 48) . Part of the planned use of the satellite was to have been relaying of computer data by amateur radio operators in personal com puter networks.AMSAT is determined to build a second spacecraft (Phase III-B) to replace the lost unit, but the new sa tellite may take two years to complete. Fortunately, some material was left over from the original construelion and may be used now .The Empire has expandec:H New Mainframe opens more areas for developmentIn one quantum leap Tarbell has expanded its pop ular Empire (the vertical disk subsystem) into a fullline. This entire series now encompasses 5 variations.Each one contains different components so the S-100 system designer, hobbyist, or serious business user can arrive at the exact custom state he wants and needs.The basic Empire still includestwo Shugart or Siemens 8" disk drives; the compact cabinet with fan and power supply; a Tarbell floppy disk interface; CP/M·; Tarbell BASIC; the necessary cables, con nectors and complete documen tation. Naturally, it's fully assem bled and Tarbell tested.The new, top of the line Empire contains the basic model's com ponents with the Tarbell design approved Mainframe. Beside the 8-slot S-100 motherboard with an active terminated bus, there's a cardcage with card guides and a double-density interface.Circle 104 on inquiry card .You're the master of your Empire You can call the shots in the Empire. Tarbell's made sure of that by offering them as complete subsystempackages .. . or, as separate units. For example, themainframe may be ordered with 1, 2 or no drives.Whichever way you 90, however, you always get thereliability of Tarbell tested compo nents and leadership-engineering. To get control of your own Empire, see your quality computer store for quick delivery. Or, contact us for dealer locations or further in formation.CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.950 Dovlen Place - Suite B Carson, California, 90746(213) 538-4251 I 538-2254BYTE September 1980 167AMSAT is continuing to develop software to be used by ground stations in the satellite networks and is seeking support from per sonal computer users in this software-development effort and in other areas of the rebuilding program . Infor mation on AMSAT and its programs may be found in Orbit, which is published every two months and re ceived by all members of the AMSAT group . A year's membership may be ob tained for $10 from AMSAT, POB 27, Washington DC 20044 .The AMSAT space pro gram is not a complete loss, however . The Phase II OSCAR-8 satellite contin ues in orbit, and a group of radio amateurs from the University of Surrey in England will launch the scientific-research satellite UOSAT in late 1981. Carrying a coherent high frequency beacon, a mag netometer, and a slow-scan television camera, the "bird" will provide oppor tunity for ham radio and personal-computer users to gain experience in tracking satellites and monitoring telemetry.Random Bits: It is in te resting to note that IBM, via its Science Research Associates subsidiary, is marketing the Atari per-· sonal computer to educa tional users. In fact, IBM is offering a special sale. If you buy one Atari Model 800 system , they will give you an Atari Model 400 system free .... Avalon-Hill, well known in the war gam ing field for its historical simulation board games, has introduced a line of microcomputer-assisted games for the TRS-80 , Apple II, and Commodore PET .... The sales of the Texas Instruments (TI) Model 99/4 personal com puter have been so disap pointing that in the Los Angeles area TI has started offering $100 worth of free software plus a $100 cash rebate....Apple Computer Company has shifted itsApple II production from Silicon Valley to Carrolton, Texas, a mere 30 miles away from the new 100,000-square-foot plant Tandy has built to make TRS-80s .... A record 82,000 people attended the Na tional Computer Con ference (NCC), in Anaheim , California, this past May . The NCC is the largest computer show in the world. When it was held in Anaheim two years ago, 55,000 attended, which set the record just smashed .... Data General has begun selling its business-oriented micro computer systems through independent computer stores nationwide....Fujitsu America Inc, Lake Bluff, Il linois, has announced a plug-in "Bubble Memory Cassette ." It provides a portable, detachable, read/write block of 64 K bits . Fuj itsu has also in troduced a new fully formed-character printer with speeds up to 80 cps (characters per second), nearly twice the speed of conventional daisy-wheel mac hines. The printer is currently offered as a $4500 option to a word-processor system .... Texas Instruments is now making the voice synthesizer components used in the Speak & Spell and talking Language Translator available separately at $13 in OEM (original equipment manufacturer) quantity .... Shugart Technology, BASF , Control · Data, and Erwin Interna tional , Ann Arbor, Michigan, are all expected to have 5-inch Winchester hard-disk drives available by the year's end....Com modore will be the first US manufacturer to use the new low-cost Shugart/Mat sushita 5-inch floppy-disk drive .... Zilog and Mostek have both announced that 6 MHz versions of the Z80 microprocessor will be available in production quantities next year.Random Rumors : It is rumored that Commodorewill soon introduce two low end personal-computer systems . One will be a black-and-white unit for under $500 and the other a color unit for under $800....Apple may be working on a low-end con sumer computer that will compete with Mattel's In tellivision .... Personal Soft ware, Sunnyvale, Califor nia, the folks who brought out Microchess and VisiCalc (probably the two largest-selling personal computer software pack ages to date) are rumored about to release VisiText , a superpowerful text editor with features never before seen .... NEC (Nippon Elec tric Corporation) is rumored to be investigating selling its Model PC-8000 microcomputer here in the US, after selling it in Japan for some time.IsM DemonstratesContinuous Voice Recognition: IBM research scientists, at the Thomas J Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights , New York, have demonstrated that continuous speech can be recognized by a com puter with an accuracy of 91 %. In continuous speech there are no pauses be tween words. In the IBM experiment, the computer transcribed normal-speed speech into printed form. The program took 100 minutes to display or type a transcript of a 30-second sentence. In other words, it has a 200: 1 response-time ratio. The experiment proves that continuous speech recognition by com pute rs is possible .Ucso PascalControversy Continues : Several former University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Pascal licensees are threatening to file suit against UCSD and its new exclusive licensee, SofTech Mic rosyste ms. The licensees charge that UCSD violated the "fair use doctrine" in arbitrarily cancelling their licensesonly a short time before the software would have entered the public domain.About thirty organiza tions, mostly computer hob byist clubs, paid $200 to $300 for a UCSD Pascal license that permitted distribution of the software to their members and, after two years, would have placed no restrictions on copying the software.These licensees are also upset over what they charge to be software developed with public funds now being sold by a private organization. SofTech counters this charge by asserting that it is merely an agent of the university and that it in tends to spend as much money on developing UCSD Pascal as did the university.One UCSD Pascal pur chaser had an un cancellable license: Apple Computer Company . Its license, howeve r, is restricted exclusively to use of the software on Apple Computer systems.Terminal Gets Voice Input: Heuristics Inc of Sunnyvale, California, has introduced a speech recognition system which works with a Lear Seigler ADM-3A video terminal. The unit, called VOCON 5000, recognizes 64 words or phrases that can control a program being run on the computer. A 99% recogni tion rate is claimed for the unit, which sells for $2000.MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you wish a response, please in clude a stamped, self addressed envelope.Sol Libes Amateur Computer Group of New Jersey (ACG-NJ) 1776 Raritan Rd Scotch Plains NJ 07076An Extraordinary Offer to introduce you to the benefits of Membership inEL6ECTRONIC& BOOK CLUB take of these 24 uniqueforany electronics bookso~y2~ (values to $105!Q) for-SAILXLwith a Trial Membership in the Book Club that guarantees to save you 25°/oto 75°/o on a wide selection of electronics booksFacts About Club Membership· The 6 1ntrod uctol'f boo~s of your choice carl'f publi sher's retail prices of up to $105.70. They are yours for only $2.95 for all 6 (plus po~tage/handli ng) with your Trial Membership. · You will receive the Club News,describing the current Selec tion s. Alternates. and other books. evel'f 4 weeks (13· a year) . · If you want the Selection, do noth ing, it will be sent to you automati cally. If you do not wi sh to receive the Selection . or if you want lo order one of the many Alternates offered . you simply give instructions on the 1eply torm (and in the envelope) provided , and return it to us by the date specified . This date allows you at least 10 days in which to return the form If . because of late ma il delivel'f. you do not have IO days to make a decision and so receive an unwanted Selection . you may return 1t al Club e. pense · To complete your Trial Membership . you need buy only four additional monthly Selections or Alternate s during the ne.t .12 month s You may cancel your Membership any lime after you purcha se these four books · All books- including the lntroductOl'f Offer-are fully return able alter 10 days 1f you're not completely satisfied . · All books are offered al low Member prices. plus a small postage and handling charge. · Continuin& Bonus. If you continue after th JS Tria l Membersh ip. you will earn a 01v1dend Certificate tor evel'f book you purchase. Three Cert1f1cales plus payment of the nominal sum of $1.99 wi ll entitle you lo a valuable Book Dividend of your choi ce wh ich you may choose from a list proY1ded Members .Circle 105 on inquiry card.·rM ay we send you your choice of 6of these practical time-and-money-saving books as part of an un usual offer of a Trial Me mbe rship in Electronics Book Club'Here are quality hardbound volumes. each espe ciaUy designed to he lp you increase your know-how. earning power. and enjoyment of electronics. What ever your interest in electronics. you'll find Elec tronics Book Club offers practical. quality books that you can put lo immediat e use and benefit.This extraordinary offe r is int ended to prove to you through your own experience. that these ve ry real advantages can be yours ... that it is possible to keep up with the lite rature publi shed in your areas of interest. and to save sub >tant iall y while so doing. As part of your Trial Me mbership . yo u need purcha se as few as four books d u rin~ the coming I L months. You would probably buy at leas t thi s many a nyway . with out the subs tantial savinJ,? s offered through Clu b Me mbership.To s tart you r Membership on these a ttrac tive te rm s. simply ftll nut and mail the coupon today. You will receive the 6 books of your choice for IO-day ins pection. YO U NEE IJ S END t\O \'! ONEY. If you're not delight ed. return the books within IOdavs and your Trial Membership will be cancelled witho-ut cost or obligation.ELECTRONICS BOOK CLUB. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 17214 ·Name _ _ _ _ __ _ __ Phone _ __ __ Add ress _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ City_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __StateZip _ _ _ __(Valid for new Members only. Forei&n and Canada add 15°4 .) BY-980BYTE September 1980 169LECTURE PROGRAMA schedule of free lectures is available to all visitors. Lectures run about 50 minutes each, including, in most cases, some time for questions from the floor. Some topics are given twice, and, in some cases, topics of related interest are given on the same day for the visitor's convenience. (Program is subject to change without notice, but lectures will be posted daily in the show lobby.)Noon Noon 1 p.m. 1 p.m. 2 p.m. 2 p.m.THURSDAY, OCTOBER 30Introduction to Small Systems for Business, Stan Veit, Associated Computer Industries Mailing Lists: Several Directions, Dr. Norman I. Agin, Mathtech, Inc. Selecting a Small Computer for Business, David Benevy, Computer Mart of New Jersey Evaluating and Improving Your Computer's Performance, Philip Grossman, Raytheon Co. Law Office Systems Aspects of Word Processing, Bernard Sternin Future Smart Machines: 2000 A.O. and Beyond, Dr. Earl Joseph, Sperry Univac3p.m. 3 p.m. 4 p.m. 4 p.m.Noon Noon 1 p.m. 1 p.m. 2 p.m. 2 p.m.3 p.m.Computer Contracts-Facing the Issues, Alan C. Verbit, Verbit and Company Accounts Receivable/Accounts Payable/ General Ledger Using FORTRAN on a Microcomputer, Richard A. Zeitlin Investment Analysis of Stocks and Commodities on a Microcomputer, Fred Cohen, Shearson Loeb Rhoades, Inc. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31Introduction to Small Systems for Business, Stan Veit, Associated Computer Industries BASIC Programming, Michael Mulcahey, Worcester Stage College Selecting a Small Computer for Business, David Benevy, Computer Mart of New Jersey Videoprints: Full-Color, Low-Cost, Hard Copy Computer Graphics, Warren Sullivan, Image Resource Corp. Mailing Lists: Several Directions, Dr. Norman I. Agin, Mathtech, Inc. Business Applications Software Development via Data Base Management, Dr. Andrew Whinston, Micro Data Base Systems Application of PASCAL to Small Systems for Business, Panel, Stan Veit, Moderator, Associated Computer Systems 4th Annual Datianal Small A NEW WORLD OF SMALL COMPUTERS IS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS THIS FALLWhen we say " fingertips " we mean just that : a hands-on-inspection opportunity for you to try the small computers and systems that will write the history of microprocessing in the 1980's.Manufacturers will fill over 30,000 square feet with computers, soft ware and peripherals. Amazing strides in technology are reflected in exhibits and lecture series.New hardware and software for business , education , the sciences and professions, graphics and personal use are being gathered for the largest and most beautifully presented National Small ComputerShow ever produced As always, the show contains attractions for the seasoned computer professional , as well as those who wish an introduction to the exciting world of small computers for business, professional or personal use . In just a short time, you can discuss your interest with many industry leaders , vendors. technologists , and our expert lecturers.Registration fee is only $10 per day, and all registrants have free access to the hourly lectures.4th ANNUAL NATIONAL SMALL COMPUTER SHOW110 Charlotte Place, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 (201) 569-85423 p.m. 4 p.m. 4 p.m.Noon Noon 1 p.m.Investment Analysis of Stocks and Commodities on a Microcomputer, Fred Cohen, Shearson Loeb Rhoades, Inc. Advantages of Distributed Processing and Multi-Processing, John Steefel, 01 Corp. To be assigned.SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 1Educational Software: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly. Jo Ann Comito, S.U.N.Y. at Stony Brook Introduction to Personal Computing, RCA-Solid State Computer-Assisted Mathematics Courses, Dr. Frank Scalzo, Queensborough Community College1 p.m. 2 p.m.2 p.m. 3 p.m.3 p.m. 4 p.m. 4 p.m.Artificial Intelligence Update, Prof. Peter Kugel, Boston College Compiling and Retrieving Personal Medical Data, Dr. Derek Enlander, St. Luke's Hospital The Present State of CP/M Compatible Software, Tony Gold, Lifeboat Associates High Volume Date Handling: An Introduction to File Processing, Prof. Peter Kugel, Boston College Connecting the Computer to the Outside World, Prof. James Gips, Boston College Educational Applications in the Home, David Ahl, "Creative Computing Magazine" Household Applications-Some New, Dr. Dennis J. McGuireSPECIAL SESSION: EXECUTIVE EDUCATION CONFERENCE FOR BUSY PEOPLEThis year, NSCS will present a special five-hour conference formulated as an intensive fast education for administrators and executives. The aim is to show the conferee how to cope with computers in business. No prior knowledge of computers is needed. The session will proceed on a step-by-step basis, covering computers, computer jargon, software, systems, and peripherals. It will indicate how to assess computer requirements, how to talk to vendors, and how to make a system work efficiently, after you've bought it wisely.An executive education session will be given daily for four days, Oct. 29 through Nov. 1, in the New York Coliseum . Each session is limited in attendance, and reservation must be made. Registration is on a first-come, first-served basis. Fee is $200, and includes three-day admission to the National Small Computer Show, coffee break, and workbook materials. Please write or call the show office for session outline and registration form . (Do not use registration form in this ad). Seminar instructor is Barbara Schwartz, author and seminar leader for private industry.Circle 106 on inquiry card.-- -REGISTRATION FOR AMERICA'S BIGGEST SMALL COMPUTER SHOW-Please regl1ter me lor the 4th Annual National Small Computer Show, Oct. 30 - Nov. 1, 1980 New York Coll1eum.NAME ~---------------------COMPANY (If An y)_ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __BUSINESS TITLE (If Any)_ _ _ _ _ _ __ TELEPHON.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ADDRESS-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Your company 's primary business. C h ec k on e.I O A cco un t 1ny fi r m 2 O Adve1t1s1 11~ Marke 11ng 3 D B a n k ing ln~uran ceReal Esta1 e C redi t Secuo11es 4 [J Co mrnun1 c a11ons !) D Co mpu t e r Co nsultant 6 D Computer Dealer Dist l D Co ns tru c 11 o n Ar c tl1 tec l u1c B 0 Education9 D C. ny1r1ee rmy 10 O C.n1cf\d1nrne111 N e w!> 11 0 Guve1nmen 1 M1l1!dry12 0 HO!>Pl !d llJ D tiu tel 14 0 lnduS1f1al Design 1~ 0 Ldw Oll1L.e 16 0 Md n dyeme n t Cunsul tanl 1I 0 .Mdn u la c1ur1ng18 0 19 0 20 0 21 0 22 0 23 0 24 0Personnel Agency Pro fe ssion al Services Research De velopme nt Trans~or1a11011 \ All / Util1 1y Wholesdle Reta il Sales Ome1 iPICdse Spec.l y )Check your primary job !unction .1 O Accoun ! E:.xec ut1<Je ~ O Adm1111stra!or J 0 B oo i.. 11. eepcr .1 O Cnem 1~t Pndr m ::i D Cons1.111 .J nl b 0 Corp o1ah.: O ll 1CL'r /CC PA tl 0 C redt1vf: A ll s I All )9 0 Designer (All) 10 O OP WP M anager O p e rat or 11 O Doctor 12 D Eng1nec1 (Ai l) 13 0 L awye1 14 D U ll1<..c Ma n ager 1:, 0 Pruy1d11Hner 16 O Pu rcn asmg1/ 0 Sa1espe1son (All) 18 0 Sc 1ent1s1 19 D Si.. 111eo Ldborer 20 D Si uoent 21 D Teacht:r 22 O Techrncidn 2J 0 Otner (Please Specify )Your primary interest i n compu ters {check o nly one) 1 D 8u!>H1t:!>~ 2 D Perso nd l J O Bot hZIP0 ONE DAY $10 0 THREE DAYS $300 TWO DAYS $20Mail w1lh paym e nt of $10 for each day you wish to atlend Use one form per person . Re g1strat1on badge wlll be sent by mail 1n early October Check or money order onlyMall prior to October 10, 1980. Foreign orders: October 1. 1980. National Sma ll Computer Sho w I 10 Charlotte Place EnglewoOd Cliffs. NJ 07632 201 -569-8542·AskEVTE Conducted by Steve CiarciaLevels to BitsDear Steve, I have been shoppingaround for the analog-to digital (AID) converter in tegrated circuit that you used in your wood-stove in terface (see "A Computer Controlled Wood Stove," February 1980 BYTE, page 32), but it does not seem to be readily available. CW VuaunI try to avoid specifying components that are not commonly available. While I obtain parts through in dustrial distributors rather than surplus outlets, I check the latter often to see what is available. In the case of the ADCOBOB, the time-lag is greater than I expected. However, in the meantimethere is a sixteen-channel version, the ADC0816CCN, which is the same in every respect (except that it has twice as many channels) . It is available from Digi-Key Corporation, POB 677, Thief River Falls MN 56701. Their toll-free phone is (800) 346-5144. Call or write them for the current price. SteveMore PowerDear Steve, I noticed your commenton UPSs (uninterruptible power supplies) in the June 1980 BYTE (see "Ask BYTE," page 86), and thought I would mention that they are commercially available in sizes small enough to be useful to8" DISK CONTROLLER NOW-DOUBLE SIDED OPTION!· DOUBLES APPLE II STORAGE ·APPLE DOS COMPATIBLE ·SHUGART 800 OR 850 COMPATIBLE · IBM 3740 DATA ENTRY CAPABILITY · CP/M, UCSD PASCAL CAPABILITYAvailable at your local APPLE Dealer: $400.s @v ASORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD. SAN DIEGO, CA 92121personal-computer users (see the Hardside catalog, page 34) . I do not know who the actual manufacturer is, but I would like to know more about these items. The devices I am concerned with have specifications that ac commodate 60 and 120 Hz power, with and without surge protection, and supply 150 or 200 W. The trade name is 'Mayday." RM SanfordThank you for pointing out the Mayday UPS. It is manufactured by Sun Technology Inc , which is located in New Durham, New Hampshire. The May day UPS is available from Hardside, 6 South St, Milford NH 03055, (BOO) 258-1790. According to the Hardside catalog, prices begin at $168.... SteveA Hot TipDear Steve, The solid-state sensor youdescribed for your wood stove (see "A Computer Controlled Wood Stove," February 1980 BTYE, page 50) is very interesting. I have constructed the circuit, but I am having trouble calibrating the device for a range of -18 to +100°C. Ron GoodmasterThe circuit you refer to can be calibrated in a number of ways. There is an offset and gain adjustment included for this purpose.In normal practice, say for a range of 0 ° C to 100 ° C, we would adjust for offset so that the output was 0 V with the temperature probe in an ice bath and ad just the gain so that the out put is 1.00 V when it is placed in boiling water. To have it actually read -18 ° as -0.18 V you will have to modify the circuit slightly. Presently the 50 k offset-adjustment potentiometer isconnected between + 12 Vand ground. By connectingit instead between + 12 Vand - 12 V you can impress a negative current flow into IC2 such that it has a negative offset. The gain of the circuit will now have to be adjusted for a 118-degree span instead of 100 degrees. The trick is that to accurate ly calibrate the unit you should have a -18° C stan dard when you set the low end. Substituting a voltage source for the LM334 will only give you a relative calibration, but it may be all you need....SteveRemote Control at HomeDear Steve, The other day I wasthumbing through a BYTE magazine and I came across the article you wrote about using the TRS-80 and the BSR X-10 home-control system. (See "Computerize a Home," January 1980 BYTE, page 28.) I had been work ing on the same project in my spare time, and I had been using opto-isolators for interfacing; however, your method is well above the idea that I was attempting. Your article was very infor mative and the accompany ing software was excellent. I have since looked up your articles in other BYTEs, and I must say that you never fail to come up with in teresting and practical pieces.I have decided to use your method, and I will shortly be purchasing a "Busy Box" from MicroMint in Woodmere, New York.Whenever I have my TRS-80 up and running, the Sears home-control-unit operation is either marginal or nonexistent. The minute I turn the TRS-80 off, the home-control unit works fine . I assume that the prob172 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 107 on inquiry card .10%DISCOUNTOffList26-400264K 1 Drive $3499.00AUTHORIZED TRS-80~ALEAA301COMPUTER SPECIALISTS26 -1056 16K Level II System with Keypad . $688.0026 · 1145 RS ·232 Boord .... 84 .0026· 1140 " O " K Interface .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . 249.0026· 1141 " 16" K Interface .. ... 365 .0026· 1142 " 32" K Interface . ... . .. . . . . .. . . ... 476 .0026· 1160 M ini Disk · Dri ve 0 ..... 424 .0026 · 1161 Mini Disk · Add itional ... .. . . 424 .0026 · 1154 Lineprinter II ... 720.0026· 1156 Lineprinter Ill ... . 1799.0026· 1180 Voice Synthes is er .. .. . . .339 .0026· 1181 VOXBOX ....... . .. .·... .. . .... . 145.0026· 1104 Factory Upper / lowerCose Modifaction Installed .. . . . . .. ... . .. .... 70.0026 ·1506 Scrips it · Tope .. .. ... ... .. 60.0026· 1563 Scripsi t · Di sk .. ... .. . .... .. . . 85 .0015%DISCOUNT OffList26-10544K Level II$552.00All OTHER R.S. SOFTWARE FURNITURE , STANDS , CABLES AND ACCESSORIES DEDUCT 10% FROM CATALOG PRICEC:EnTRDnlC:SFast l 00 CPS Centronics 730 Printer - $675 .00 Text Quality Centronics 737 Printer - $850.001111(9Novation Cat Modem .. $149.00 CCA Data Management System . ....... . ... . .... 72 .00 Adventure Games Games 1-9 each . . . ...... 14.00~BASFModel I Basic Compiler . . . $180.00 Model II Basic Compiler ...... 360 .0010·5 ·;. Di skettes .. 10·8" Diskettes . .. . $45 .00 . 47 .00 Model II Cobol Compiler $360.00 Cobol Run Time Package $36.00 S Acorn Software Products, Inc.GAMES :Alien Invasion ....... . . ...... $9 .00Stock Market . .. .. . 9.00Star Trek . .. . . 9 .00Block 'Em .Ting ·Tong . UTILITIES :. .. . .. .. .. . ... . . 9 .00 . . 9 .00System Savers . .. 14 .00EDUCATION :Language Teacher .. . . 18.001-800-841-0860 Toll Free Order Entry No Taxes on Out Of State ShipmentsImmediate Shipment From Stock.Circ le 108 on inquiry card.DOWNTOWN PLAZA SHOPPING CENTER 115 C SECOND AVE . S.W. CAIRO, GEORGIA31728(912) 377-7120 Ga. Phone No.· TRS -80 11 a registered trodemorlc of the Tandy Corp .Full Factory Warranty on All Items Sold. Largest Inventory In the S.E. U.S.A.BYTE September 1980 173SSGWriting and Mailing Systems.lem is RFI (radio-frequency interference), but I am not quite sure how to cope with the problem. I know the TRS-80 is a great noise generator, but I know little of how to deal with the problem. If you can give me any help along these lines, I would appreciate it very much. Thanks. Robert G RomppelTake Letteright for quick document preparation and edit plus NAD Name And Address for extensive mailing list capabilities. Put them together and you've got a flexible, powerful solution to big and small correspon dence problems. With Letteright you create and edit your document right on the screen. It's much easier to use than a typewriter. The letters are always perfect, and revisions are a snap. Letteright's "wild card" slots let you create standard letters and forms, then insert informa tion selected from your mailing list to address and "personalize" the letter. The NAD system will store lots of names and addresses, with identifying information you create. You then print lists, labels, or envelopes of virtually any group you want from the list, or the whole list. This pair should be working for every microcomputer owner.Letterlght and NAD are port of o full line of working software so lutions fro m Structured Systems Group, all ready to ru n on any CP/ M !. microcomputer system CP/ M is o regislered trademark of Dig ital Reseorch.Structured Systems 5204 Claremont Oakland, Ca 94618 (415) 547-1567Circle 109 on inquiry card.Radio-frequency in terference (RF/) is so per vasive am ong personal com puters and co nsumer elec tronic gadge ts that th e Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has ex tended th e long arm of th e law. See Terry Mahn 's ar ticle "FCC Regulation of Personal Computers an d Ho m e Computing Dev ices " on page 180 in this issue.A s fo r now, th ere are v arious alternatives open to y ou . First, try plugging th e BSR unit into a different w all socket than th e TRS -80. Th e range of th e Busy Box is 30 feet , so it doesn 't have to be right next to the computer anyway. (A void extra long extension co rds and use a plug s trip fo r the com puter and peripherals.) Th e noise fr om th e co mputer is being radiated into th e power line; therefore y ou want to put as much electrical distance be tween the TRS-80 and the X-10 as possible. While th ere may be fi ve w all outlets in an av erage roo m , th ey are rarely all on the sam e circuit breaker. For th e noise to reach an applian ce p lugged into an oth er circuit lo o p, it must first trav el back to the breaker box . This is a lot of w ire and th e resulting indu c tan ce w ill diminish some of the interference.If that d oesn 't w ork, next try to kill th e noise at the source (th e co mputer) by placing capacitors at th e outlet. I suggest using three 0.1 µF 600 V disc ceramic capacitors, one from each side of th e AC line con nected to a good earth ground and anoth er across the lin e. Ordinarily , yo uw ould also connect th e co m puter chassis to ground but this is not adv isable on th e TRS-80.To really eliminate line noise, you need a combina tion of inductance and capacitance. Rather than trying to w ind y our own coils , it is better fo r y ou to buy a co mmercial no ise sup p resso r. You w ant one that covers at least a range of 100 kHz to about 200 MHz. Th ey are abo ut $20 and up. On e company that lists a few in its catalog is: Hardside, 6 So uth St , Milfo rd NH 03055, (800) 258-1790.If none of this wo rks, th en encase th e entire thing in co pper screening and run it on a battery! ... SteveRemote Control on the FarmDear Steve, I am a graduate businessstudent at Colorado State University working with David R Miller, Sun Up Angus Farms, Smithville, Missouri, in establishing an iri-house computer system for his ranch , This will also be the topic of my thesis.Presently the main areas that we see a need for a computer are:1) cattle inventory -pedigree, calving dates, breeding dates, calf weights;2) customer service-date, identification, and price of animals purchased, commercial or registered breeder, size of herd, etc;3) accounting system -basically following the Internal Revenue's 1040 form with some variations;4) various other programs for feed-ration analysis, investment analysis, profitability, etc .I am interested in any ex isting computer programs or any information on the hardware available . Also, if you have any information about the cost, complexity,~f~S~ r,...'-.s<:J~~~~(~.·· ~.i"!.~.,~~'~" ~~ r r~,,01;\t': ~machines while allowing you to keep pace With the state of the art . Ifs compatible wit hO ff': ~~ -~,_.I ~a ~""'-,.,~~vstandard S·100 systems (Altair. IMSAI, etc.): bank select systems (Cromemco, Alpha Micro, North Sta r,etc.): and IEEE compatible extended addressing systems . RAM XX boards are addressable on 4K boundariesand also have the capability to block out 4K windows. Don't throw away your memory boards when you upgrade with RAM XX, simply change a few dipsw1tch settings and you·re on·line with some of the best memory in the business.As with all our memory products. you derive the benefits of 4/5 MHz operation, fully static design to eliminate dynamic timing problems. IEEE spec compatibility. low power, extensive bypassing, and careful thermal design . In addition, boards qualified under ou r Certified System Component high-reliability program run at B MHz typical and a re guaranteed to run with 6 MHz ZBOA CPUs: 32 K CSC boards draw less than 1.5A guaranteed, wi th typical stand by current of less than 1A.If you're looking for specs - if you're looking for performance - if you're looking for exceptional value and insuranceagainst obsolescence , look no further than the RAM series from CompuPro.unkit .usm csc16K RAM XX-16 ... . . ... , .. . .. . ... , . . . . · . . . .. , , ... , , .... . . . .. $349 $419 $51924K RAM XX-24 ....... · .... · .... . ·.. . .·... . ·.........·...... $479 $539 $649 32K RAM XX-32 ........ . ..................... . ......... . . . . $649 $729 $849OTHER S-100 MEMORY (Includes IEEE compatible extended addressing.) 8K RAM llA .... . ......... . .. ... . .... ................... , . .. $169 $189 $239 16K RAM XIV ............ . . , . .. . , .... . ...· , .. . , ·. ..... . ... . $299 $349 $429SBC/BLC MEMORY 32K RAM XI . .... .. ....... . , , ......... . . . ....·..... . ....... . n/a n/a $1050COMPUPRO S-100 MOTHERBOARDS: DESIGNED FOR THE FUTURE, AVAILABLE NOWSpecifically designed to handle the new generation of 5 to 10 MHz CPUs coming on line (as well as present day 2 and 4 MHz systems), these advanced motherboards feature Faraday shielding between all bus signal lines to minimize crosstalk, active termination that splits the termination load between each end of every bus line, and mechanical compatibility with Godbout, Vector, lmsai, TEI, and simi lar enclosures. Available in "unkit" fo rm (edge connectors and termination resistors pre-soldered in place for easy assembly), or fully assembled and ready to go .· CK-024 20 slot motherboard with edge connectors- unkit $174, assm $214· CK-025 12 slot motherboard with edge connectors - unkit $129, assm $169· CK-026 6 slot motherboard with edge connectors - unkit $89, assm $129Supe rior design in a true IEEE-compatible board (timing specs available on request) gives the power for future expansion as well as system flexibility . Includes all standard Z·80A features along with power on jump/clear, on·board fully maskable interrupts fo rinterrupt-driven systems, selectable automatic wait state inser tion, provision for adding up to BK of on·board EPROM, 4 MHz operation, and IEEE compatible 16/24 bit extended add ressing. $225 unkit, $295 assm, $395 CSC.SPECTRUM S-100 COLOR GRAPHICS BOARDIncludes BK of IEEE-compatible static RAM: full duplex bidirec· tional parallel 1/0 port fo r keyboard, joystick, etc. interface; and 6847·based graphics generator that can display all 64 ASCII characte rs. 10 modes of operation, from alphanumeridsemi graphics in 8 colors to ultra-dense 2S6 x 192 full graphics. 75 Ohm RS· 170 line o utput a nd video output fo r use with FCC approved modulators. $339 unkit, $399 assm, $449 CSC. You don't have to settle fo r black and white graphics or st ripped-down color boards: specify the CompuPro Spectrum.Want grap hics software? Sublogic's 20 Universal Graphics Inter preter (normally $35) is yours for $25 with any Spectrum board purchase.OTHER S-100 BUS PRODUCTSGodbout Computer Enclosure . . . ....... . . $289 desktop, $329 rack mountActive Terminator Board . . . . .. ... $34.50 kit2708 EPROM Board (less EPROMs).. . $85 unkitMemory Manager Board . . . . . .. . . $59 unkit, $85 assm, SHIO CSC2S"lnterfacer 1" 110 Board ..... ... $199 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSCJP Plus S "Interfacer II" 1/0 Board .. . . .. . $199 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSCMullen Extender Board .. . . ....... $59 kitMullen Relay/Opto-lsolatorControl Board ... $129 kit, $179 assmVector 8800V S-100 Prototyping Board ... . . $19.95S-100 DUAL PROCESSOR CPU BOARDThe Dual Processor Board is here ... and CPU boards will never be the same again. BOBB CPU gives true 16 bit power with a stan· dard B bit S·100 bus; an BOB5 gives compatibility with CP/M and 8080 software. Accesses up to 16 megabytes of memory, meets all IEEE S·100 bus specifications (timing specs available on request), runs 80B5 and BOB6 code in existing mainframe as well as Microsoft BOB6 BASIC and Sorcim PASCAVM·M, runs at 5 MHz fo r speed as well as power, and is built to the same stringent stan· dards that have established o ur leadership in S·100 bus com· ponents. $385 unkit, $495 assm, $595 CSC.BOBS single processor version of above: $235 unkit, $325 assm,$595 csc.+ PASCAL/M'M MEMORY SPECIALPASCAL - easy to learn, easy to apply - can give a microcom· pute r with CP/M more powe r than many minis. We supp ly a total ly standard Wirth PASCAUM'" 8 " diskette by Sorcim, with manual and Wirth's difinitive book on PASCAL, fo r $150 with the pur chase of any memory board. Specify Z-80 o r 8080/8085 version. PASCAVMrM available separately for $175.16K DYNAMIC RAM SPECIAL: 8/$59 !Expa nd memory in TRS-Bo· -1and -11, as well as machines madeby Apple, Exidy, Heath H89, newer PETs, etc. Low power, highspeed (4 MHz). Add $3 for 2 dip shunts plus TRS-80- conversioninstrUCtiOnS."fRS·60 ·~ a tr.ldem,uk of the l·ndy Co rl)Qf.itivn.TERMS: Cal res add tax. Allow 5% for shipping. eKcess refunded. V IS A$fMastercard~ o rders (S25 mm) call (41 5) 562-0616. 24 hrs. COD O K with street address for UPS. Pnces good through cover month of magazine.SEE COMPUPRO QUALITY FOR YOURSELF AT FINER COMPUTER STORES WORLD-WIDE ···AND WATCH FOR OUR AMAZING MULTIFUNCTION BOARD ANNOUNCEMENT IN OCTOBER !(OmpuPro'M fromIBldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614Circle 86 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 175TheWorking ntory.Here's a straightforward stock control solution that will replace stacks of paperwork while helping you control your expensive inventory.Today's money costs make inventory carrying costs more burdensome than ever. And the cost of inventory control personnel isn't exactly going down, either.Now you can enter your stock additions and depletions once, at the keyboard of your microcomputer.You'll get automatic re-order reports (to show you what you need), complete inventory parts listings and valuations (to show you what you have), and activity reports (to show what's moving).You'll worry less, because you'll know more. The Inventory Control System includes an auditability option, extensive error screening, and reliable documentation. It was designed for people, not for programmers.Call or write SSG for a complete System Summary and the names of your closest dealers. There are over 150 nationwide.The Inventory Control System is port of o full ltne of working software solutions from StructuredSystems Group, oil reody to run on any CP/M~ microcomputer system . CP/ M ts a registered trademarkof 0191101 ResearchStructured Systems satisfaction, or problems en countered in such a system, I am sure I would find it very useful.My main problem in try ing to choose a computer system is in deciding be tween two very diverse opinions . One opinion is that for a system as I have specified, I need a computer with 64 K bytes of memory and two 8-inch double density floppy-disk drives for about one million bytes of storage. This would run in the neighborhood of $8000 in hardware (com puter, printer, and terminal) . The other major opinion is that I could get by with SO K bytes of memory and SO K bytes of storage; ie: a system that would sell for $1SOO (such as the lntecolor 3600 -Series from Intelligent Systems Corporation).If you could give me any answers these questions, I would greatly appreciate it. Thank you for your time. Laurie A MillerIt looks to me as though you already have a good idea what kind of computer you need. At least 48 K, preferably 64 K, bytes of memory are required plus dual disks . If your data base is exceedingly large, or a large portion of it must be on-line at one time, make sure you choose a system that is expandable . This could include two more floppy-disk drives or a 10-megabyte or larger Win chester hard disk. If because of finances you choose to start small, select a system that does not require amasters degree in electrical engineering to expand. Time of execution is generally the only real difference between large and small computers. The more disks you have to sort through to find the data you want, the longer it takes to get an answer. The software you want sounds like specific applications of generally available account ing and data-base manage ment programs.Hardware is only one part of the consideration however. Be aware that you are configuring a classic small-business system and the inventory and data-base management programs would be similar to , say, a dairy cooperative. While the choice of the hardware is important, adequate soft ware and system maintenance are more signfi cant in the long run . Once the computer is installed it is very easy to become depen dent upon it working.There are many com puters on the market that will satisfy your re quirements: Cromemco, Hewlett-Packard, and Data General to name a few . The larger computer stores not only sell equipment like this , but offer custom program ming and on-call field ser vice as well. Take the time to evaluate the post-sale support for your computer, and check to see if your software will be compatible with other systems.I do not know much about cattle, but the com plaints I've herd oops!-heard from small business computer users have been registered... Steve·In "Ask BYTE, " Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any, area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each mon·th will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:Ask BYTE cl o Steve Ciarcia POB 582 Glastonbury CT 06033 If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions by electronic mail or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given . Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.5204 Claremont Oakland, Ca 94618 (415) 547-1567Circle 110 on inquiry card .Now NRI takes you inside theworld's most popular microcomputer1totrain you at home as the ·new breed Of c mputerspecialist!NRI teams up with Radio Shack to teach you how to use, program and service microcomputers...make you the complete technician. It's no longer enough to be just a programmer or a technician. With microcomputers moving into the fabric of our lives (over200,000 of the TRS-80TM alone have been sold), interdisciplinary skills are demanded. And NRl can prepare you with the first course of its kind, covering the complete world of the microcomputer. Learn At Home in Your Spare TimeWith NRl training, the programmer gains practical knowledge of hard ware, enabling him to design simpler, more effective programs. And, with advanced programming skills, the technician can test and debug systems quickly and easily.Only NRl gives you both kinds of training with the convenience of home study. No classroom pressures, no night school, no gasoline wasted. You learn at your convenience, at your own pace. Yet you're always backed by the NRl staff and your instructor, aruwering questions, giving you guidance, and helping you over the tough spots.Explore the TRS-80 Inside and OutNRl training is hands-on training, with practical experiments and demon strations as the very foundation of your knowledge. You don't just program yourcomputer and equipment come as part of your training for you to use and keep.Send for Free Catalog...No Salesman Will c.anGet all the details on this exciting course in NRl's free, 100-page catalog. It shows all equipment, lesson outlines, and facts on other electronics courses such as Complete Communications with CB, TV and Audio, Digital Electronics, and more. Send today, no salesman will ever bother you. Keep up with the latest technology as you learn on the world's most popular computer If card has been used, write to:computer, you introduce and correct faults ...watch how circuits interact...interface with other systems... gain a real insight into its nature.You also build test instruments and·I·mnI ...,J ~ 'e:j.·NRI Schools McGraw-Hill ContinuingEducation Center · 3939 WISconsin Avenue Washington, D.C. 20016.the NRl Discovery Lab, performing over 60Training Includes TRS-80 computer, transistorized separate experiments in the process. Youvolt-ohm meter, digital frequency counter,learn how your trouble-shooting tools work,and the NRI Discovery Lab with hundttds of tests and experiments.and gain greater understanding of the information they give you. Both micro-(TRS-80 is a trademarlt of the Radio Shack division of Tundy Corp.)···EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS·80Te · · TRS-80 Is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corporation * All Orders processed within 24-Hours * 30-Day Money Back Guarantee on all Software (less a $3 penalty for handling) * 10-Day Money Back Guarantee on Disk Drives and Printers PLUS 120-Days Free Service· LEARNING LEVEL IIBy David LienThe Orig inal Author Of The Level ManualA Step By Step approach to Learning Level IIes pecially geared to new TRS-80'" Owners$15.95· TRS- 80'" DISK ANO OTHER MYSTERIESOver 100 pages of indespensible information fordisk owners . L earn t o recover informat ion frombad disks, how to make Basic programs unlistableand 12 mo re c hapters of never published tips andinformation . Written by H.C . Pennington .(Fo r all Disk Owners).$22 .50NEW SBSG BUSINESS SYSTEM FOR MODEL IOR MODEL II - IN STOCK- General Ledger- Accounts Receiva ble- A ccoun ts Payable- Pa yroll- Inventory Control with Invoicing· Eac h module can be operated individually or as acoo rdinated SYSTEM . Turn-Key error catchingope ration for beginners.· Complete manual and documentationaccompany each program.· Minimum System requ irements 2-Disk Drivesfor Model 1... 1- Disk Drive for Model II· Eac h module ca n be fo rmatted to span datal · on up to 4-Disk Drives Free 30-Day tel ephone consultation~ · Call for complete specifications·~ · M o d el I Version$125.00 Per Module$495.00 Per System· M o del II Ver sio n$225.00 Per Module$995.00 Per SystemDATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS- OMS replace index ca rds or any data requiringlong lists of information.· TBS In-Memory Information System(For Cassette Sys tems)$39.95· TB S Disk Data Manager (Requires 1 or more d iskdrives) .. .Set up fast random access , files inminutes. Stores up to 320K of information on 4Drives. Up to 10 fields and 255 characters perrecord . Supports uppe r and lower case. RS'232 or~· TRS-232 ... Features complete editing$49.50Personal Software CCA Data ManagementSystem ... Compl etel y user o riented , menu drive,130 page Step By Step Manual ... Capable of! in ve ntory control. so rt ing data, reporting data in n earl y any form (for reports and mailing labels) . Sorts data by up to 10 fields for zip code, balance due , geographic location or whatever. Prints reports with subtotals and totals automaticallyt ca lculated . Fast random access$75.00FROM RACET COMPUTES· REMOOEL-PROLOAO Renumbers programlines, combines programs. The only renumberprogram that will renumber the middle of aprogram . Specify 16K, 32K or 48K. Wo rks withCassette or Disk$34 .95· GSF - Use in your Basic Programs for InstantSorting (will sort 1000 items in 9 seconds) . Othercommands include Compress and UncompressData. Duplicate Memory, Display Screen Controlsand Fast Graphic Controls$24 .95(For Cassette or Disk , specify 16K . 32K or 48K) .· OOSORT All G .S.F. co mmands plus specia lMultiple Disk Sorting Routines$34 .95(Specify 32K or 48K)· INFINITE BASIC - Adds 70 commands to yourTRS-80'" including Instant Sort, MatrixCommands. String Commands, Left and RightJusti fication , String Centering, SimultaneousEquations, Upper and Lower Case Rev erse andmore. (For Cassette or Disk)$49.95· INFINITE BUSINESS (Requires Infinite Basic)Eliminate Round-off error, 127- 0igit CalculationAccuracy, Insert New Elements in Sorted Arrays,Automatic Page Headings, Footings andPagination , Multiple Precision Ar ithmeti c andmo re. (For Cassette or Disk)$29.95· COPSYS - Copy Machine Language Programs(For Cassette Only)$14.95· DSM (Disk Sort Merge)$75 .00FROM SMALL SYSTEM SOFTWARE· RSM-2 Machine Language Monitor$26.95· RSM-20 Disk Version of RSM-2$29 .95· OCV-1 Convert s Mac hine Language Programsfrom tape to disk$9.95· AIR RAIO - The ultimate TRS-80'" game convertsyour TRS-80'" into a real time shooting gallery$14.95· BARRICADE - A fast pong style game $14.95· CPM - (For Disk Only)$150 .00· TRS-232 INTERFACE - Interface with Softwaredriver RS -232 printers to your TR S-80' " $49.95· TRS-232 FORMATTER - Additional (optional)Software for TRS-232 owners. Adds many printercommands to your TRS-80'"$14.95(With purchase of TRS-232)$9 .95· PENMOO - Use th e Electric Pencil with RS 's lowercase modification$19.95FROM GALACTIC SOFTWARE· MAIL PAC - For Model I Disk Systemso nl y$99.95Quick-sorting full user control over mailing listfrom Galactic Software.· STOCK MARKET PAC$99.9550 N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977HOURS: 9·5 Monday thru Saturday~24 HOUR ORDER LINE(914) 425-153548-Page Catalog $2 FREE With Any OrderOrder By Phone Or Mail Add $1 Per Order For Shipping Within UPS AreasAdd $3 For C.O.D. Add $3 For All Foreign And Non-UPS ShipmentsAdd $3 For UPS Blue LabelNEW TOLL-FREEORDER LINE(OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE)(800) 431-2818178 BYTE September 1980FROM APPARAT NEW DOS +$99.9535 , 40 and 77 Track Versio ns availab le.· NEW OOS/ 80 (With variable record length files .c hainings and man y other fea tur es$149 .95FROM THE BOTTOM SHELF· CHECKBOOK II (For Cassette or Di sk ) $39.95· SYSTEM DOCTOR (A co mp lete d iagnosis o f yourTRS-80'"... Checks memory, vi deo , cassette, disk .ROM . and all other parts o f you r system )For Cassette or Disk$28 .50· CHECKBOOK REGISTER ACCOUNTINGSYSTEM (Requires 2 disk drives) $75 .00· LIBRARY 100 - 100 es tabli shed business . gameand educational programs plus FREE Tin y Pilotall for$49 .50· BASIC TOOL KIT - L ists all va riables . GO TO 'sand GOSUB's in you r program$19 . 80· SOUNOWARE - Adds sound to you r TR S-80'"Just plu s it in$29 .95Sample programs included.· TING TONG - Can be used w ith Soundwa re for aSound version of pong$9 .95· VIC - The Carta Visual InstructionalComputer Program$19 . 95The Le vel II 16K Cassette is desig ned to teachbeginners the Basics of Machine Language andAssembly Languag e Prog ramming . See everyMachine Language In struct io n Di sp lay o n yourvideo . VIC includes Step By Step 55 page manualVISTA V80 DISK DRIVE -11 OK of Storage$395.00Add $29.95 for Cab le (Free w it h purc hase of2- Disk Drives) . 10 day money back guaran tee.FROM HOWE SOFTWARE· MON-3 - Mach ine Language Programming forbeginners. MON-3 is a complete System Monitorwith Users Manual$39 .95· MON-4 - Disk Version of MON-3$49.95FROM MICROSOFT· LEVEL Ill BASIC$49 .95Now Cassette owners can add Disk Commandsto their TRS-80'" with out owning a Disk Drive· MICROSOFT DISK ADVENTURE$29.95· TRSOOS BASIC COMPILER$195.00Run Basic Program s up to 15 tim es tas ter.· NEC BUSINESS QUALITY PRINTERS(For MOD-I or MOD-II )$2 ,995.00THE ELECTRIC PENCIL Cassette Disk MOO-II Version$99 .95 $150.00 $325.00· HORSE SELECTOR IIBy Or . Hal DavisThe TRS-80'" version updated for the TRS-80'"and originall y reviewed in Systems andMethods$50.00· · · EVERYTHING · · · FOR MOD·ll OWNERSNEW MOD-II NEWSLETTER MOD-II Catalog Free w/subscription $12/yearMAIL PAC$199.95MICROSOFT BASIC COMPILER $395.00MICROSOFT BASIC$325.00GSF SORT ROUTINE$50.00CP/M$170.00PEACHTREE BUSINESSSOFTWARECallWORD STAR$495.00Circle 111 on inquiry card.THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOR OWNERS OF THE TRS-80TM* MICROCOMPUTER :La~PLITRa~zLs ~- N~~s~~§~~· SOFTWAREFOR TRS-80'" OWNERS MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE Practical Support For Model I & II · PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ·BUSINESS · GAMBLING · GAMES ·EDUCATION · PERSONAL FINANCE · BEGINNER'S CORNER · NEW PRODUCTS · SOFTWARE EXCHANGE · MARKET PLACE · QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS · PROGRAM PRINTOUTS:. E. .E. AND MOREPROGRAMS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN OUR FIRST 12 ISSUES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:· A COMPLETE INCOME TAX PROGRAM (LO NG AND SHORT FORM) · INVENTORY CONTROL · STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS · WO RD PROCESSING PROGRAM (FOR DISK OR CASSETTE) · LOWER CASE MODIFICATION FOR YOUR VIDEO MONITO ROR PRINTER · PAYROLL (FEDERA L TA X WITHHOLDING PROGRAM! · EXTEND 16-DIGIT ACCURACY TO TRS -80'" FUNCTIONS (SUCH ASSQUARE ROOTS AND TR IGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS) · NEW DISK DRIVES FOR YOU R TRS-80'" · PRINTER OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR TRS-80'" · A HORSE SELECTION SYSTEM*** ARITHMETIC TEACHER · COMPLETE MAILING LIST PROGRAMS (BOTH FOR DISK OR CASSETTESEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM ACCESS) · RANDOM SAMPLING***BAR GRAPH · CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE PROGRAM · LEVEL II UPDATES***LEVEL II INDEX · CREDIT CARD INFORMATION STORAGE FILE · BEGINNER 'S GUIDE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE · LINE RENUMBERING · AND CASSETTE TIPS. PROGRAM HINTS. LATEST PRODUCTSCOMING SOON (G ENERAL LEDGER. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND RECEIVABLE. FORTRAN -80. FINANCIAL APPLICAT IONS PACKAGE . PROGRAMS FOR HOMEOWNERS. MERGE TWO PROGRAMS . STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMS (BOTHELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED) .. ANDFR4WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (Cassette or Disk) For writing letters. tex t. mailing lists. etc .. with each new subscriptions or renewal.F b LEVEL II RAM TEST (Casse tt e o r Disk) Checks random access memory to ensure that all memory locations are working properly.DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Casse tt e or Disk) Complete file management for your TRS -80'"~~CLEANUP (Cassett e or Disk ) Fast action Maze GameQCCADVENTURE (Casse tte or Di sk) Adventure #0 by Scott Adams (From Adventu reland International)· TRS -80 '" IS A TRADEMARK OF Ti\NDY CO RPSEND FOR OUR NEW 48 PAGE SOFTWARE CATALOG (INCLUDING LISTINGS OF HUNDREDS OF TRS-80'" PROGRAMS AV AILABLE ON C ASSETTE AND DISKETTE). $2.00 OR FREE WITH EACH SUBSCRIPTIONS OR SAMPLE ISSUE.;Lllr:1PLJTR(]r.i%LS~-·····················..........·························NE·w ·-rc;t.·a:~FfiE0E N\An-EN\ATCAL. ~rc:>'\6 SERVCE ....50 N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 1097724 ~~HOUR ORDERONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $24 . . . . . . . . . .LINETWO YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $48 .. SAMPLE OF LATEST ISSUE $ 4 ...... ... .(914) 425-1535START MY SUBSCRIPTION WITH ISSUE ..... .(# 1 - July 1978 · #7 - January 1979 · #12 - June 1979 · #18 - January 1980) NEW SUBSCRIPTION . . . . . . . . RENEWAL ....... .ORDER LINE(OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE)(800) 431-2818NEW!!!MOD·U NEWSLETTERS·Z ear or ·z issues CREDIT C ARD NUMBER _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ EXP. DAT~-------S I G NATURE --------------------------------------~NAME - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ADDRESS _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ CITY_ _ _ _ _ _ __ STAT~--------~ IP_ _ _ _ __· · · ADD $6/YEAR (CANADA. MEXICO) - ADD $12/YEAR AIR MAIL - OUTSIDE OF U.S.A.· CANADA & MEXICO · ··Circle 11 1 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 l79FCC Regulation of Personal and Home-Computing Devices New Rules After a 3-Year StudyTerry G Mahn Wewer & Mahn PC 1762 Church St NW Washington DC 20036 If you have been reading BYTE within the last half year, you are probably aware that the FCC (Federal Communications Comm.ission) has handed down a set of regulations pro hibiting the sale of personal com puters that emit unacceptable levels of RFI (radio-frequency interference). But the FCC has changed its regula tions several times, and in any case, information on and interpretation of these rulings have been scarce. I hope to clarify these most recent FCC regulations and to describe how (and when) they will affect you as aAbout the Author Terry G Mahn is a principal in the lawfirm Wewer and Mahn PC in Washington DC, where he specializes in intellectual property protection and licensing, and the legal, regulatory, and policy issues affect ing the data processing and telecommuni cations industries. He has previously served as general counsel to the Computer and Communications Industry Associa tion and as a computer specialist for the US House of Representatives Committee on House Administration . Currently, he is regulatory counsel to MITA (M icro computer Industry Trade Association).It is current FCC policy for computer manufac turers to bear the associated costs of their technology.personal-computer user or vendor and the industry in general.It is a common misconception by many in the computer industry that the FCC is empowered by the 1934 Communication Act only to regulate communications providers and users-that is, common carriers, broadcasters, and Citizens Band radio users. This misconception emanates from the nearly decade-old controversy surrounding the Com mission's so-called "Computer Rules." First adopted in 1971, these regulations attempted to define the technological boundary line between common-carrier communications and data processing, to identify the FCC's jurisdictional perimeter under Title II (common-carrier services) of the Act. Recently, the computer rules have un dergone a major revision in an effortto halt FCC encroachment into the traditionally nonregulated computer and data-processing industries.The FCC's regulatory reach into the computer industry, however, is not as limited as the Computer Rules might seem to indicate. Title III of the Act (radio services) specifically em powers the FCC to protect communi cations systems from RFI, from what ever source derived. Insofar as virtu ally all computing devices emit spuri ous radio frequencies that can poten tially interfere with radio or televi sion services, manufacturers and ven dors of such equipment come directly within the FCC's Title III jurisdiction.It is not axiomatic that where fed eral authority exists, industry regula tion and increase of the cost of doing business is sure to follow. (Under Chairman Ferris, for example, the FCC has been particularly notorious in reducing regulation of American industry.) Nevertheless, the FCC has chosen to regulate in this area for purely economic reasons. Because the radio spectrum is a valuable, but lim ited resource that can be used in vari ous but incompatible ways, simple economic efficiency suggests that such resources be employed in their180 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncStart learning and computing for only $129. 95 with a Netronics 8085-basedcomputer kit. Then expand it in low-cost steps to a business/development systemwith 64k or more RAM, 8" floppy disk drives, hard disks and multi-terminal 1/0.THE NEW EXPLORER/85 SYSTEM Special! Full B" floppy, 64k system for less than the price of a mini! Only $1499.95!Imagine - for on ly $129.95 you can own the start.ing(Also available wired & tested. $1799.95)level ol Explorer/85. a computer that's expandable intolull business/development capabilities - a computerthat can be your beginner sys tem. an OEM controller.or an IBM-formatted B" disk s mall business system.From the first day you own Explorer/85. you begincomputing on a significant level. and applying principles discussed in leading computer magazines. Explorer/85 features the advanced Intel 6085 cpu, whichis 1003 compatible with the older 6080A. It offers onboard S-100 bus expansion. Microsoft BASIC in ROM .plus instant conversion to mass storage disk memorywith standard IBM-formatted B" disks . All for only$129.95. plus the cost or power supply. keyboard / terminal and RF modulator if you don' t have them (see our remarkable prices below for these and other, accessories). With a Hex Keypad/display front panel. Level " A" can be programmed with no need for a terFu/18" disk system for less than the price of a mini (shown with Nclronics Explorcr/85 computer and new terminal). Syslem fealures floppy drive from Control Data Corp.. world 's lorgcst moker of memory slorogc syslcms (!lQ! o hobby brand!)minal. ideal for a controller. OEM. or a real low-coststart.Level " A " is acomplete operoti11Si:system.perfect /or· beginners, hobbyists.industrial con lrofler use. $129.95Level " A " With Hex Keypad/Display.nal 256 bytes located in the 81 55A). The static RAMcan be located anywhere from .rlllftl lo EFFF in 4kblocks.LEVEL "E" SPECIFICATIONSLevel "E" adds sockets for 6k of EPROM to use thepopular Intel 2716or the TI 2516. II includes all sockets.power supply regulator. heat sink. filtering and decoupling components. Sockets may also be used for 2k x 6RAM IC's (allowing for up to 12k ol onboard RAM) .DISK DRIVE SPECIFICATIONS· 8" CONTROL DATA CORP. · Data capac;ty, 401.016 bytesprofess;onal dr;ve.(SDI. 802.032 bytes (DD).· LSI controllerunformatted.· Write protect.· Aa;ess time: 25rm (one· Singleordoubledensity.track).DISK CONTROLLER/ 1/0 BOARDSPECIFICATIONS· Cont.'Olsuplofour 8" drives. · tntA LSI (SD) fl oppy diskcontroller. · Onboard data separator · ~l:e~i~l/Oipoti~:>·· Autoboottodisksystem when system reset.· 2716PROMsocketincluded for use in cuslom a p p licalions.· Onboard crystal controlled.· ·O&,nnbuoeabrrd~1~/s0ktb~a~u!d>r:a.te~·(glass epoxy.)DISK DRIVE CABINET/POWER SUPPLY· Deluxe steel cabinet with individual power supply for max imum reliability and stability.LEVEL "A" SPECIFICATIONS Explorer/85's Level " A" system features the advanced single step with register display at each break point .. go to execution address. Level .. A '" in this version makes a perfect controller for industrial applications. ORDER A COORDINATED EXPWRER/85 APPLICATIONS Intel 6085 cpu. an 6355 ROM with 2k deluxe monitor/ operating system. and an advanced B155 RAM 1/0 ... all on a single motherboard with room for RAM/ROM / PROM/EPROM and S-100 expansion. plus generous prototyping space. PC Board: Glass epoxy. plated through holes with solder mask. · 1/0 : Provisions for 25-pin (OB25) con nector for terminal serial 1/0. which can also support a paper tape reader . .. cassette tape recorder input and output .. . cassette tape control output ... LEO output indicator on SOD (serial output) line ... printer inter lace (less drivers) ... total or four 6-bit plus one 6-bit 1/0 ports. · Crystal Frequency: 6.144 MHz. · ControlSwitches: Reset and user (RST 7.5) interrupt ... addi tional provisions for RST 5.5. 6.5 and TRAP interrupts onboard. · Counter/Timer: Programmable. 14-bit binary. · System RAM: 256 bytes located al FBOO. ideal for smaller systems and for use as an isolated stack~'.=as'.~~~~~d:1;~~~~~,j,~~rdexpandable to 64KSystem Monitor ffenninal Version): 2k bytes oldelux e syste m monitor ROM located at Flfj!jl. leaving ~ free for user RAM/ROM. Features include tapeload with labelingexamine/change contents ormemory ... insert data ... warm start . .. exami ne andchange all registers ... single step with register displayat each break point. a debugging/training feature ... goto execution address .. . move blocks of memory fromone location lo another ... fill blocks of memory with aconstant . . display blocks of me mory . . . automaticbaud rate selection to 9600 baud ... variable displayline length control (1-255 characters/line) ... channelized 1/0 monitor routine with II-bit parallel outputfor high-speed printer ... serial console in and consoleout channel so that monitor can commu ni cate with 1/0and is programmed using the Netronics Hex Keypad / Display. It is low cost. perfect for lieginners. HEX KEYPAD/DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS Calculator type keypad with 24 system-re fined and 16 user-de fined ke[s. Six digit ca lculator-type display. that displays lul address plus data as well as register and status information. LEVEL "B" SPECIFICATIONS Level "B'' provides rhe S-100 signals plus buffe rs / drivers to s upport up to six S-100 hus boards. and in cludes: address decoding for onboard 4k RAM e xpan sion selectable in 4k blocks ... address decoding for onboard Bk EPROM ex pansio n select able in 6k blocks ... address and data bus drivers for onboard e xpansion .. . wa it s tat e gene rator (jumper selectable). to allow the use of slower me mories . . two separate 5 volt regula to rs . LEVEL "C" SPECIFICATIONS Level " C" ex pands Explorer/ 65's motherboard with acard cage. allowing you lo plug up lo six S-100 cards directly into rhe motherboard . Both cage and card are neat ly contained inside Explorer' s deluxe steel cabinet. Level '"C'" includes a s heel me tal s uperstruc ture. a 5-card. gold plated S-100 extension PC board that plugs into the motherboard . Just add required number of S-100 connectors.~ . g Exp/orer/85With Level "C" CnrdCoge.PAK! Beginner's Pak (Save $26.00!)- Buy Level " A" (Ter minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing and AP-1 5-amp Power Supply: (regular price $199.95). now at SPECIAL PRICE: $169.95 plus post. & insur. Experimenter's Pak II (Save $53.40!) - Buy Level .. A " (Hex Keypad/Display Ve rsion) with Hex Keypad/Display. Intel 6065 User Manual. Level " A"Hex Monitor Source Listing. and AP-I 5-amp Power Supply: (regular price $279.35). all at SPECIAL PRICE: $219.95 plus post. & ins ur. ·Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00!) - In cludes Level "A" (Te rminal Version). Level " B". Level " O" (4k RAM). Level "E". Bk Microsoft inROM. Intel 6065 User Manual. Level " A" Monitor Source Listing. and AP-15-amp Power Supply: (regu lar price $439.70). now yours at SPECIAL PRICE: $329.95 plus post. & insur.ADD A TERMINAL WITH CABINET. GET A FREE RF MODULATOR: ·s.veover $114 at this SPECIAL PRICE: $499.95 plus post. & insur. Special 8" Disk Edition Explorer/85 (Save over $1114!) - Includes disk-version Level "A". Level " B" . two S-100 connectors a nd brackets. disk controller. 64k RAM. AP-15-amp power supply. Explorer/65 deluxe steel cabinet. cabinet Ian, 8" S0/00 disk drive from famous CONTROL DATA CORP. (not a hobby brand!). drive cabinet with power supply. and drive cable set-up for two drives. This package includes everything but terminal and printers (see coupon for them). Regular price $1630.30. all yours in kit al SPECIAL PRICE: $1499.95 plus post. & insur. Wired and tested, only $1799.95.ports.Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save System Monitor (Hex Keypad/Display Version):LEVEL "D" SPECIFICATIONS$625.00!) - Includes CP/M 2. 0. Mi crosoft BASIC. Tap!! load with labe ling . .. tape dump with labelingLevel " O" provides 4k ol RAM . powe r su pply regulaGene ral Ledger. Accounts Rece iva ble. Accounts .. exa mine/cha nge cont ent s o f me mory .. . insert datation. filt e ring decoupling components and sockets toPayable. Payroll Pac kage : (regular pri ce $1325 ). yo urs . .. warm start ... exa mine and chan~e all registers .expa nd your Explorer/65 memory lo 4k (plus rhe o rigi now al SPECIAL PRI CE: $699.95. ..................................................·..·.................................................................... Please send lhe ilems checked below:D Elplorer/85 level "A" ldl (Term;nal Vorsion) ... 11211.115 plus $3 post. & insur.D Explorer/85 level "A" Id! (Hex Key pad /D;splay Vers;on)f.Oi~ed~::~~~~ . . 0 AP-I Power Supply kll ±8V @5 amps) in delux1: slf!d c.ahinel014.a5f!itCh. pnSlp;i id .0 Rf Modulator kltJalluws you lo USP. y11u rTV Sf!I as a m1inilnr)O otsk controller lloilfd "1th WO Ports . S198.95 pl us $2 post.& insur.-.1111 D Special: Complete Business sonware Pak (SI" al..ve) . postpaid .D :.!~~~ ruH;"~n&c!i~~~ie tape.S&t.95 poslpaid.Diiii.5::i~l:.'11rloo ho1m:I expands to 64k) ... $199.95 plus SZSOLD SEPARATELYo 0 CP/M 1.4 .. SIOOpostpaid. 0 81< Mlcro..all llASIC In ROMldt(requ;res Levels " B". " D" andpo~I. & insur.D CP/M 2.0 ... l1$0postpa;d. "E") . . . Sllfl.95 plus 52 post. & ;nsur. D level "B" (S-lllOl ldt ... 149.95 plus $2 post. & insur. D level "C" (S-100 Ikard expender) ldt . .. 139.95 plus $2 post.& insur. D Level "II" (4k RAM) ldt ... 11111.95 plus $2 post. & insur. D Level "E" (EPROM'llOMI ldt ... $5.95 plus 50¢ p&h. D Detuxe Sleet tablnet for Explo1"!r/85 ... 149.95 plus S3 post.& insur.D 321' KAM ldt ... 12911.95 plus $2 post. & ;nsur. 0 4lll RAM kit ... S399.9S plus $2 post. & insur.0 64k RAM ldl . . S498.9S plus S2 posl. & insur. 0 Ilk RAM Elpanskln ldl (to expand any of the ahov~ in 16khlocks up lo 64k) ... S..95 plus $2 posl. & insur. rn1ch . D Intel 11185 cpu USers' Manual . .. S7.$0postpa;d. D 12" Video - t o r (lOMHz handwidthl ... 1139.95 plus S5posl. & insur.D Mlcro..all llASIC . .. 1325 postpa;d. D Inlet 11185 cpu User Manual ... S7.50 postpaid. O Levet " I\" - t o r Source UsUng . 125 postpa;d . t conunen1e1 US.A. Credit Clrd Buyers outside t:oonectl<ut 0t C~LJ-rd~~o~ ~~~!:ic~;~r~~ch~!~B Assistancf!. call (W3) 354-H:l75D Fan For Cabi net ... SIUIOplus $1 .50 posl. & insur.D Beglnner'S Pak(""'' above) 11118.95 plus S4 post. & ;nsur.D ASCII ICeyboard/COmputer llmnlnal ldt: featuN'5 a full IZH D Experimenter's Pak (si.· abovel .. 1219.95 plus $6 post. &Total Enclosed (Conn res. add sales lax)$ _ __c:harnc:tr. r Sf!I. u&J c.:ase: full cursor control : 75 ohm v id1~1insur.Paid By:oul pul : c.:onve rtihlc lo haudol nu lput: sdecltt ble baud ral e. D Speclal Mlcrosoll BASIC Pak'lltl'llul 'Rlrmlnal (s'"' "hc've) .0 Pe rsonal Check 0 Cashie r's C heck / Money 0 rde rRS232-C o r 20 m;i. 1/0 . 32 o r 64 character hy 16 line form<t!S.1329.IS plus $7 post. & insur.0 VISA 0 Master Charge (Bank No. __ _ -1nnd ccrn he usr!d with e ithr. r a CRT moniloro r a 1V sel (if youha vt! an RF modulato r ) . . Sl49.9S plus $3.00 post. & insu r. 0 DeLUle Sleet tablnet for ASCII keylJo<ml /termi nal .Sl9.9S plus $2.50 posl. & ins ur. 0 New! ~nal/Monllor: (St~! photo) Sa me fealures as ahovt'.D Same as above. plus ASCII 1'eyboard 'Rlrmlnal "1th tablnet,Get free Rf -ulator '"'"' ahc1vc) ... 1498.95 plus 510 post. & insur. D Speclal 8" Disk Edition Explorer/85 ("'" ahc1vcJ ... 114lltl.9S plus S26 post. & insur.Acct. No.Exp. Date - - Signature - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - PrinlName1 ~ix~~~l !~~;n~~~n~:;>~ ~i~~b~~(~~ ;~d~~~~~ls~r'." deluxt·0 Mred & ~led ... 11798.9$ plus $26 posl . & insur . D Eltra 8" CDC floppy Drives ... 1498.95plus 512 post. & insu r.CAidtyd_ res_ s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __0 ttazeltlne lermlnals: O ur prices loo low to quolr.- CALL Ufi0 tablnet & POwer Supply For Drive ... Sllll.95 plus S3 post. & StaleZip_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __...................................................................................n.."....................................... 0 Lear-Sigler lermlnalS/prlnlers: Our prices too low lo quoll·. CALLUS D Hex keypad/otsplay ldt ... 11111.95 plus $2 post. & insur.msur. D Drive table Set-up For Two Drives .. S25 plus S1.50 post. &l!!ttit.. NETRONICS Research & Development Lid.msur.333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776most valuable way-namely, in the ing possible public-cost/ benefitmovement , however, inway that yields the greatest public scenarios involving computingterference crackles over the policebenefits. Just as raising a crop of corn devices and communications services:band, drowning out all comand grazing cattle are incompatiblemunications for several seconds.uses of the same plot of land, so too · A suspected criminal is being purWhen the band finally clears, themay the operation of a computing desued by police through windingpolice learn that they have lostvice and the transmission of televicity streets. Several patrol carstrack of the fleeing suspect. Later,sion signals present incompatible usesbegin converging on the suspectthe police investigate the cause ofof the electromagnetic spectrum. Thefrom different directions asthe interference on their restrictedFCC, therefore, is forced to balanceinformation on the suspect's locaband and learn that one of thethe demands placed on electromagtion and movement is relayedcoin-operated video games in thenetic spectrum usage by Americanover the police radio band. Sudcocktail lounge was the source ofbusinesses and consumers: the difdenly, the suspect makes anthe interfering radio frequencies.ficulty arises in determining whichabrupt turn through the parking · An airplane pilot finds himselfuse will yield the greatest publiclot of a cocktail lounge. Beforecaught in bad weather and isbenefits.the pursuing car can comforced to make an "instrument"Consider, for example, the follow-municate the suspect's suddenlanding. As the pilot approachesthe airfield, he asks his copilot torender a quick computation toCall on John D . Owens for all Your Computer Needsbetter gauge their position. Thecontrol tower, which has theCOMPUTERS, PRINTERS, CRTs, MODEMS, MAINFRAMES, MEMORY, CONTROLLERS, FLOPPY AND HARD DISK DRIVES, 11 0, DISKETTES AND SOFTWARE. plane on radar, warns the pilot of an approaching larger aircraft. Suddenly, before the tower'sautomatic collision-avoidanceIMS 5000 and 8000 Systemsinstructions are received, interThe new rising stars! Beautifull y designed and constru cted wi th the Industrial Micro System reputa ti on fo r fine quality. These systems fea ture a Z80 C PU, S-100 bus; double density dri ves (either single or double sided) C P I M®. 5000 series uses min i fl oppies, 8000 uses max i flop pies. Ha rd disk and MP/ M now available.Model 5-00125 wi th two double density drives, 32K Sta tic RAM . . . . . . . . . . Model 8-00125 as above but w ith 8 " drives . Other configu rations ava ilable .$2 , 765 $4,185ference drowns out the radio channel. While waiting for the channel to clear, the pilot nearly collides with a commercial airlin er but manages to land safely. The FAA (Federal Aviation AdTELETYPE Model 43 Inventory Sale!!! IBM 3101 CRT Model 10 .$1,195Model 4320 AAK . .$1,085Model 20$1 ,395Model 4330 pu nch/ reader. 10 or 30 CPS. Selectric- like, detached keyboa rd. 9x16ministration) later conducts an investigation and learns that the electronic calculator used by the8 level, 1· tape .$2,595 dot matrix. Mai ntenance co ntrac t fromcopilot emitted the RFI thatLi mi ted suppl y of Model 45 ava il abl e.IBM onl y $70 per yea r.caused the interference on the reDRIVES Per Sei 2998 No w Available!! ! . Cab in et a nd powe r supply$2,200 $300TELEVIDEO SMART CRTs912 8 and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $780920 8 and C. . . . . . . . . . . $850stricted aeronautical-frequency band. · A young mathematics student rePer Sci 277 .$1,210ceives a personal computer forSiemens .$395 Shugart ..... $525MP! 851 . $265 852 .$365Inn otronics and Q UM E also ava il ableIMS MEMORY 16 K sta tic 32 K sta tic64 K Dyna mic wit h parity$285 $585 $950pis fifteenth birthday. Shortly thereafter his entire family begins to use the computer for variousHAZELTINE 1500 .1510 .$980 1520 .$885 $1,210DEC LA 35 / 36 Upgrade .$750Increases baud rate to 1200. Microprocessor cont ro lled . Many fea tures incl udeTEI MAINFRAMES, S-100 12 slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 slot . . . . . . . . .TARBELL$500 $670applications: the father does tax and financial planning for his insurance clients; the mother stores cooking recipes and ad dresses and telephone numbers ofTOF, tabs and ma rgin cont rol.Double density controller .$420friends and relatives; and theWe have no reader inquiry number. Ca ll on us fo r product shee ts. Dea ler inquiry invited . Prices subj ec t to change with out notice. CODs accepted at no ex tra charge. Shippi ng $14 for light printers and CRTs. C redi t ca rds add 4 % . NY residents add tax. younger brother plays electronic video games. Soon, even the family's home-security and energy-control systems are beingWE EXPORT Overseas Callers: TWX 710 588 2844 : Phone 212 448-6298 or Cable: OWENSASSOCI I· I· ··· Irun by the computer. Meanwhile a neighbor complains to an FCC field office that he has been ex periencing interference eachJOHN D. OWENS212 448-6283 Associates, Inc. 212 448-6298evening over one of his local television channels. The field office investigates and learns that the personal computer is the12 Schubert Street Staten Island, New York 10305 source of the RFI. The family is told to correct their computer or discontinue its use. Since the182 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Incmanufacturer's warranty does not cover RFI defects, the family is forced to undertake expensive corrective measures of their own.While these examples may seem a lit tle contrived, in fact, each concerns a theoretical situation with which the FCC is concerned.Moreover, in every case brought to the FCC's attention involving RFI from computers, the FCC has rou tinely decided that radiation from such devices is a less valuable use of the spectrum than the radio-commun ication services which might be in terfered with. Stated another way, it is current FCC policy for computer equipment manufacturers to bear the associated costs of their new and beneficial technology.Computing Device Interference Computers and other similardevices emit potentially harmful radio-frequency signals. Inside a computer, very rapid electrical signals and pulses are generated and used to regulate sequences of events and to carry out the control and logic functions of the computer. These rapid electrical pulses produce high frequency emissions that "float" around inside the cabinet of the com puter. Unless this energy is somehow contained or filtered, it is radiated in to space to be picked up by radio or television receivers.Computers have been reported to cause harmful interference to almost all radio services, particularly those services below 200 MHz, including police, aeronautical, and broadcast services. Several factors that have contributed to the recent increase in computer-interference complaints include:· the proliferation of digital elec tronic equipment in both businesses and homes;· the development of higher-speed computers, which require designers to contend with prob lems of radio-frequency emission never before experienced;· the increased replacement of steel cabinets with plastic cabinets, which provide little or no RFI shielding.To the extent that computing devices are harmful in terms of their potential for generating RFI, and becauseprivate mediation between interfering uses is considered highly unlikely, the FCC becomes the final arbiter of spec trum interference.Part 15 of the Commission's Rules specifically addresses these concerns by setting forth various technical and administrative specifications for all devices that generate or use radio frequency energy. Computer and other digital devices not intended to radiate RFI are defined as restricted radiation devices. Until very recently, however, restricted-radiation devices were subject to technical performance standards first drafted by the FCC in1938. In further complication of mat ters, under these 40-year-old rules, personal computers are subject to vastly different technical standards depending on whether they contain their own video displays or connect to an external television set.Three years ago the FCC initiated a rule-making procedure to modernize its Part 15 rules and to render them more workable and nondiscrimina tory in our evolving electronic society. The proceeding was recently concluded with the adoption of new regulations that will affect all com puter manufacturers. Hardest hit,Call on John D. Owens for all Your Computer NeedsWe Are Known for Our Prompt and Courteous Service!PET COMPUTERSINVENTORY SALE - LIMITED QUANTITIESPET 2001N 32K.. $950DUAL DISK SYSTEM . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . $950COMPLETE PET BUSINESS PACKAGE31 fully integrated programs including Inventory, Salessummary , Accounts Receivable/ payable, tax sta tements.general ledger, etc. etc. Prompts use r. Va lidates each entry.Menu driven.. . . . . . . . .. .$750ATARI AUTUMN SALELIST PRICEComputer, Model 800 .... ... . . , .. $1,080Disk Drive, Model 810 .$ 699Printer, Model 820 .......... . . .$ 599Cassette, Model 410 ..... .$ 89Paddle Controller Pair .$ 19SALE PRICE$845 $545 $457 $ 75 $ 17MARINCHIP SYSTEMS M9900Elegant 16 bit CPU, S-100 compatible Multi user, multiprocesso r opera ting system . Ex tended precision commercia lBASIC. FORTH , META, PASCAL, Word Processor a ndText Editor. Fast a nd powerful!Compl ete kit and softwa re package ............. $550Assembled .. ..... $700We configure complete sys tems with fl oppy or hard disk.HAWKEYE GRAFIX COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE FOR 8080/ ZSO/ CPI M®Enables communications with a time shari ng system thruModem port. Modes of operati on: TERMINAL (you rsystem acts like an in telligent terminal) , FILE-TO-FILE,LOCAL (Disk comma nds), Full / Half Duplex on 8 " or 5"disks COM to COM mode does full CRC 16 error checkand retransmits block on error.Binary Code.. $75 Source Code ........ $150MICROANGELO ... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. $1, 795 High resoluti on graphics system . Microangelo feature 15" , 22MHZ, green phospher screen, 72 key keyboard; includes complete cabling and software. From SCION.INDUSTRIAL MICROSYSTEMS TELETYPEHAZELTINE IBMTELEVIDEOTEI TARBELL SIEMENSPER SCI NECITHACA INTERSYSTEMSMARINCHIPDATA SOUTH QUMECENTRONICSTEXAS INSTRUMENTSATARIDEC CALIFORNIA COMPUTERSYSTEMSKONANEDGE TECHNOLOGY INNOTRONICSXEROXDIAB LO INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMSCROMEMCO SOROCMICROPROTELETEKNOVATIONFUJITSU CDCNORTH STARCOMMODORE SCIONMPIPOWER ONE MEASUREMENTSYSTEMS AND CONTROLSEE OUR AD AND ORDERING DETAILS ON FACING PAGE!JOHN D.OWENS 212 448-6283 Associates, Inc. 212 448-6298 12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305 September 1980 © BYTE Publica tions Inc 183however, will be the personal computer industry.FCC Classification of Computing DevicesIn order to establish RFI standards that are appropriate for a given com puter's actual harm-causing potential, the Commission has classified all computing devices under a binary scheme: Class A devices are defined as computing devices used in com mercial environments, and Class B devices are defined as those used in a residential environment or widely marketed to the public.The basis for this dual classification scheme is rooted in the theory that Class B (consumer) devices are located in closer proximity to radio, television, and (in many cases) land mobile radio services and thus have a higher potential for causing in terference than do Class A (commer cial) devices. Additionally, the Com mission has reasoned that consumer products usually do not contain the technical sophistication found in commercial equipment, nor do they receive the same level of preventive maintenance.In recognition of these important differences, between consumer and commercial products, the FCC has imposed technical standards on con sumer equipment that are ten times more stringent than those standards imposed on commercial equipment. More importantly perhaps, the Com mission is requiring manufacturers of consumer devices to register their products with the FCC by January 1, 1981 or cease all marketing; no similar rule applies to manufacturers of commercial computing equipment.(In addition, the FCC rules further distinguish between Class B "personal computing" devices that contain their own video displays and those that connect to a standard home television receiver (so-called Class I TV devices), with the latter being subject to somewhat stricter rules. Such distinctions between personal computing devices should soon disap pear, pending the successful comple tion of an on-going rulemaking in this area.)The Regulatory Scheme for Com puting EquipmentThe FCC's regulatory scheme forcomputing devices consists of both technical standards and adminis trative procedures. The technical standards are designed to mm1mize the likelihood that computing devices will cause interference with any FCC authorized communications services. Therefore, standards for radiation as well as conduction (ie: through a building's wiring) limit the amount of radio frequency that computing devices will be permitted to emanate during their normal operation.The administrative procedures adopted by the FCC are intended to ensure that manufacturers comply with the appropriate technical stan dards; these procedures also apprise the users of each class of equipment of its interference potential and what to do in case of technical failure. Most important, however, are the compliance deadlines that manufac turers must meet in order to continue (or begin) advertising and marketing their computing equipment. As ex plained more fully below, the rules differ substantially between commer cial and consumer equipment, with the latter being subject to more strin gent requirements.Computer Hardware ProfessionalsOur clients, highly successful manufacturers and OEMs of Computer Systems, Electronic Systems, and Peripherals. have immediate openings for Hardware Development Professionals to work on FUTURE SYSTEMS PROJECTS. Such projects include COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE. DATA COMMUNICA· TIONS, PERIPHERAL DEVELOPMENT, and POWER SUPPLY DESIGN. Specific openings currently exist at Senior a nd Intermediate levels for : COMPUTER ARCHITECTS - Definition and development of Micro- Mini-computer systems. POWER SUPPLY DESIGN ENGINEERS - Switching regulators for Off-Line Power supplies. Experience in High Frequency P.W .M. techniques and AC Power Distribution would be desirable. MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN ENGINEERS - Design/Development of state-of-the-art Microprocessor based systems and interfaces. Experience on any Microprocessor acceptable. LSI DESIGN DEVELOPMENT - Numerous positions with local systems oriented firms in LSI technology development. CPU DESIGN ENGINEERS - BSEE/BSCS and/or experience in the design of Digital Computers or Microprocessor systems. Requires an understanding of Software, i.e. ASSEMBLY, FORTRA N, or PL-1. DIGITAL LOGIC AND CIRCUIT DESIGN ENGINEERS - Logic and Circuit design plus a familiarity with TTL. CMOS, LSINLSI. etc. ANALOG DESIGNERS - 30 to 40 megahertz Phase Lock loop experience. Experience with 80 megahertz power drivers and DC motors. PCB DESIGNERS - With CAD experience. COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS DEVELOPERS - Experience with store and forward message swit· ching, Network Data Link Control. and/or PBX and EPX Systems. Compensation on all positions ranges from low 2o·s to low 40 's, based upon experience. Client companies are equal opportunity/affirmative action e mployers. provide excellent benefits, and assume all fees .Qualified applicants will receive IMMEDIATE RESPONSE and are invited to contact: Don Bateman. in strict confidence. at (617) 86 1·1020. Or submit current resume to him for review. For those who find it in· convenient to call during working hour s, our office will be open until 7:30 p .m .Contact: Don BatemanRl:. Robert Kleven and Co., Inc.INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTSThrf'f' Flt>LC"hf'r A\'f'nut> . Lt>xington . Mas~uhusC'tt,;; 0~17:1 Tf'lf'phont> 16171 Ktil · IO:!O\'h-mbn . . . . . . ..... . r tu1"""" .. r o f,.··1 o n· l f'1 a rl' mrnt (on·ul··nt ... . "··· un · I (ompull't -'··on ·I ,..,10ff1 r ,. .. ""i·t1() n,.1d,. 1 Kl'pfl'"""''"lil ·:qual Opportunll .\ ·:mplo ;> "'" .\t ·Class Definition Distinctions The FCC defines a "computingdevice" to be any electronic system that generates timing signals or pulses in excess of 10,000 cycles per second (10 kHz) and uses digital techniques. This definition includes, among other things, digital telephone equipment or any device that generates radio fre quencies for the purpose of perform ing data-processing functions such as "electronic computations, operations, transformations, recording, filing, sorting, storage, retrieval, or transfer." The Commission notes that computer terminals and peripherals also fall within this definition but that other components and subassemblies do not.Class A devices are further defined as any computing devices that are marketed for use in a commercial, in dustrial, or business environment. Class B devices are defined to be com puting devices marketed for use in a residential environment in spite of their potential use in commercial en vironments. Examples of Class B devices are electronic games, personal computers, calculators, and similar electronic devices marketed to the general public. Temporarily exempt184 Seplember 1980 © BYrE Publications IncCircle 112 on inquiry card.THE OASISRECIPE FOR QUALl1YICATION SORWARE.appy customers are fastH ··----------- making Single & Multiuser OASIS recognized as the super system software . BUT, system software is onlyl as good as the applications it runs . And that's where OASIS really cooks .professionals , they make providing superior products much more cost attractive .dd all the ingredients together and , whether you do it yourself or buy it off the shelf, the pay-off is a wide selection of topAPPLICATION SOFTWARE AVAILABLE FOR OASIS : IPLEASE SEND ME:Accounts Payable : Accounts Receivable : I General Ledger; Mail Lisi Pak ; Order Enlryl Price with M·nu·II Inventory Control : Inventory Tracking Pak ;Word Processors.ProduclM·nu·I OnlyArchitects & Pro Designers Timekeeping & Job Cos! Analysis ; Cable TV Subscriber Billing Sys ; Conslruclion Mg! Pak ;I OPERATING SYSTEM (I ncludes :I EXEC Language ; Fde Management;I Construction Pak ; Contractors Tracking Pak :User Accounting; Device Drivers;Dislribulors Pak ; Dental Office Mg! Pak ;I Medical Billing Sys ; Pharmacy Prescription I Processing wilh AI R; Managemenl AnalysisPr i nt Spooler;General Text Editor : etc .) SINGLE-USER$150 $17.50Pak ; Real Eslale Office Mg!; Reslauranl Pak;MULTI-USER35017.50Application softwareperforming , top-qualitydevelopers particularly application software thatSewer & Waler Ulilily Info Pak. Bisyncronous Communication Pak ; 27801 378013270 Emulators ; File & Screen MgrBASIC COMPILER/ INTERPRETER / DEBUGGER 10015.00like OASIS because itdoes more so you do less .with Report Generator; Full Network Data Base Mg! Sys ; Game Pak ; HierarchicalRE-ENTRANT BASIC COMPILER / INTERPRETER/ lets them blend uniqueOASIS; Single or MultiData Base Mgt Sys ; Radlogs (Radio Stalion Logs/Schedules/ Programming/ Billing withDEBUGGER 15015.00performance features with user with a sizzl ing array AIR, AIP. GIL.DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE (Ma cro Assembler; their own products- inof features and tools ;THESE ITEMS ARE NOT AVAILABLE DIRECT FROM PHASE ONE SYSTEMS.Linkage Editor; Debugger) 15025.00other words , build betteralmost unlimited software INC.-please write for ordering instructionsand complete. free Application Softwaresoftware . Security features poss ibil iti es (and applica Directory. If you have items you would hkeTEXT EDITOR a SCRIPT PROCESSOR 15015.00like User Accounting with tion software for Singlelisted in the Directory, send us complete information .)DIAGNOSTIC aCONVERSION UTILITIES Logon , Password and Privilege Level; File and Automatic Record Locking ; Private , Shared and Public Files . Speed and convenience of KeyedUser OASIS is Multi-User compatible); the most extensive documentation in the industry-indeed , you get a lot to like . And that's put OASIS System Software*en{Memory Test ; Assembly Language ; Converters : Fii e Recove ry ; Disk Test ; Fi le Copy from other OS; etc.) COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGE I {Term inal Emulator: File Send & Rece11e)10015.0010015.00Index (ISAM) Files . Economy among the hottest productsPACKAGE PRICE (All ol Above) from Compiled Re-Entrant on the market.D BASIC that makes multi-usersystems practical on as little as 64K memory. Androp us a line today for a complete , freelots more .Application Software Directory. And see yourenSINGLE· USER MULTI -USERFILE SORTCOBOL-ANSI '7450060 .0085060 .0010015.0075035 .00Order OASIS from :Phase One Systems, Inc.Because OASIS has better development tools and more of them creating very sophisticated software is possible,OASIS Distributor, or send the coupon direct, to get the products you want . Try us . We believe you 'll savor the OASIS recipe .·7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 830 Oakland, CA 94621Telephone (415) 562-8085 TWX g10-366-7 139NAME STREET (N O BOX#) _ _ __ CITY_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __practical , easier, faster. Just one example: BASIC that is an Interpreter and Compiler with Debugger and Editor. If you do your own development, you 'll really·For Z80 based compulers .OASIS IS AVAILABLE FOR SYSTEMS : Alt os ; Compucorp; Cromemco ; Delta Products; Digital Group; Digital Microsystems; Dynabyte; Godbout ; IBC; Index : lntersystems; North Star: Onyx : SD Systems ; TRS 80 Mod II ; Vector Graphic ; Vorimex . 0STATEZIP_ _ __AMOUNT$ _ __(Attach sys1em descr iption; add $3 for shi pping ; Californ ia res idents add sales tax) O Chec k enclosed O VISA O UPS C.O.D. O Mastercharge Card Number _ _ _ _ _ __ appreciate these kinds of features . For softwareCONTROLLE RS; Bell Controls ; Cameo ; Corvus : Konan ; Micromation : Micropolis ; Tarbell ; Teletek ; Thinkertoys ; X Comp. MAKES MICROS RUN LIKE MINIS Expiration Date _ _ _ _ _ __ Signature _________ ed (pending further rulemaking by the FCC) from the specific Class B technical and administrative re quirements are microprocessors utilized in transportation vehicles, home appliances, test equipment, and electronic power or control systems utilized in industrial plants.(1a) RADIATION - Maximum field-strength limitsFrequency (MHz)Distance (meters)Class A30 to 883088 to 21630216 to 100030Field Strength(µV/m)30 50 70Compliance Verification ProceduresClass A device manufacturers are required, prior to marketing, to verify that their devices meet the technical provisions set forth in the FCC's rules. In contrast, manufac turers of most Class B devices on the market (eg: electronic video games and personal computers) must certify to the Commission that their devices comply. Herein lies the heavy burden to be shouldered by the personal computing industry under the FCC regulations. (For, if any lesson is to be learned from the FCC's "Part 68 Pro gram" for certification of telephone devices, it is that federal regulations of this type are both costly and time consuming for manufacturers.)Verification (for commercial de vices) is basically an approval pro cedure based on the honor system, whereby a manufacturer tests his equipment to verify to the public that it complies with the appropriate technical standards. Although no FCC notification is imposed, manu facturers are still required to maintain records of their testing procedures and results.By comparison, certification (for consumer devices) is an arduous equipment-authorization procedure which requires manufacturers to test their product for compliance and sub mit the test information to the FCC along with a completed application (FCC Form 731), photographs, and fees. After the FCC reviews the submissions, a certification number is issued for the tested equipment; the manufacturer must affix this number to every model thereafter imported, advertised, or marketed. Any subse quent change in the circuitry or oper ation requires that the equipment be recertified to the FCC.Due to their high potential for causing RFI, the Commission has de termined that only the following de vices must be certified: electronic games, including coin-operated video games (but excluding handheld games that do not use a televisionClass B30 to 88310088 to 2163150216 to 10003200(1b) CONDUCTION - Maximum voltage levelsFrequency (MHz)Maximum RF Line Voltage (µV) Class A0.45 to 1.6 1.6 to 301000 3000 Class B0.45 to 30250 Table 1: Radiation and conduction standards for computing devices . Table la sets the maximum permissible level of radiated radio-frequency emissions for both Class A (commercial) and Class B (consumer) devices . Table lb does the same for con ducted emissions impressed on the electrical-power network.receiver for display); personal com puters (excluding digital clocks, desk top calculators, and handheld calcu lators); and peripherals and terminals capable of being attached to a per sonal computer. All other Class B de vices need merely be verified by manufacturers prior to their marketing.Technical StandardsThe technical standards imposed by the new rules are designed to pro vide a "reasonable degree" of protec tion for radio and television receiv ers. Since unwanted interference from computing devices can result from ra diated as well as conducted RFI, the standards regulate both types of em mission. (See table 1.) Radiation test ing requires manufacturers to measure the radio-frequency emana tions at specified frequencies and distances from their equipment to en sure that certain maximum energy levels are not exceeded. Conduction testing is designed to ensure that equipment will not impart more than a maximum level of energy over a specified frequency range into the electrical-power network. [For exam ple, this restriction will apply to devices that use house wiring to remotely control appliances... .GW) (The actual equipment-test proce<lures to be used by manufacturers are the subject of a current rule making before the FCC. Until final rules are issued, the Commission has approved certain conventional indus try test procedures.)Together, both tests protect against interference frequencies as low as 450 kHz (just below AM radio) to fre quencies as high as 1000 MHz (above UHF television signals). As stated previously, the standards for Class B equipment are ten times more strin gent than those for Class A .Labeling and User InformationComplex rules notifying users of their computing devices' potential (or lack thereof) for interference with radio communications and spelling out corrective action to be taken are key aspects of the FCC's administra tive regulations. In essence, all com puting devices will require some type of labeling or warning after January 1, 1981; however, these regulations will vary depending on the classifica tion of the device as well as the device's mandatory-compliance date. All Class A equipment (unless cer tified under the Class B standards) must warn users that its operation in a residential environment may cause interference for which the user will be held accountable.186 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncTERRIFIC TRIO: DO,OASIS, MAROT. A superior operating3 APPLICATION SOFTWARE 1I · · · · · · · · · PLEASE SEND ME: · · · · · · ·system and top applicationsoftware bring out the best in a microcomputer. That's why Marat offers the OASIS* Operating System and-OASISavailable .from. M.a.rat .I is your active, 1nv1s1ble(C ircle what you wou ld like and send order with payment 10 the ad d re ss shown beto w Jpartner supporting these excellent , ready-to-run0 SEND COMPLETEINFORM ATIONproducts :z compatible sQofbtwared for.M .__EJQIC1vAv1and ."'Th eowners of 8 ase micros. word processor combiningThey make a terrific trio. the ease of screen editingProductPriceMAGIC WAND "'$400_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....__ProductOASISOPERATING SYSTEM (Inclu d es: EXEC Langu ag e: Frie Ma nagement: User Account1 ng ; Device Dr111ers; Print Spooler: General Tex! Editor : etc .) S INGLE-US ER M ULTI -USERPricewith Manual Manual Only$1 50 350$17 .5 0 17 . 5 0I 180 MICROS - greatwith micro power.machines .Tandy's rns-80 HOBS.** For dataMOD II®with OM A, bankmanagement needsselect possibilities andrestricted to hierarchicalnationwide service. Altos. tree structure and fi xedCromemco. Horizon .length records .And many others . GreatMOBS.* * Handles fullBASIC COMPILER/ABS ACCOUNTING (ca ll or w rite) INTERPRETER/ DEBUGGER 100MOBS, full networkRE-ENTRANT BASIC$900 COMPILER / INTERPRETER /DEBUGGER150HOBSReport Generator, Query System300 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE(Ma cro Assem bler:Lin ka ge Ed itor;300Debugg er )150Prime r10 TEXT EDITOR &(Other options available)SCRIPT PROCESSOR15015 .0 0 15. 0025. 00 15.00machines- but it takes a great operating systemnetwork CODASYL oriented data structures andto tap their full potential. variable length records .2 ENTER OASIS - available from Marat. OAS IS is fast emerging as the operating system for Z80 commercial applications and serious programmers. Why? .. .rapid formating and back-up of diskettes ; efficient disk utili zation ; excellent line editor and document processor for file management and te xtwriting ; user accounting with logon, password , privi lege level and use account ing ; machine independenceABS.*** Quality office management systems accounts receivable and payable, general ledger, etc. -the total interacting , user-oriented business package. Written in COBOL; available with source code.A Law package. And ready soon : complete medical management, real estate, restaurant , pharmacy, management analysis packages, and others .of program s, data and textMarat and its Dealersfiles ; sequential , direct and offer OASI S and manykeyed index (ISAM) files ;professional softwareinterpreted and compiled products to indi viduals,Magic Wand. MOBS and HOBS areavailable for several opera ting systems"0As1s is lhe trademark of Phase One Sys1ems. lnc ·" HOBS and MOBS are produced by Micro Data BaseSys1ems. inc · · · American Business Systems IncTRS·80 is 1he 1eg1s1ered irademark at the randy Co1pora1 1on Magic Wand is the registered, irademark ot Small Business Systems. rncDIAGNOSTIC & CONVERSION UTILITIES(Memo ry Test; Assembly Language ; Conveners: File Recovery ; Disk Tes t: File Copy from other OS; etc.)COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGE(Terminal Emulator: File Sen d & Receive)PACKAGE PRICE (All of Above) S IN G LE-US ER M ULTI -US ERFILE SORTCOBOL-ANSI '7410015. 0010015 .0050060 .0085060 .0010 015 .0 075035 .0 0Send order to: Marot Software Systems, Inc. 35 East 85th Street New York City, NY 10028 Telephone (2 12) 534-5499 NAME _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ STREET (NO BOX#) _ _ __CI TY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ STATE _ _ _ _ ZIP _ _ __ AMOUNT$ _ __(Attach system desc ript ion: add $3 for shipping ; BASIC ; COBOL-ANSI '74 ; single and multi-user ver sions ; and more. No wonder pros say 'OAS IS makesOEMs and dealers. Licensing arrangements are also available. Just call or write and startNew York residents add sales tax ) O Check enc losed D VISA O UPS C.0.0. O Mastercha rge Card Number _ _ _ _ _ __ MAROT SOFTWARE SYSTEMS Expirat ion Date _ _ _ _ _ __ micros run like minis! 'your own terrific trio.YOUR EASTERN SOURCE Signature _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Circle 113 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 187Mandatory-Compliance DatesWith regard to the new rules' effec tive dates, here too, the Com mission's regulations are complicated and confusing. Originally, the Com mission proposed a single deadline, July 1, 1980, after which all manufac turers of computing devices would have to comply with the appropriate rules or cease marketing their equip ment. However, it soon became ob vious to the Commission that several factors made a unified effective date impractical; these factors include the apparent lack of trained personnel to perform the necessary tests, the large number of devices in production that would have to be tested, and the shortage of emission-suppression components.Upon reconsideration, therefore, the FCC adopted the following schedule of mandatory effective dates for compliance with its Part 15 rules (see table 2) :· Personal computers and other devices requmng certification (eg: video games, peripherals, and terminals) must meet the Class B standards by January 1, 1981.· All other computing devices (Classes A and B) must comply with the appropriate device stan dards if first manufactured after October 1, 1981.· If such (noncertificated) devices, however, are placed into produc tion before October 1, 1981, compliance will not be required (for subsequently produced devices) until October 1, 1983.Any device failing to meet these mandatory-compliance dates cannot lawfully be marketed, imported, or advertised for sale in the United States .Special Rules for Subassemblies and PeripheralsComponents and subassemblies of computing devices are not required to comply independently with the Com mission's technical standards. In ad dition, peripherals supplied as part of a computing device do not need to be considered separately. Nevertheless, because all end products must com ply, systems vendors and integrators can be expected to pressure their com ponents suppliers into indirect com pliance with these new rules.On the other hand, peripherals marketed independently from their associated computing devices must comply directly with all technical and administrative standards. Peripherals marketed as part of any personal computing systems (which are in the Class B certified category) therefore must be certificated; all other peripherals (in the Class B noncer tified and Class A categories) need merely be verified. In addition, peripherals sold separately from their computing systems also must be in dividually labeled.Enforcement of Computing Device RulesLest there be any question as to the Commission's experience or commit ment in enforcing its interference regulations as they pertain to the mass distribution of consumer de vices, you need only recall the regula-Compliance DateEquipment ClassJanuary 1, 1981All Class B devices requ iring certification (personal com puters, electronic video games , and peripherals and ter minals capable of being attached to personal computers) manufactured after this date .October 1, 1981All Class A devices and Class B devices not requ iring cer tificat ion wh ich are first placed into production after this date .October 1, 1983All Class A devices and Class B devices not requ iring cer tification wh ich are manufactured after th is date , rega rdless of when first placed into producti on .Any device fail ing to meet these mandatory compliance dates cannot lawfully be marketed , imported , or advertised for sale in the US.Table 2: Dates of mandatory compliance for computing devices.188 September 1980 © BYfE Publ ications IncHazeltine Distributors:Al.AUMA: H11tntll 1, W A Brown Instruments. Inc (205 ) 883 ·8660AWKA: Aadlorltt. Global Commumcattons . Inc (907) 276-4532ARIZONA: Pltotnll, Data Systems Marketing (602) 265-5216. Leasametrici~!~ ~~:;~.~$ ~~2~~osc-1:~es\ .1T;e ~o2}n~:~~~~~\s1~7X~4-~2~~tonCALIFORNIA: b19tt lm, leasamelnc (714 ) 634 -9525. Burtlng1m1 , Data~:~ ti~J~~5s~!:;~:~2;~~: 1 ~0 ~rn11j2~~~~ 5~~:..Sl:~:; H(:~~~Ion Avnet Electronics (714 ) ~1 ·4100. Avnet Elect1omcs {714 ) 754 ·611 1. C· l't'tr City, Hamilton Avnet Electromcs (213) 558 -2000. Leasametric (213) 670-0461 , Foller City, Leasametnc (415) 574-4441 . H1wtlton1e , Hamdton Avnet Electronics !213) 970-0956 . H1yw1nl . Byte lnduslnes Inc (· 15) 783-8272. The Phoeni1 Group (415) 887-2851 . ln lfll . Compu ·. A~e~ll1t~·~I'H~C,:D'tativ.id~~J~am.ei,so1en~C~:anrloyple~;~:0~1·ep~~t(a2E1;3iJns2;~7mje·s45(6~2~.~Me~1~r1~1-n~t~z:, JA.m5~e2ri;can Peripheral Eichanoe (415) 229-3810 . Mount1lnvl1w , Dala System s Marketing {415) 941 -0240: Newpor1 l11clt . Oavrd Jamison Car~le CoroA~~V. 6~.k~.3:i: ~~~::i~~~ed01fa~a"fe~~~~~~sA(:~~11"1~~3~8~2~. 1J~~~: ~:t~ ~:~·~~:1m~~~y11;,~r&101-~~~~i!~9~~:io~'09a~:~y:i:::M~~~~?~~(714) 560-9222. Electronic Marketino Specialists (714) 560-5133. Hamil ton Avnet Electronics (714) 571 -7510. Leasametnc (714 ) 565-74 75. S1nl1 Cl1111 , Amencan Penpheral Eichanoe (408) 244 ·0260. Shermlft 01ks. Electronic Market1no Spec1ahsls ~213) 990·4244 . S11' 11u.1le . Eleclronic~4a3~1~gg, ¥O:a:!~ t~~~:;~,.2~~0uHpa.~~~on(;~Jj1531ra11~n~~sT!!?i!~Electronic MaOletino Spec~hsts {714 ) 832-9920~~L?~~2f-~'9<:).' ~~~ :::~~e~a~~11(~(fil~~5!132~~~~i.~1:~a:o::Hammon Avnel Electronics (303) 779-9998CONNECTICUT: Wel1 Hl't'H , Westwood Associates (203) 932-6383. Soddlury, J J Wild. Inc (203) 264·9494DELAWARE: N1w1,_, Westwood Associates (302) 454-1 113FLOfUOA: for1 L11denl1l1, Hamlllon Avoel Electronics {305) 971 -2900. W A Brown Instruments . Inc (305) 776-4800 . M1lbo·rH , W A Brown Instruments . Inc. (305) 723·0766: Orl111do , Leasametnc (305) 857 -3500.~stu~~~~.1 r;~r(90;1t~.1~-6Jl~.5f:~~~~5~~AT~~~~~1~n's~r!~t~~~~c"(813) 977 -0914GEORGIA: All111t1 , Data Access Systems (404) 449-5435 . W A Brown Instruments . Inc. (404) 455-1035 . Like City, Westwood Associates (404) 961 -0712 . Norcniu , Hamilton Avnet Eleelromcs (404) 448 -0800 . Leasa · metnc (404) 449-6123~::~.H8;!1~~te~:4~;~~~~~n(iQ8',V~e4 f_03~a11on (808) 531 -5136.EILlL· IGNOnImS:Q lueo Y~e ,. David Jamison Cartyle Corporation (312) 475 -1500. Leasametnc (312) 595-2700. Penpheral Su:lof1 Inck!i~/,.5,9i;~. Hi!ro~~v~r:;·E~!c~:~~1~sc(~~~1s/;J~~s1~3121 7.0440_INOIAIA: l1dlH IJOllS , Ham1ltoo Avnet Electron1Cs 131 7) 844 -9333. SOlllll ltH, General Micro Computer {219) 277·4972=~~~~;8'88'-:81~~): S~ll1~w~n2HfM.i"n ~io~n,=Innla~nld~A3~ss:o1cia1teis~. ~1nncl. :(9E1~3)r3~6~2~IENTUCIY: Jtlltrsonton , Loonam Associates (502) 499-8280 LOUll WIA: M11dtvllle , W A Bmwn Instruments. Inc (504) 626-9701MAAYLAJID : hltlmort, Hamilton Avnel Electronics (301) 796-5000, Westwood Associates (301) 358-781 2: G1lttm'lb111rg , Leasametnc (301) 948·9700, L111h1m. Data Access Systems (301) 459-3377t:em::s .(6~1~7u)Js7~6n9-~~:2i1~0~'.::Wi~o"ll~i1l11~rR1,fH~~amf2ilt3o6n;A~von~et E=lec~trnoon~i!cs7l(c6~1~7~)2~~:2J3.7500: Leasametnc (617) 935-7780.MICHIGAN : Ann Artlor, Compumart Corporation (313) 994 -3200. llvonl1 . Hamilton Avnet Electronics (313) 522 -4700. Troy, Oa1a Access Syslems (313) 589·1'09MINNESOTA: h rRIYllle , Leasametnc (612) 894 -6060. Edl111 , Hamilton Avnet Electronics (612)941 ·3801 . Mlnn11polls , Loonam Associates (612) 831 · 1616 MISSOURI: Elr1h City, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (314 ) 344-1200. St. Lotls. lntanCI Associates (314 ) 821 ·3742. loonam Associates (314) 427 7272NEBRASKA: Om1ll1 , Loonam Associates (402) 333-5502··rll· NEW HAMPSHIRE: M1rrlm1Ck, J J. Wild , Inc (603) 424 -4717NEW· JERSEY: Allt lMl·I· . Leasametnc !201 ) 825-9000,Oytet~~~v~~f ·Ji~o~~~{Wll ' 4J~~o~~sb~~en,'~~.= )~:ii;!: ·~!~~: :ates (609) 829·7280. F1lrfleld, Hamilton Avnet Electmmcs (201) 575~3:.!'.tt.':':t·,~::: ~a~:1~c~!~;s~Y~,;~~v:~o~)~~S~lf22.(i~U..9d~6~~~:Data Access Systems (201) 944 -2005: Rostlle , TSC Data Terminals (201 J 245·6333. SJrtRgft1ld, Westwood Associates (201) 376-4242 , Unlo· . Transnet Co1porahon (201) 688·7800~~~A~:~~t~~ .~~c~,~~~u:55~:~8.ystems Marketmo (505) 294·5790.NEW YORK: F1lrpor1, Data Access Syslems (716) 377·2080 . Gr11t N1ek , MTI Sales Corpcra11on (212 ) 896-7177, Hollis . Syochro·Sound Enter~9~~ ~~~l:~J!::ito~·~:n~i ~1~~~1~n(~~c~~~~. ~~=)i:~: ~ro'1 ~t~:saE~~~·n~nt21~211fJ4~:~i~~h~OtalV:~~~:g~;~is.1~~;'1~~) t:~sf2:i6.?r:i .(2~~1.!~!;8t:a:1~~~~·<;1~)2~3~~~s,~~~:;~,~;.Hamilton Avnet Electronics (716) 475-9130. bst Syn"911, Hamilton Avnet Electmmcs (315) 437-2641 . Syncu11. leasametnc (315) 455 -5611NORTH CAROLINA: D111rtl1m , W A Bmwn Instruments . Inc (919) 683 1580.OHIO:Chtcl..n1tl , lnleract1ve lnlormahOn S~stems (513) 761 -0132. CleYe·11~~· ~~1:.:~sJlft~~~e~~6l2~~3-~~4~~as.111~~~-~~~t&~~;~~11~~216! 229 -8100. 01vtH. Hamilton ivnet Electromcs (513 ) 433 -0610, Leasame1nc (513) 898 -1707g~s~~~~Ja·~:ii~:t~g!j':.-0~~~~.ettng (503) 388-3612. Hiiisboro , Data::r.N=~i~:a~~~e~\P~s~~scf~~r~~~~-1 ~~~.,~~ri.~8e5a·:;~~:~~~~~Jn 83-2000. Huntingdon V1ll1y, Marketlme Systems. Inc (215)SOUTH CAROLINA: Columlll1 . W A Brown lnslruments . Inc (803) 798 8070 TUNESSEE: 01k Ridge , W A Brown Instruments . Inc (615) 482-5761 . TEXAS: Austin , Ham1llon Avnet Electromcs (512) 837 -8911 . 011111, ~~~g:J~~~~!4lc6!~~9~~~ie~:~/,nj)C~~-~~~~h~~~1~t~~r:!1~e~ 1l1!~~Ironies (713) 780-1771 . Leasametric (713) 977 -5990. lnlng , Oa1a Access Syslems (214 ) 256·5536. Hamilton Avnet Electromcs (214 ) 661 -8204~J:=E~~r~~c's~~1 f:~2~/SM,~~L~a~~~~~t~s~\~~8[88~~!~~8~~~nVIRGINIA: Newporl News , Atlantic Commumcahons (804 ) 380-8498,1 2 ~~~r11;3j,';>J81 ~rporahon (703) 525 -5889. YIHH , Comstl Corpora·WASHINGTON : lellewue , Ham1llon Avnet E1ectromcs (206) ~3-3950.:::1~a~:t~e~~~~~rss (~&~e~8~-b~~J: 1~~~~~~t:,,~·~~gjda83~6~~~~T·lrwll1, Data Access Systems (206) 251 -5070WISCONSIN : MllwtukH . HamdtonAvoet Electronics (414) 784 -4510 , Pe· (f,"':{~~~jfg{ Inc . (414) 774-1000 , W1ukesh1 , Loonam AssociatesSmart shopping Your Hazeltine distributor has allthe terminals you need.You can save time by taking all your TTY terminal needs to one source _ -your local Hazeltine distributor. Right in your neighborhood, your 1distributor offers the same quality, the same service and the samecomprehensive warranty program that you would get by contactingHazeltine directly.The Hazeltine distributor can give you easy access to a broad selection of Hazeltine~ v- t1products, including the economical Hazeltine 1400/1500 series of conversational and editing terminals, the high performance~-,.....--...-Modular One family, and-soonthe new Hazeltine Executive 80TM lineof sophisticated smart terminals.An experienced sales professional, your local distributor is ready to provide full product and applicationHazeltir'support. Most important, each of our authorized distributors has Hazeltine's full··14005e'support. You will find that Hazeltine'sentire field and factory organizationsupports the distributor when youneed delivery, warranty service, oreven just the answer to a question .Be a smart shopper. Call your nearest Hazeltine distributor-part of ourwinning team for the eighties.Hazeltine Corporation, Computer Terminal Equipment, Greenlawn, NY 11740. (516) 549-8800 Telex: 96-1435Hazeltine and the Pursuit of ExcellenceJ I M__ ~Answers '~thetor Eighties._-_rt_~&_UCircle 114 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 189tory crackdown that accompanied the Citizens Band radio craze of a few years ago. There, the Commission revealed that it had adequate power over both manufacturers and retailers to prevent users from gaining access to equipment that was improperly engineered or tested.The FCC can enforce its rules through either civil or criminal pro ceedings. For simple violations of any rules, the FCC has the power to issue cease-and-desist orders (ie : adminis trative injunctions) commanding the violator to comply with the rules or possibly face severe consequences. The severe consequences may be in the form of court-ordered injunctions or, in the case of willful violations, felony prosecutions with possible fines and prison terms of up to 2 years. Needless to say, criminal sanc tions are rarely imposed by the Com mission.The FCC is hoping, rather, for manufacturers and vendors to com ply willingly with its rules to avoid developing a reputation for selling customer equipment that results in widespread interference. Should large-scale noncompliance result, however, more vigorous standardsand more troublesome equipment-au thorization procedures could very likely be adopted by the Commission and imposed on the entire industry.Conclusion As with any FCC rulemaking thatinvolves evolutionary consumer pro ducts, the Commission's activities to date may reveal only the tip of the iceberg. The protracted FCC proceed ings involving telephone-equipment registration bear strong witness to this observation. New microproces sor-based devices may create unfore seen RFI problems not addressed in the new rules, changing work pat terns will slowly blur the environ mental distinctions between the home and office, and evolving communica tion services will continue to place additional demands on spectrum usage. Indeed, the Commission's fun damental assumption for its classifi cation of computing devices (ie: prox imity to RF receivers) is already start ing to erode as radio receivers become increasingly utilized in commercial environments for the provision of Teletext and direct (rooftop) broad cast satellite services.With new rules come new costs-whether they be costs of equipment redesign, costs of RFI-suppression components, or costs of testing, label ing, and FCC-certification delays.The FCC is currently in the midst of a rulemaking proceeding to develop the Part 15 equipment-testing procedures. Slated for possible future rule amendments are handheld calculators, home appliances, microprocessor-based transportation systems, and other similar devices. Manufacturers of these types of equipment, therefore, should adapt to the idea that the FCC represents a cost of doing business that cannot be avoided-from now on.Incidentally, the FCC's rules seek only to prevent interference between computing devices and (FCC approved) communications services . Interference between incompatible devices utilized in the home (eg: wireless intercoms, burglar- and fire detection systems, wireless switches, etc) is probably beyond the FCC's jurisdiction. Thus, it will be up to the industry itself to resolve among its own members-possibly through the newly-formed Home Bus Standards Association-these emerging in terference issues .··OkidataMicroline 80Televideo912 B . $698 920 B . $748 912 c . $698 920 c. $748ZenithZ-19 . . .. ..... $826 Z-89 . .. .... $2,437400 . 5445$29 Scotch - 5'1·" 10 secto r S/ S O/ O Qty 10 . ..$38 Verbatim - 5 ·;," 10 secto r O/ S 0 10 Qty. 10 .Texas Instruments99/ 4 99/4ConsoIe . . . . .Color Monitor..$$365980Novation Soroc - IQ p k' ElCat 120. . . . .... B t. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ............. .$$619468 $696er m mer - an am · · · · · . .... .$238 (whenpure h asedw Iconso Ie.$200. )Mattel - lntellivision . .... . ... .. . ..'---------------------'We will try to beat any advertised prices!We Also Buy and Sell Used Micro Computers &Peripherals.Product shipped in factory cartons with manufactures warranty. Add 2%, a minimum of $5, for shipping and handling. llllll!PI 602-954-6109.2222 E. Indian School Rd.· Phoenix, Arizona 85016Prices & availability subject to change without notice.190 Septem ber 1980 © BYTE Pu blications IncCircle 115 on inquiry card ."WordPro Is the most sophisticated Word Processing Software package available for the Commodore Computer line."Solve Your Paperwork Problem . ..Let WordPro Software Do The WorkUsing standard typing methods , hundreds of valuable hours are spent erasing , revising , and retyping letters and documents as you work towards a final draft copy . The second , th ird, or fourth drafts take just as long to type as the first!With Word Pro word processing software you can transform your Commodore computer into a "state of the art" word processing machine with sophisticated word processing features at an affordable price.There are four versions of WordPro, ranging from the simple to the sophisticated . Word Pro 1 on cassette will give computer enthusiasts a full range of text editing capabilities with cassette file storage. Word Pro 2 is disk based and allows fast and easy file handling and manipulation . WordPro 3 was designed for professionals and contains the many features required in a business environment such as global search and replace, headers, footers, decimal tabulation , repagination, merging capabilities , and much , much more. Word Pro 4 is our best. Word Pro 4 runs on the new Commodore 8032, 80-column display computer. Word Pro 4 has all the features of WordPro 3, plus additional features usually found only on the most sophisticated and expensive word processing equipment.WordPro is a new breed of word processing software. Powerful , sophisticated , and easy to use, Word Pro was field-tested by dozens of attorneys and commercial customers during 1979. WordPro is now installed and is saving its owners valuable time and money in hundreds of offices nationwide.WordPro was designed with the user in mind . WordPro's unique "STATUS LINE" constantly interacts with the user by displaying the status of the system . Editing, storing documents, recalling letters, even the most sophisticated comands, are accomplished by a few, easy to remember, keystrokes.You may find that Word Pro alone is reason enough to own a computer.Word Pro can be found at most Commodore dealers worldwide . Call us for the number of the dealer nearest you . If you cannot locate a stocking WordPro dealer you may place an order with Professional Software via check or VISA/ MasterCharge .Actual Photograph of WordPro on CBM Model 8032The many features of WordPro 1 - 4:WordPro 1 - Cassette based · Status line · Test Editing · Insert/Delete· Screen Scroll Auto Repeat· String Search· Erase Functions · Link Files · Margin Controls · Tab Functions· Justification· Page LengthWordPro 2 - Most Word Pro 1 Functions Plus + Disk Based· Paragraph Indent· Centering· Text Transfer· Hyphenation · Appending · Margin Release · Variable Blocks (Form Letters) · Multiple Copies · Automatic Disk Commands · Complete Disk File HandlingWordPro 3 - Commercial Disk Version for 40 Columns · WordPro 2 Functions Plus + Global Functions (Search/ Replace/ Copy)· Merging Disk File Linkage· 10 or 12 Pitch· Repagination · Duplicate Lines · Auto Delete Word/ Sen tence/ Range· Numeric Mode· Underlining · Continuous Print · Headers/ Footers · Auto Page Numbering · Pro portional Justification · Forced Paging · Non-Print Com ments· BASIC Language File CompatibilityWordPro 4 - Commercial Disk Version for 80 Columns · Word Pro 3 Functions Plus + Displays and Formats Text to Screen for ReviewWordPro 1 - For all BK RAM units. Requires C2NPeripheral/ integrated cassette drive -$29.95WordPro 2 - For all 16K RAM units with 40 columnscreen . Requires 2040 disk drive -$99.95WordPro 3 - For all 32K RAM units with 40 columnscreen. Requires 2040 disk drive -$199.95WordPro 4 - For Model 8032 with 80 column screen.Requires 2040 or 8050 disk drive -$299.95All four versions of WordPro are written In 6502 machine code.Professional Sottware Inc. 166 Crescent Rd., Needham, MA 02194(617) 444-5224Circle 116 on inquiry card .·wordPro Dealer Inquires Invited· Word Pro was developed by Steve Punter of Pro-Micro Software Ltd., and Is marketed exclusively by Professional Software Inc.WordPro Is a registered trademark of Professional Software Inc. CBM Is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machines.BYTE September 1980 191BUY ONEMINICOMPUTER SYSTEMS, Organiza. tion, Programming, and Applications. By Richard H. Eckhouse. Jr. and l. Robert Morris. 2nd Ed., 491 pp., illus . Updated, re· vised , and expanded , this is a book for every system s programmer, systems designer. computer scientist, and application specialist who wants to know more about microcomputer hardware. software, and design. 787 / 026 Pub Pr. , SZl.95 Club Pr., $17 .75 MICROELECTRONICS: Digital and Analog Circuits and Systems. By Jacob Millman. 801 pp., 700 illus. Exciting news for the thousands of engineers who want a thor· ough refresher and updating on today's !Cs. Will be welcomed by both digital and analog electronics engineers at every level of profi ciency. 423127X Pub . Pr., $28.95 Club Pr., $22 .50AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING HANDBOOK. Edited by The Diebold Group. 976 pp., 269 illus. 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Zip - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -Colporale AN1hal1on - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - This order subtect to acceptance by McGrnw-H1ll All prices subject lo change w11t1ou1 notice. Oller good only lo new members A postage and handling charge is added 10 allL~~---------------~~~~Relocating Assemblers and Linking LoadersOttmar E Bochardt, 4560 Decarie #301, Montreal PQ H3X 2H6, CanadaRelocating assemblers and linking loaders are two pieces of assembly-language-oriented software that are probably unfamiliar to the average computer enthusiast. As a matter of fact, the very words relocating and linking (especially the latter) sometimes conjure up ideas of some vague, unspecified process. In reality, though, relocating assemblers and linking loaders are companion pieces of software that are easy to understand. The purposes of this Technical Forum are to:· explain the relocating and linking processes; · compare the two major linking methods; · demonstrate how the assembly process ismade slightly more complicated by relocating and linking;· comment on the microprocessor-software standard proposed by Formaniak and Leitch.My machine-language examples are all based on the MOS Technology 6502 processor. The Technical Forum "A Proposed Microprocessor Software Standard" by Peter Formaniak and David Leitch appeared on page 34 of the July 1977 BYTE .Relocating and Linking Process A relocating assembler is one which assumes that yourprogram will be stored beginning at location zero in memory. In addition to object-module records that give the assembled machine-language code, the relocating assembler also generates extra information in relocation records to indicate which parts of the object module must be changed if the code is loaded beginning at some loca tion other than zero.A relocating loader, then, need only be slightly more intelligent than an ordinary (or absolute) loader. It must be able to:· separate the input stream into individual object modules; · assign a relocation address to each module;WHY CAN'T MICROPOLIS DO THINGS LIKE EVERYONE ELSE? 194 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncListir,"g I: Examp le output fr om a relocating assembler. Th e code followed by the symbol R indicates a re lative address, one tha t will be changed if this code is relocated to any starting location other than hexadecimal 0000. The code followed by the symbol G or G ' indica tes an external ad dress, one that w ill have a kn own v alue only w hen this module is lin ked with other modules of code.Hexadecimal HexadecimalInstructionAddr...CodeLabel Mnemonic OperandCommentaryOOOOR OOOOR OOOOR OOOOR OOOOR OOOORC3 70 OOR A200SUB!.ENTRY .EXTRN .EXTRN .EXTRN LOA LOXSUB! SUB2 COMMON! VALOOl COUNT110declare SUB! to be an internal symbol0040R 0041RCA 04 00 01LOOP DEX STADATA004DR 004FR 0052R 0055RAO OOG' BD OC OOG 20 00 OOG 4C 40 OORLOY LOA JSR JMPllVALOOI COMMON!+ 12 ,X SUB2 LOOP0070RIECOUNT .BYTE$IE009CR 0000 0100 0100 OOOOR60 00 03 07DATARTS .ASECT · = $100.BYTE .END0,3,7 SUB!deposit some absolute codeTo be honest, we could . But our customers have come to expect a lot more from us.They've come to appreciate our desire to innovate, to improve upon, to blaze new trails in floppy disk technologv. That's how we got our reputation as the industry's undisputed tech nological leader.96 TPI is nothing new for us.Consider the current hubbub about " new" 96 TPI disk drives. You should know that what may be new to our competition is anything but new to us.After all , we brought the 100 TPI MegaFloppyTM disk drive to the marketplace more than two years ago . And we've delivered more than 50,000 drives alreadyTo us, a 96 TPI drive is no big deal. So for the customer who's looking for a double track drive offering compatibility with 48 TPI drives, Micropolis can deliver.Think ofus as double headquarters.We should also mention that our double track disk drives give you all the storage capacity of an 8-inch floppy in the body of a 5%-inch floppy_ And with our double head version, you get up to 1.2 megabytes. That's more than ten times the capacity of other 5%-inch floppies.But our innovations don't stop there. Over the years, many of our ideas have gone on to becomeindustry standard . And many more will. Things like stainless steel , precision-groundlead screws instead of cheaper. less reliable plastic positioners.We also developed a special disk centering mechanism that is the most accurate in the industry.And who do you think successfully adapted Group Code Recording technology to the floppy disk drive industry? None other than Micropolis.Remarkable as our technical achievements may be, some people still wonder how we got to be number two so rapidly in such a fiercelycompetitive business. Obviously we didit by design .MICROPOLISTM Where the 5114-inch OEM drive grew up.M1crcpol1s Corporatio n. 21329 Nordhoff Street. Chatsworth. CA 91311 For the telephone number o f vour nea rest OE M rep ca11 1213 1709-3300September 1980 © BYTE Publica tions Inc 195=FREECOMPUTER FORMS KIT EACH KIT CONTAINS:Samples, Prices, Order Form, 4 Checks, 2 Statements, 2 Invoices, Programming Guides.We specialize in small quantities, low prices. 500 CHECKS ONLY $29.95----- _ ,-- \a' <- I! 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CODE 459Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __State.Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __NEW ENGLAND BUSINESS SERVICE, INC. -----GROTON, MASS. 01450 - - - - '196 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 117 on inquiry card .· load each object module in correct relation to the new beginning address; · read the relocation records to determine which memory locations must be changed to point to correct locations within the relocated code.The example given in listing 1, which is source code to be processed by a hypothetical relocating assembler, will help illustrate these functions.Suppose that the object module is to be loaded at hexa decimal location OSOO. The effect of changing the load point of each object module by adding the relocation address shows that all relative addresses (those marked by an R in column S of the address) are offset by the amount hexadecimal SOO; ie: hexadecimal SOO is added to each of these addresses.Certain addresses within a portion of code are referred to in the code itself. If the code is moved (or relocated) to a different location, all references to these addresses (which are called relative addresses) must be changed so as to point to the correct location within the newly relocated code . Specifically, if the relocatable machine code is written to begin at memory location 0000, all references to a relative address must be replaced by the sum of the original address plus the relocation offset (which is equal to the begi nning address of the code in its new location).An example of this is the JMP LOOP instruction at hexadecimal location OOSS in listing 1. When the code is written to begin at hexadecimal location 0000, the label LOOP refers to memory location 0040. However, when this code is relocated to location OSOO, LOOP becomes location OS40, and the JMP LOOP instruction now at OSSS is 4C 40 OS (4C is the JMP op code, and 40 OS is the address OS40, as stored in the computer , low byte first) . In the example of listing 1, all data flagged with an R will be incremented by OSOO.(Note, however, that a relative address is not to be confused with assembly-language relative addressing. The latter refers to a mode of addressing available in the instruction sets of most microprocessors, where the byte being addressed is specified by how far away that byte is from the beginning of the next instruction. A relative ad dressing displacement byte is usually limited to a signed, one-byte quantity. A relative address, as part of a relocatable object module , is a two-byte address (for all 8-bit microcomputers) that must be changed when the module is relocated to another beginning address.)An absolute address is an address that is not modified during the relocation process because it refers to a por tion of memory outside the area being relocated. In our example of listing 1, the three bytes at 0100 are designated as being absolute (because they follow the .ASECT or absolute section pseudo-operation). When this section of code is relocated to hexadecimal OSOO, the data bytes will still be at 0100. Thus, the reference to DATA (in the STA DATA line) still points to location 0100 . This is because the data at 0100 has not been relocated.Often assembly-language modules are written separately and are meant to be combined at a later time. In many cases, these modules reference each other. A label used in one program but defined in another is calledOMEGASALESco."WHOLESALE COMPUTER PRICES" DIRECT TO THE PUBLIC12 Meeting St., Cumberland, R.I. 02864TRS·BO Model II · $J,500-Products are NOWINSTOCK ATOMEGA SalesCo.OMEGA OFFERS THE BEST DELIVERY AND PRICE ON: APPLE · ATARI · TRS·80 MODEL II · INTERTEC · T.I. 810 · HEWLETT-PACKARD-85 · SOROC · COMMODORE · NEC · QUME · CENTRONICSOMEGA sells only factory fresh, top quality merchandise to our customers. OMEGA will try to match any current advertised price with similar purchase conditions.Before you buy anywhere else · be sure to call OMEGA Sales Co.1-401-722-1027 or1·800-556-7587MEGA ships via UPS, truck, or air. COD's, VISA, Mastercharge accepted.an external symbol. When the modules are combined into one program, not only must they be relocated to separate memory areas, but they must also be linked; ie: the relocated values of each of the external symbols must be known by all of the modules. This means that the exter nal symbols must be declared as such within the assembly-language source file.In the sample program of listing 1, the purpose of the .ENTRY pseudo-operation is to declare that the value of the label SUB 1 (ie: the address of the routine's entry point ) is to be made available to other assembly modules . The character string "SUBl " and its value will be in cluded in the object module, as part of an internal symbol record .The next three statements indicate that the symbols SUB2, COMMONl, and VALOOl are referenced but not defined by this module (they will be defined later, when the modules are linked). These external symbols must be defined as internal symbols by exactly one of the assembly modules present at linking time. All listing lines flagged with a G or G' have an associated entry in an external symbol record , which includes the label name and a pointer to the label's use within the module . For example, the load module used with the module in listing 1 will have an external symbol record that associates the symbol "SUB2" with the address 0053R .Implementing the Link Process As an example, let us look at the format of objectmodules (ie: the machine-language module created by assembling a source module) resulting from the Mostek SDB-80 assembler. (A description of this standard is given by Formaniak and Leitch . See references.)For each external symbol found, only one object recordis produced . All references to a given symbol are linked together with the external-symbol record containing the address of the head of the list and the last entry in the list containing the hexadecimal value FFFF . (See figure 1.) In other words, when the SDB-80 assembler encounters an external reference, it uses that two-byte memory location to indicate to the loader where to find the previous reference to that symbol.In terms of object-file size, this is probably the most efficient way to store linkage information, because it guarantees that only one external-symbol record per symbol will be used, regardless of how many times the symbol is referenced . It follow s that , since the number of records being processed is smaller because of the link pro cess, the time taken to link a series of object files will be minimized.In the case of assembler source code (especially when written for a 6502 or similar processor), this linkage technique has several drawbacks . First of all , there is no provision for handling single-byte values, because two bytes of memory are required within the object code for the pointers. This is a serious deficiency for machines like the MOS Technology 6502 and the Motorola 6800, because these processors allow heavy use of page-zero addressing; in this manner the user can specify an address with one byte. Also, it is convenient to define small valued parameters externally (such as VALOOl in listing 1) for use in two-byte instructions; the Mostek and other assemblers do not allow this.Another point : it is impossible to specify an external symbol as having an absolute address. This is due to the fact that the internal symbols (symbols that have an address equated with them , such as SUBl and LOOP in listing 1) do not contain a flag to indicate whether theHexadecimal.Addr. . .OOOOR OOOORHexadecimal CodeInstruction. Mnemonic.ENTRY .EXTRN .OperandSU82 XTR1Commentary this is external symbol0021R20 FFFFJSRXTR1first reference (end of chain)t 003AR20 00 22JSRXTR1backwards pointer to 0022t 004ER20 00 38JSRXTR1backwards pointer to 0038006FR.ENDSU82Figure 1: Keeping track of external sym bol use with a linked list . Wh en th e source file of an assembly-language module (cons isting of th e co lumns marked w ith an asterisk) is assembled in to an object module of machine-language bytes, an external symbol record is created w hich points to the last place that th e symbol is used (ie: th e last memory location that must be filled with the address of the symbol, once that address is known-after linking). Within the data records that contain th e object code for the routine , each reference of the external symbol points to the address of th e previous reference , with a v alue of hexadecimal FFFF term inating th e chain; this is shown by the arrows in the second column .198 September 1980 © BYTE Publica tions Inc16 TimesNormal Speed· High speed load TRS-80* Level II cassettes · Input 15K byte Level II program in 15 seconds · Search BASIC or SYSTEM programs by nameUnlike other high speed tape input de vices, FASTLOAD uses standard format cassettes. Therefore, there is no need to re-record on other media. At 8000 baud, FASTLOAD is faster than disk for short programs. FASTLOAD reads tapes at the fast-forward speed of the CTR-41 cassette recorder. The recorder can also be used for CSAVE at the normal speed.FASTLOAD connects to the 40 pin 1/0 or to the Expansion box. The control program does not use computer memory because it is in a built-in PROM. Other valuable features are keyboard debounce program, automatic key repeat routine and key beep via cassette speaker. Price is $188.00 for FASTLOAD and $95.00 for the modi fied CTR-41 recorder.Personal Micro Computers Inc. 475 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043 (415) 968-1604Circle 119 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 199listing 2: Use of a separate page-zero assembly m odu le . Use of a module like this on co mputers that have a set of special page-zero ad dresses allo ws page-zero addresses (such as XNOW) and system parameters (suc h as XMAX) to be defined in a central location .Hexadecimal Addr. . .OOOOR 0000 OOOFHexadecimal CodeLabel0010 0011 0012;XNOW YNOW XVELlnstructlon Mnenomlc.NLIST .ASECT· = 15common variables· + l · + l · + lOperandCommentary turn off the listing enter absolute modecurrent horizontal position current vertical position horizontal velocityOOOOR OOOOROOAO00 ocsimulator parametersXMAXEQU160XVMAXEQU12.CSECT .LISTmaximum horizontal location maximum horizontal velocityre-enter relative mode turn the listing back onPut your computer in touch with the world.AJ makes it possible for only $185 with the A 242 acoustic data coupler.Experts call it "the best acoustic couplerCall toll-free for details:ever made'.' Reliability is phenomenal (800) 538-9721.historically over 35,000 hours mean timeCalifornia residents call:between failure! 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And it provides a userdefined choice of 40, 80, 66or132 columns andmultiple type fonts.We spent three long years developing theMX-80 as the first of a revolutionary series ofEpson MX Printers. We employed the most advanced automatic assembly and machiningtechniques in existence to produce a printer thatis incredibly versatile, remarkably reliable andextraordinarily inexpensive. It's a printer thatcould only come from the world's largest manufacturer of print mechanisms: Epson.If it sounds like we're proud of the MX-80, we~ =::::::::;are. Not only does it do things some of the world's most ex;:::::::= pensive printers can't do, it'lldo them for you for less than$650. That's right. Under$650.And if that isn't revolutionary, we don't know what is.Th e wo rld 's f irst disposable prin t head . It has a life expectan cy of over 50 million cha rac ters , ye t it's so sim ple, you can change it w ith one hand. A nd it cos ts less th an -repea t less than -$30.EPSONEPSON AMERICA, INC.23844 Haw thorne Boul eva rd , To rrance, Ca li fo rn ia 90505, Teleph one (213) 378-2220Circle 121 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 201defined symbol is relative or absolute. This could be changed by adding a flag byte to the internal-symbol record or by splitting the external-symbol record into two types: one for relocatable external symbols, the other for absolute-valued external symbols.Also notice that code cannot be placed in absolute locations, because there is only one kind of data record and it is subject to relocation.In all fairness, I would like to point out that there is a way around most of the problems mentioned above. A separate page-zero assembly module could be created to define both the addresses of all page-zero locations, which would probably have to be done anyway, and the values of all parameters that the system designer might want to change. This idea is demonstrated by the exam ple given in listing 2.Any good assembler should have some sort of copy command that instructs it to accept in-line source text from a separate file; this could be used to easily include a zero-page module like listing 2 wherever it is needed. A less convenient alternative would be to always prefix the page-zero module to the assembler input stream. This method of information binding (ie: giving a symbol its final value; see references, Elson) has the advantage of forcing the designer to define all assembly variables cen trally, rather than having them scattered throughout the source code. Unfortunately, a major redefinition of the page-zero module would require reassembly of all associated programs. Also, the additional 1/0 (in put / output) for the page-zero module could prove to be time- and resource-consuming on limited systems.I have one more criticism about the proposed standard: it does not allow external variables to be referenced in an operand-arithmetic expression. This can be a strong drawback when referring to many fixed-data structures. Consider the following external declaration, written in FORTRAN:COMMON I STATUS I XNOW, YNOW, XVEL ... IIt is possible to decrease both program size and execution time by separating the linking loader into a linker pro gram (which links together a set of object modules, creating one file of fully defined machine code) and a simpler loader program (which loads the already linked machine code).Relocating Assemblers To an absolute assembler, all variable names are alike;ie: each represents a known value. On the other hand, a relocating assembler must be able to distinguish between three types of entries in its symbol table:· absolute symbols · relative symbols · external symbolsWhen a relocating assembler encounters an arithmetic expression containing more than one symbol, it must determine several things: whether the expression is valid or not; and if it is valid, what its value is and whether an external or a relocation record (if any) need be written. Also, the use of arithmetic operators is limited by the combination of symbols being worked upon. For example, REL + EXT is valid if an external record is generatedfor the resulting sum; REL - REL is always valid; but REL - EXT is always invalid. (REL and EXT refer to a relative and an external symbol, respectively.) The actual rules for combination of symbols are more complicated and must be taken into account when designing a linking assembler.An additional difference is that a relocating assembler must be able to recognize specialized directives. The ones that I have used in this article are:.ASECT .CSECT .ENTRY .EXTRNenter absolute mode enter relative mode define a list of internal symbols define a list of external symbolsAn external declaration in any compiled language will take this form . Quite obviously, it should be possible to directly address any one of the variables in the common block. However, only the value of STATUS (the begin ning address of the common block) is available using the proposed Mostek standard; the instruction would be .EXTRN STATUS. This means that a reference to XVEL, for example, could be done only through an address com putation (ie: its address is equal to that of STATUS plus a certain number of bytes). Needless to say, the result is a waste of machine time, memory, and perhaps micropro cessor facilities (eg: an index register). This problem directly affects the assembler programmer, since his coding style is interfered with .The most practical alternative would be to allow off sets in external references. The offset could then be stored in the target location, to be adjusted at link time (the method shown in the program of listing 2). This will necessitate one entry in an external symbol record for each reference to that symbol in a source program. The result is, of course, increased object-module size and in creased time taken to link or load a given set of modules.In addition to these, there should be a directive to ex plicitly declare a one-byte external symbol, so that the assembler will know whether or not to generate a short (page-zero) form of an ambiguous instruction. As previously noted, this is most relevant to 6502- and 6800-type processors .As shown in the previous section, a relocating assembler need be only slightly more complex than an absolute assembler, and allows the use of modular soft ware-generation techniques. Unless the system being developed is extremely small (eg: 512 bytes or less), its advantages easily outweigh its drawbacks.·ReferencesElson, M, Concepts of Programming Languages. Science Research Associates , Chicago IL, 1973.Formaniak, P G. and Leitch, D. "A Proposed MicroprocessorSoftware Standard ," July 1977 BYTE, page 34 .202 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncINTE~TECDAT/\ SYSrEMS64KONLY$299532K $2795More l han an mtelhgent terminal . the SuperBrain outperforms many o thersystems costing three to five times as much. Endowed with a hefty amount ofavailable so ftware (BASIC . FORTRAN. COBOL) . the SuperBrain 1s ready totake on your toughest assignment . You name 11! General ledger , AccountsReceivable, Payroll. 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B OX 121, M ilton , O ntario, L9T 2Y3All prices and specifications are subject to change without notice.NEECO(617) 449-1760 NEWENGLANDELECTRONICSCO.,INC.679 HIGHLAND AVE.·NEEDHAM, MA 02194" NEW ENGLAND'S Largest Computer Showroom"MASTERCHARGE OR VISA ACCEPTED TELEX NUMBER 951021 · NEECO MON-FRI, 9:00-5:30Circle 124 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 205Varieties of Threaded Code for Language Implementation Terry Ritter Gregory Walker Motorola Inc, Mail Drop M2880 3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd Austin TX 78721 Between a high-level language (HLL) and its underlying machine architecture lurk many language implementa tion techniques. These include the older techniques of interpretation and compilation, as well as newer ones like intermediate languages and threaded code. In this article, we will present four types of threaded code techniques for implementing intermediate languages. We will examine how these four logically equivalent techniques offer various trade-offs of execution speed, program storage, and use of processor resources.lmplemention of a language The implementation of a high-level language onvarious logical or physical machine architectures in volves such characteristic trade-offs as size of the language implementation, size of generated code, and speed of program execution. We will bypass other issues of high-level language use (eg: interaction, debugging, testing, etc) and concentrate on language implementation considerations.Language implementation techniques can be logically divided into two categories: translation and interpre tation.Translation: Translation techniques replace elements of higher-level syntax with lower-level instructions that perform an equivalent operation. The resulting transla-About the Authors Terry Ritter and Gregory Walker are software engineers at theM otorola Microprocessor Design Group, where their exploration into the structure of computer languages led them to examine FORTH and other threaded languages for use as a possible software tool. Terry Ritter is one of the co-architects of the MC6809 microprocessor and has been in volved with personal computing since 1974. Gregory Walker is on the IEEE floating-point standards committee and has been involved with microcomputers since 1975.tion is then executed in order to run the program. A com piler is a computer program that translates high-level language programs into instructions of another language. Traditionally, assemblers and compilers translate their input into machine-level code.Interpretation: Interpretation techniques directly exe cute the high-level language program. The interpreter is a program that sees the high-level language source program as a series of operation (op) codes used to guide its execu tion. The interpretive system appears to the user as a "virtual machine" that has the architecture of the high level language.Any form of interpretation offers significant oppor tunities for implementing debugging tools. Tests per formed as each command is interpreted can result in a programmer-controlled display of debugging informa tion. This is the basis for trace or breakpoint facilities that can be included in the interpreter.Combinations: Combination techniques may translate the sequence of characters representing a high-level language keyword into a form that is easier to interpret. Most BASIC interpreters translate the BASIC keywords into one-byte tokens that are easier to identify. This technique avoids the continual string searches of a tradi tional interpreter, but executes a language that is syntac tically unchanged from the high-level-language source program . (For our purposes here, the term syntax will specifically refer to the structural relationship between language elements.)Intermediate language: Intermediate-language (IL)techniques translate the high-level-language programs in to a language that is simultaneously easier to deal with and syntactically different from the original. Many com pilers translate a high-level-language program into an intermediate language, which is then translated into206 September 1980 © BYTE Publicatio ns IncTHE NEXTGENERATIONOFMICROCOMPUTERS IS HEREATQUASARDATAPRODUCTS16BJTPOWERZ·800038BITPOWERZ·80 -n'i . ,?~~- ,· ·.,..:~~...,AND STILL RUN YOUR 8 BIT SOFTWAREIF YOU see it our way then we think we have the products for you:· The S-100 bus is here to stay . It is not the greatest but with propertermination it works reliably at high speeds, and since it is now an IEEE standard , it is well defined . · The 8 BIT systems are useful but th ey are the limiting factor for many applications. · The 16 BIT systems are the way fut ure systems will go . Why not? There is very little price difference and an order of magnitude performance difference . · The real usefulness of the 16 BIT microprocessors will be determined by the software .· The systems using 51;4 inch disk drives really do not have adequate memory storage or computer power for many business or scientific applications .· Sixty-fou r kilobytes of addressable RAM. the maximum for 8 BIT systems. is not adequate for many business or scientific apphcations.· It is not worth buying 8 BIT systems or boards now if you can get the same software with 16 BIT syste ms at about the same price .· The new 16 BIT microprocessors have power co mparable to minicomputers but do not require the same overhead in terms of downtime , maintenance , or initial investm ent. 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' 1995..S pecifi cati ons S ubject To Change Cable for TRS-80 ..... . ·~9..m A··QuAsAR·oA:rA·;Rooucys····· 1CP/M1 "'Digital Research'UN IX '" Bell U.bCall for Apple Checks. money orders accepted30DayAROiii25151 Mitchell Dr., No.Olmsted, Ohio 44070 (216)779-9387Circle 126 on inqu iry card.BYTE September 1980 207Diagnostics Ifor CP/M* & TRSDos·Intermediate-language techniques offer the advantage of machine independence of the source language.Someday your computer is going to break; even the most reliable computer systems "go down". Often, finding exactly what is wrong can account for the most time consuming part of repairing the system, and the longer the system is down, the more money you lose.DIAGNOSTICS I is a complete program package designed to check every major area of your computer, detect errors, and find the cause of most common computer malfunctions, often before they become serious. For years, large installations have run dailyor weekly diagnostic routines as a part of normal system maintenance and check-out procedures.DIAGNOSTICS I is designed to provide that kind of performance testing for 8080/280 micro computers.DIAGNOSTICS I will really put your system through its paces. Each test is exhaustive and thorough. The tests include:·Memory Test ·CPU Test (8080 / 8085/ 280) ·Printer Test·Disk Test·CRT TestTo our knowledge, this is the first CPU test available for 8080/Z80CPU 's. Many times transient problems, usually blamed on badmemory, are really CPU errors.Agood set of diagnostics is an indispensable addition to your program library even if your system is working fine. Hours have been wasted trying to track down a "program bug" when actually hardware was to blame!DIAGNOSTICS I also allows you to be confident of your system. This can be critical when file merges or sorts and backups are involved. You want to be as sure of your computer as possibleduring these critical times. Running DIAGNOSTICS I prior to these and other important functions helps to insure that your system is operating at peak performance.DIAGNOSTICS I is supplied on discette with acomplete users manual.DIAGNOSTICS I: $60.00 Manual only: $15.00Requires: 24K CP/M; 16K disc for TRS-80formats: CP/M 8" SOFT SECTORED. NORTHSTAR CP/M AND TRS-80 DOS"CP I .. ll~ CIS !lll£0 l llol()( l1UJIK DIGITAL Rl SU RCH · 1115005 I RS 80 111.f.(l( MA ll ~ S IANO't' COflPAll Orders and General Information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 (217) 359-2112Technical Hot Line: (217)359-2691(answered only when technician Is available)machine code . When used in this manner, the inter mediate language can allow global code-optimization techniques to be more easily applied.Since the translation into the intermediate language is independent of the target machine, different compilers for the same target machine need only produce the simpler code of the intermediate language. Similarly, dif ferent code generators (which translate the intermediate language into machine language) can allow the same compiler to produce code for different computers. Inter mediate-language techniques offer the advantage of machine independence of the source language and allow program portability, the ability to execute the same source program on widely different computers.The intermediate-language representation of a pro gram might also be interpreted instead of translated to machine code. To minimize interpretation overhead, we need complex and powerful machine-language routines. But machine independence is best accomplished by hav ing simple, easy-to-write machine-language routines . This same trade-off of machine independence versus ex ecution speed must be made in the design of any inter mediate language. An example of this use of intermediate language is the pseudocode (p-code) used to implement most versions of Pascal.This article is principally concerned with a class of intermediate-language representations particularly suited to interpretation; these are known as threaded codes. Naturally, the intermediate-language code will be generated by a compiler or by some other translation program. We will not discuss the translation process, which is a function of the syntax of the high-level language and other programming considerations; rather, we will discuss the resulting intermediate language and its interpreter.Aspects of Intermediate-Language Architecture An intermediate language is composed of a set ofprimitive operations (which, in combination, can express any algorithm) and storage capabilities for both internal and program data. In particular, it must be possible to pass data values between routines that make up the inter mediate language. The intermediate-language program can use a fixed number of memory locations to simulate general-purpose registers, but then routines are needed that load (and store) each register from memory, as well as routines that simply move values between registers. If the intermediate language approaches the complexity of the original machine language, its use is of dubious value.One approach that simplifies an instruction set is a "zero-address" or stack architecture. In this architecture, all operations will obtain values by pulling them from the stack and results will be returned by pushing them onto the stack. Only two operations with memory are now re quired : the "pull (from stack) and store (to memory)" operation and the "load (from memory) and push (on the stack)" operation. By designing a zero-address architec208 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 127 on inquiry card.The Sinclair ZX80. A complete computer only $199.95 plus$5.00shipping.Now, for just $199.95, you can get a complete, powerful, full-function computer, matching or surpassing other personal computers costing several times more.It's the Sinclair ZX80, the computer that independent tests prove is faster than all previous personal computers. The compu ter that " Personal Computer World" gave 5 stars for 'excellent value.'The ZX80 cuts away computer jargon and mystique. It takes you straight into BASIC, the most common, easy-to-use computer language.You simply take it out of the box, con nect it to your TV, and turn it on. And if you want, you can use an ordinary cassette recorder to store programs. With the man ual in your hand, you'll be running programs in an hour. Within a week, you'll be writing complex programs with confidence.All for under $200.Sophisticated design makes the ZXBO easy to learn, easy to use.We've packed the conventional computer onto fewer, more powerful LSI chips including the ZSOA microprocessor, the faster version of the famous Z80. This makes the ZX80 the world's first truly port able computer (6V2" x 8V2'' x 1V2 " and a mere 12 oz.). The ZX80 also features a touch sensitive, wipe-clean keyboard and a 32-character by 24-line display.Yet, with all this power, the ZX80 is easy to use, even for beginners.Your course in computing.The ZXSO comes complete with its own 128-page guide to computing. The manual is perfect for both novice and expert. For every chapter of theory, there's a chapter of practice. So you learn by doing-not just by reading. It makes learning easy, exciting and e njoyable.The ZX80's advanced design features.Sinclair's 4K integer BASIC has perform ance features you'd expect only on much larger and more expensive computers. These include: · Unique 'one touch' entry. Key words(RUN, PRINT, LIST, etc.) have their own single-key entry and are stored as a single character to reduce typing and save memory space. · Automatic error detection. A cursor identifies errors immediately to prevente ntering.programs with faults.· Powerful text editing facilities.· Also programmable in machine code.· Excellent string handling capability-upto 26 string variables of any length.· Graphics, with 22 standard symbols.· Built-in random number generator forgames and simulations.Sinclair's BASIC places no arbitrary restrictions on you- with many other flexiblefeatures, such as variable names of anylength.And the computer that can do so muchfor you now will do even more in the future. Options will include expansion oflKuser memory to 16K, a plug-in SK floating point BASIC chip, applications software,and other peripherals.Order your ZX80 now!The ZX80 is available only by mail fro111Sinclair, a leading manufacturer of consumerelectronics worldwide. We've already soldtens of thousands of units in Europe, sodemand will be great.To order by mail, use the coupon below.But for fastest delivery, order by phoneand charge to your Master Charge or VISA.The ZX80 is backed by a 30-day moneyback guarantee, a 90-day limited warrantywith a national service-by-mail facility, andextended service contract s are available fora minimal charge.Price includes TV and cassette connectors, AC a daptor, and 128-page manual.All you need to use your ZX80 is a standard TV (color or black and white). The ZX80 comes complete wit h connectors that easily hook up to the antenna terminals of your TV. Also included is a connector for a portable cassette recorder, if you choose to store programs. (Yo u use an ordinary blank cassette.)The ZX80 is a family learning aid . Children 10 and above will quickly understand the principles of computing-and have fun learning.Phone orders: (203) 265-9171. Mon.-Fri. 8 AM-6 PM EST. We'll deduct the cost of the call from your invoice. (For technical information, call (617) 367-2555, Mon.-Fri. 9 AM-5 PM EST.)r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , ~·1nr-1a·ll iiiiiiiiiil~Sinclair Research Ltd., 475 Main st., P.O. Box 3027, Wallingford, CT 06492.To: Sinclair Research Ltd., 475 Main St., P.O. Box 3027, Wallingford, CT 06492.I Please send meZX80 personal computer(s) at $199. 95* each (US dollars) , plus $5I shipping. (Your ZX80 may be tax deductible.) I enclose a check/money order payable to Sinclair Research Ltd. for$ _ _ _ __ _ __ _I 1I NameII AddressII CityStateOccupation:I Intended use of ZX80: I Have you ever used a computer? D Yes D No.Zip1 Age: _ _ _I IL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Do you own another personal computer? D Yes D No. *For Conn. deliveries, add 7% sales taxi.J BY -9 ·0Circle 128 on inquiry card.machine programcounterJSR A JSR 8(Intermediate· Language code)A:JSR LJSR M(Machine code)8:mach i nelanguagerout i nelist pointer(IL code) A: machine codefor coll-+L -+ MlD ireel· Threaded.Code)1-1--:-:--~(Machine Code) 8: machine coderoutinemachine codefor nexlRTSRTS-+re/urnnexl call re/urnnexlcoll roulinenext1. copy current list item to temporary storage 2. point list pointer to next list itemnextcallreturnJSR/ATS pair JSR instruction ATS instruction3. jump to machine code at address in temporary storagecall1. push current list pointer onto stack2. load list pointer with address of theFigure 1: Diagram o and figures 2 thru 4,f subroutine-threaded code (STC) . In the pointer points to the main programtbheis3.intermediate-language do " next"subroutinelisting executed. Both A and B are subprograms called by the main program; A is an intermediate-language subprogram of the samereturn1. load list pointer with top of stack 2. do "next"type as the main program, and B is an in-line machine-languageprogram that directly executes the machine language of the host Figure 2: Diagram of direct-threaded code (OTC). Here, "temcomputer. The words next, call, and return refer to operations porary storage " refers to a memory location that is used to hold that must be performed for any threaded-code language . The in the address of the machine-code routine associated with theformation to the right of these words tells how each operation is current unit of code.performed in the current type of threaded code.list pointerI - RETURN :re/urnPURCHASE 112-24 MONTH FULLI 36 MONTH PLAN OWNERSHIP PLAN LEASE PLANDESCRIPTIONPURCHASEPER MONTHPRICE 12 MOS. 24 MOS. 36 MOS.LA36 DECwriter II ........ . $1,695 $162 $ 90 $ 61LA34 DECwriter IV ......... 1,095 105 59 40 LA34 DECwriter IV Forms Ctrl. 1,295 124 69 47 LA120 DECwriter Ill KSR . . . 2,495 239 140 90LA180 DECprinter I . . . . . . . . 2,095 200 117 75 VT1 OD CRT DECscope . . . . . . 1,895 182 101 68 VT132 CRT DECscope . . . . . . 2,295 220 122 83DT80/1 DATAMEDIA CRT . . . 1,995 191 106 72Tl745 Portable Terminal . . . . 1,595 153 85 57 Tl765 Bubble Memory Terminal 2,595 249 146 94 Tl810R0Printer . . .. . ... . . 1,895 182 101 68 Tl820KSRPrinter ..... . ... 2,195 210 117 79Tl825 KSR Printer . . . . . . . . . 1,595 153 85 57ADM3A CRT Terminal . . . . . . 875 84 47 32 ADM31 CRT Terminal . . . . . . 1,450 139 78 53 ADM42 CRT Terminal . . . . . . 2, 195 210 117 79QUME letter Quality KSR . . . 3,295 316 176 119 QUME Letter Quality RO . . . . 2,895 278 155 105HAZELTINE 1420 CRT . . . . . . . 945 91 51 34 HAZELTINE 1500 CRT . . . . . . 1, 195 115 64 43 HAZELTINE 1552 CRT . . . . . . 1,295 124 69 47Hewlett-Packard 2621 A CRT . 1,495 144 80 54 Hewlett-Packard 2621 P CRT . 2,650 254 142 96FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS 10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHSACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENTACOUSTIC COUPLERS · MODEMS · THERMAL PAPER RIBBONS· INTERFACE MODULES · FLOPPY DISK UNITSPROMPT DELIVERY · EFFICIENT SERVICE81 RANSNETCORPORATION1945 ROUTE 22201-688-7800UNION, N.J. 07083TWX 710-985-5485A:-(IL code) coll-+ L-+A -+ 88 : 8STRT:-(Machine code) 8STRTmachine code routine-+ RETURNJMP nexlnexl call re/urnnextcallreturn1. copy current list item to indirect temporary storage2. point list pointer to next list item 3. load code temporary storage with item ataddress in indirect temporary storage 4. jump to machine code at address in codetemporary storage1. push current list pointer onto stack 2. point indirect temporary storage to next listitem 3. load current list pointer from indirecttemporary storage 4. do " next"1. load current list pointer from top of stack 2. do "next"Figure 3: Diagram of indirect-threaded code (ITC). Here , "in direct temporary storage" and "code temporary storage" store the indirect and direct pointers to the machine code routine associated with the current unit of code.210 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 129 on inquiry card .ture into the intermediate language, the parameter trans fer location is implied and need not be part of the inter mediate language representation. (A stack architecture is certainly simpler than other architectures, but that does not mean it is better; many complex trade-offs that are beyond the scope of this article are involved.)Threaded Code Threaded code is an intermediate-language implementation technique that organizes the control of program flow into a sequence of subroutine invocations. No other aspects of the language are represented in threaded code. Threaded code is especially applicable to interpretation; the interpretation process consists of transferring control to the routines selected by the threaded-code op codes. The functions available in the intermediate language are provided by the subroutines that are invoked and are not an inherent part of the threaded code itself.[The characteristics of the language FORTH are in dependent of its current implementation via threaded code. FORTH enthusiasts often blur the distinction, attributing the language 's speed and compactness to the language instead of to its threaded-code implementation . I think this is an important point to remember when talk ing about the adv antages of FORTH... .GW)Threaded-code intermediate languages are especially applicable to the implementation of virtual machines em bodying zero-address architectures. As such, the tech nique of using threaded code to implement a language can be applied to, for example, Pascal (using the p-code intermediate language), LISP interpreters, or, of course, FORTH. We classify four varieties of threaded code: subroutine, direct, indirect, and token.All varieties of threaded code consist of a data struc ture that is a sequence of unique subroutine identifiers . Traditionally, threaded code has been kept close to the machine level and has included actual pointers to the subroutines (which themselves may be either interme diate language or machine code). Also traditionally, a portion of the processor resources-in particular, pro cessor registers-has been dedicated to the use of the threaded-code interpreter. As we shall see, neither ab solute pointers nor register resources need be used to im plement threaded code.Implementing Threaded Structures We will now describe the structures associated with thevarious types of threaded code. Figures 1 through 4 pre sent diagrams of subroutine-, direct-, indirect-, and token threaded code structures, respectively, along with a des cription of the three operations, next, call, and return , which make up the complete threaded-code interpreter. In the diagrams, the notation "-A" means a pointer to the memory location labeled "A".Subroutin e-threaded code: A sequence of subroutine calls w ith no other embedded instructions implements an intermediate language. Each subroutine call may be con sidered a single intermediate-language operation, which need not be related to the underlying machine architec ture. Subroutine-threaded code (STC) is a control mechanism that is widely supported at the machine hardware level .The peculiar program organization consisting only ofThe2nd Generation is shaping up... MEASUREMENT systems &. controlsincorporated,~~~~!a!!~. SoftwareC ra btree Bl vd . Ral e1Bh . N o rth Caroli n a 2 7604(919) 833-4094 AT LAST! A fully imp lemented computer based file management syste m . On ly a few minu tes of instruction and you are crealing and using your own l..'lie ni li sts , ma ili ng li sts . in\·entories . bibliographies , vendor lists . and more.UBM S 80Fil es . li s t ~ . or record ~ . \\'ith user defined format s , can be Geatcd. sorted, edited. and p rin ted with ease. Sub-file ~ can be 1.:rcated out of part ~ of cxbting fi les . select ing part s of a record or indiv idual records by a search niterion.ALSO a vailable with DBMS80.REPOR T 80Buil d your own custom defined and forma11ed report s and darn summaric-.. Pr int lables with user specified formal ~ that wil l fit your ow n form '.',.D BMS80 a nd R EPORT80 wi ll run under e ither CP / M or TRSDOSD BMS80. REPORT80 . Manuals each.. .. . .. .. . . . $250.00 . . . . SI00.00 . $25.00OTHE R PRODUCTS OF M ICROBYTE SOFTWA R E: EUIT80 . .. . . .... . .. . ....... . .. . ....... . ..... . ............. $ 100.00 Text editor and print fo rmatter which run s under CP / M or TRSDOS UIS K80 ........ . . . . . ... . . ... . . ... . .. . . .. ..... . .... . . .. .. . .. . $50 .00 Utili1y which allov.· ~ you to examine and pa1ch a di ~ k . UTI LS .... . ... . ....... . .... .. ... . ... . .. . .......... . .. . .. . .. $50 .00 App le PASCAL uti lit ies: ex tensions to Apple P3'cal, together with fi le co n tro l u t ilities . no~!-. · rcfcrcnce. etL'. PAYROl.I . . . .. .. .. .. .. . ....... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . .... . . .. . . $ 100.00 App le PASCAL payro ll for 150 emp loyee'. fu ll deduct io n op1 i on ~ . etc. \\ 'rite or 1.'.all today fo r fun her dctail o;, 0 11 our prrn..luci... Source ID#TC E3 73 or A l'l'l .t . i!> 11 l r11drm11 rl.. Appll' ( o mp u lt' r ( u r p . nr I H~UO ~ i!o 11 1ndl' m 11 rl.. 1"11 nd) ( ur p. (. P I M j, Iii 1r1i1dt> m 11rl.: o f l>i ~ i1 11 I Hrw1H l' h Owing to a printer error a wrong telephone number was run inAugust. Our apologies for any inconvenience this caused . Our'- correct telephone number is 919·833-4094.~Circle 130 on inquiry card .Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publicatio ns Inc 211subroutine calls is rarely used by programmers (who have no reason to resist obvious opportunities for op timization), but it is sometimes used by compilers. It is the most general intermediate language possible, and it retains the advantages of machine independence by not generating in-line machine language. (The difference in the form of subroutine call and return instructions on various computers is usually trivial.)Subroutine-threaded code will incur less execution overhead than most intermediate languages because its interpretation is handled by hardware rather than by a sequence of instructions. Furthermore, subroutine threaded code can be optimized by using in-line machine code for operations where subroutine overhead is ex cessive, an advantage unobtainable with other types of threaded code. Of course, the resulting optimized code is no longer machine-independent; the additional transla tion step converts the intermediate language into object code for a particular machine.Direct-threaded code: Direct-threaded code (OTC) may be considered a sequence of machine-language sub routine calls with the "call" op code removed. This results in a list of addresses, each of which points to a machine language subroutine. Since the direct-threaded program includes no op codes, a short machine-language program must be written to read the next address in the list and transfer control to that address. Traditional direct-list pointertoken A token B(IL code) token colltoken L token Mtoken endTABLE , (indexed by token)~A~stoken bsl ,-+ BSTtoken col/ , token end ,: -+ coll -+ return(Machine code)token bslmach i ne code routinemachine codefor nextnextcall returnnext coll return1. get current token from list 2. point list pointer to next list item 3. look up address corresponding to token 4. get indirect token at address 5. look up address corresponding to indirecttoken 6. jump to machine code at that address1. push current list pointer onto stack 2. load list pointer with start of new list 3. do "next"1. load current list pointer from top of stack 2. do " next"Figure 4: Diagram of token-threaded code (TTC) . Since tokens can be made shorter than addresses, this makes the threaded code more compact, but the table lookup makes the resulting code slower. Here , the "indirect token " is the contents of the table entry that matches the current token of code.threaded code implementations do not allow the use of true subroutines at the machine level but instead require that each routine terminate by executing the next opera tion.In order to call direct-threaded routines (see the instructions for "call" in figure 2), machine-language code (executing the instructions for "call") must be included at the beginning of each direct-threaded routine to put the current value of the list pointer on an address stack, load the list-pointer register with the start address of the list of routine addresses for this just-begun, direct-threaded routine, and execute the next operation.The next operation (coded here as in-line machine code) causes the computer to execute the routine pointed to by the list pointer, regardless of whether the routine pointed to is another intermediate-language routine or a machine-language routine.In order to return to a higher level of nesting, the last list item in an intermediate-language routine points to the code for the return operation. When executed by the next operation, this operation recovers the previous value of the list pointer from the stack, then executes the next operation, which in turn executes the first routine past the routine the computer just returned from.Thus direct-threaded code is implemented in three operations: next, call, and return.Indirect-threaded code: Indirect-threaded code (ITC) consists of a list of addresses, but each address points to another address which then points to the machine-code routine. (See figure 3.) As compared to direct-threaded code, in indirect-threaded code, the interpreter must go through an extra level of indirection. Indirect-threaded intermediate-language subroutines do not contain ma chine-language code for the call operation, and one ad vantage of indirect-threaded code is that a compiler using it need only produce pointers. By manipulating only pointers, the compiler generates intermediate-language code that does not include machine-language code itself; thus it is independent of the target machine. However, a disadvantage of indirect-threaded code is that the inter preter has the overhead of an extra level of indirect ad dressing.Token-threaded code: The varieties of threaded code previously mentioned contained pointers that were actual addresses of the subroutines in memory. Using memory addresses to select routines wastes storage because the number of subroutines in the system is far smaller than the number of memory locations. A savings in inter mediate-language program size can be obtained by using short tokens to identify the subroutines to be invoked. Typically, token-threaded code (TTC) can be im plemented by using the current token to index into a table of subroutine addresses. (See figure 4.)High-Level Descriptions of Threaded-Code InterpretersListings 1 thru 3 illustrate the logical implementation of direct-, indirect-, and token-threaded code, respectively. The program descriptions are written in a high-level language that is similar in appearance to Pascal. It differs from Pascal in that the variables are not declared as stan dard Pascal data types. Also, the next, call, and return operations are not written as Pascal procedures; this was . done to remain faithful to actual implementations where212 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 131 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 213these three code segments are reached by jump instruc tions rather than by subroutine calls.Several other notational conventions used in these listings may also need explanation. The data type pointer means an actual machine address. If ip is a pointer variable, then - ip means the value at the location which is pointed to by the address in variable ip. Therefore, the statementgoto - ip;means jump to a new location using the contents of variable ip as the address at which to proceed with execu tion.Implementation Concerns The traditional implementations of threaded-codeinterpreters have had one or more machine register& dedicated to the exclusive use of the interpreter; imple mentations on microcomputers have tended to use all microprocessor resources. One problem with these imple mentations is that all machine-language routines (where all real computation is done) must save processor registers before modifying them and must restore them before returning to the interpreter.Additionally, this use of machine resources, simply for the transfer of control, obstructs the use of standard machine-language subroutines that pass parameters through the registers. In the context of microcomputerListing 1: Description of a direct-threaded code interpreter in a Pascal-like language. See figure 2.canst pointer_l·ngth = (length of an ·ddr·ss pointQr) ; call_cod·_length -= (length of "call" code segment);vaT' list_pointer : pointer ; { interpreted program counterlist_item: pointer; < contains threaded-code itemlabel next, call. return ;next : list_item : c ,.., list_pointer; list_pointer : c list_pointer + pointer_length; goto "' list_item;p ush_on_st·c k ( 1 i st_po inter) ;The v·lue of list item was s·t by the pr·ceding''n·xt'' op·ratron .·list_point·r : s list_it·m + c·ll_cod·_l·ngth iThe following code duplic·tes the '' next'' operation .list_item : · Alist_pointer;list_point·r : c list_pointer + point·r_length ;goto .... list_it·m ;return :<list_point·r : · pop_from_stack(); The following cod· duplic·t·s the ''next'' op·r·tion .list_item : = .... list_pointer ; list_pointer : :c list-point·r + point·r_length ; goto .... list_item ;Listing 2: Description of an indirect-threaded code interpreter in a Pascal-like language . See figure 3.canst pointer_length c <length of ·n ·ddress pointer) ;var list_point·r : point·r ; < interpreted program counter }list_item: pointer ;< contains threaded-code item }code_pointer : pointer ; { points to ·ctual machine code }l·bel next , call. return ;next : list_item : :c Alist_pointer ;list_pointer : :c list_pointer + pointer_length ;code_pointer : :c Alist_item;here is the extralevel of indirectionca 11 :< <push_on_stackClist_pointer) ; The value of list item was set by the prec·ding ''nexi operation.list_point·r : :c list_item + pointer_l·ngth; The following code duplicates the ''next'' operation .list item : :c Alist_pointer; list point·r : :c list pointer+ pointer_length ; codeJ,ointer : = .... list_item ; goto .... code_pointer ;return :<list_pointer : = pop_from_stack() ; The following code duplicates the ''next'' operation . list_item : :c .... list_pointer; list_pointer : = list_pointer + pointeT_length; code_pointer : = "' list item; goto "' code_pointer ;The world's most popular microcomputer, with 16K ofmemory and Level I I basic for only $685. complete withfull 90 day Radio Shack warranty. We accept check,moneyorderorphone orderswith Visa orMasterCharge.(Shipping costs added to charge orders).Disk drives, printers,peripherals, software and games . . . you name It, we've got It Shown la Level I. LevellllncludM Alpti.numoric keyped. (Both Radio Shack & other brands). Write or call for our complete price list. C&SELECTRONICS MART Ud.32E.MalnStreeteMllanMlchlgan48160e(313)439-1400Listing 3: Description of a token-threaded code interpreter in a Pascal-like language . See figure 4.const token_length · (length of token)c·ll_code_length · (length of " c·ll" cod· ··gment);toknumber · (number of tokens possible>; < is 256 for an{ 8-bit tokenvar list_pointeT" : pointeT" ; < interpreted program count·r )code_pointer : pointer; < pointer to m·chin· code}t·ble : array[l .. toknumb·rl of point·r · {subroutine table )token_item : shol"t token ;label next . call. r·turnJnext :token_it·m : · .... list_pointer; list_pointer : · list_pointer + token_length ; code_pointer : · tabl·Ctoken_it·ml ; tok·n it·m : · "'code_pointer i cod·_;oint·r : · t·bl·[token_itemJ ; goto "' code_pointer Jpush_on_·tackClist_pointer)1 Th· value of th· code_pointer w·s s·t by the preceding "next" op·ration .list_point·r : · code__pointer · call_cod·_length ; Th· following code duplicates the ''next'' op·r·tion .token_it·m : :c "' list_point·r; list_point·r : · list__pointer + token_length ; code_point·r : · table[token_itemJ ; goto Acode_point·r·T·turn :<1ist_point·T : · pop_from_stac k ( ) ; The following cod· duplicates the ''next'' oper·tion . token it·m : · "' list_pointer ; list_;ointer : · list_pointer + tok·n_length ; code_pointer : · table[token_itemJ ; goto Acode_pointer ;214 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 132 on inquiry card.32K Board Pictured AboveWhy Not the Best?From The Dynamic RAM Company.2MHz 16K-$249 32K-$375 48K-$500 64K-$6254MHz $259 $395 $530 $665We have now been shipping our 2MHz dynamic RAM boards for over two years. Hundreds of 4MHz boards have been going out every month since early 1979. Our reliability is proven in the thousands of systems which contain our board . Many quality minded systems houses across the country and overseas are using our boards for their equipment.Our prices still beat all. Despite rising 16K memory chip prices (at least from reputable suppliers), Central Data continues to give you the best buy in memory today. Nobody offers a board with a capacity of 64K, assembled , tested , and guaranteed for a full year at the price we do .Circle 133 on inquiry card.Deselect around PROMs. Our boards have the important deselect feature which lets you overlap any fixed memory in your system with no interference.Our features make the board easily used and expanded. You address our boards on 16K boundaries with mini-jumps (small shorting plugs that slide over wire wrap pins) near the top of the board for easy access. If you want to expand your board after you have purchased it, all that you need to do is add memory . We can supply you with expansion packages ($1 50 -2MHz, $160 -4MHz) which include eight RAMs that you can depend on as well as two mini-jumps for addressing. And of course, our board never generates wait states.Low power consumption keeps your computer running cool and reliable. The total power consumption of our 16K board is typically less than 4 watts (+8V@ 300ma, + 16V @ 150ma and-1 6V @ 20ma) . Boards with additional memory typically increase power consumption only 1 watt per 16K!Standard 5-100 Interface. Our board is designed to interface with any standard S-100 CPU . All of the timing of the board is independent of the processor chip , and the board is set up for different processors by changing two plugs on the board .Call or write us today. That will guarantee a fast response with more information on the board . Or make an order - you'll probably have the board in two weeks! If you're interested, also ask for a catalog on our Z8000 16-bit processor board designed for the MULTIBUS. All of these products are available to your local dealer, also .Central Data Corporation , 713 Edgebrook Drive, PO Box 2530 , Station A, Champaign, IL 61820. (217) 359-8010Central DataBYTE ?eptember 1980 215Listing 4: A simple direct-threaded code interpreter for the MC6809 microprocessor.RETURN : PULS Y.JMP (, Y++JGET NEW THREAD PTR DO "NEXT"Machl Routin·IL Routin·CALL : PSHS Y LEAY ·+7,PCRJMP C. Y++).JMP C. V++ )STACK OLD THREAD POINTER ADDR OF FOLLOWING IL CODE ADDR OF "RETURN"systems (which may want to use read-only memory modules), this limitation requires that special "header" and "trailer" code be written to move data values used by the intermediate language to and from the registers used by previously written machine-language code.It is also possible to eliminate the use of processor resources in an intermediate language by storing the interpreter's "registers" in memory; this leaves the pro cessor free for use by machine-language code at the ex pense of additional overhead during interpretation. [This overhead consists of having to move these registers be tween memory and the hardware registers of the host processor when you want to manipulate the contents of the interpreter re'gisters . .. .GW] The use of absolute loca tions in memory would itself be a problem, because these locations can then conflict with locations used by other software packages. By saving the intermediate-language registers on the stack, the language may be made inde-MICRO MISCELLANYAPPLE II PARALLEL INTERFACE$79.95Interfaces printers, synthesizerskeyboards, and JBE A·DD·AConverter& Switches. This interface has 4 110ports with handshaking logic, 2-6522 VIA's and a 74LS74 for timing. Inputsand outputs are TIL compatible.79-295K Complete Kit $69.95 79-295A Assembled $79.95Your computer c an control power(120VAC) to your printer, lights, and other 120VAC appliances up to 720 watts (6AMPS at 120VAC). Input 3 to 15 VDC, 2·13 MA ITL compatible, isola tion 1500V.79-282 79-2821 Channel Kit S 9.95 Assm. $12.504 Channel Kit $34.95 Assm. $44.95AtoD DtoA CONVERTERBARE BOARDSSINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS8088 5-CHIP SYSTEM$29.958085 3-CHIP SYSTEM$24.95$69.9s f--~~M-E_M_O-RY__BO_A_R_D ~~--t18208 64K DYNAMIC$39.95ALL PRODUCTS AVAILABLE FROM:Analog to Digital , Digital to AnalogConverter, AtoO conversion time 20us. DtoA co nversion 5us. Uses Include speech and music synthesizing and slow scan TV. Single power supply (5V), 8 Bits wide, latched 110, strobe llnes.79-287K Complete Kit $49.95 79-287A Assembled $69.95JOHN BELL ENGINEERING P.O. Box 338 Dept. 4Redwood City, CA 94064 (415) 367-1137 Add 6% sales tax in California and $1 .00 shipping and handllng for orders less than $20. Add 4 % for VISA or M.C.JOHN BELL ENGINEERING216 September 1980 © BYrE Publications IncCircle 134 on inquiry card.Listing 5: A simple indirect-threaded code interpreter for the MC6809 microprocessor. In this and listings 6 thru 8, each block of information in lowercase is a "stack picture"-ie: a diagram of what is on the stack at that particular place in the code.· - >thread ptr 1 thread ptr 2 NEXT : LEAS -2,s PSHS xs -)x space thread ptr 1 thread ptr 2 LOX t.Y++J STX 2.s· ->x routine addr thread ptr thread ptr 2 MAKE SPACE SAVE X QET ADDRESS OF ROUTINE SAVE AS UPCOMINQ PCPULS X,PC· ->thread ptr 1 thread ptr 2 RECOVER X AND Q0 1CALL : RETURN :PSHS yLOY '--vLEAY 2.Y BRA NEXTPULS y BRA NEXTSAVE CURRENT THREAD PTR QET PREVIOUS INDIRECT PTR NEW THREAD PTRRECOVER OLD THREAD PTRListing 6: A more complex direct-threaded code interpreter for the MC6809 microprocessor. Execution of the intermediate language subroutine starts at the label ENTRY.RETURN :N1: NEXT : N2 :s ->next thread ptr 1 thread ptr 2 LEAS 2 . s PULS yDISCARD 0 NEXT" GET SAVED THREAD PTRBSR N2PUSH ADDR OF NEXTs ->thread ptr 2BRA N1SET UP RETURN TO NEXT.IMP t, Y++JQO TO ROUTINEs -> next thread ptr 2 I-Code Routine <start at ENTRY>ENTRY : 0 :PSHS xSAVE x· -> I thread ptr 0 space next thread ptr 1 thread ptr 2 LOX 6,SGET ADDR OF 11 NEXT 11STX 4.SMOVE ITSTY 6 , SSAVE OLD THREAD PTR· ->x thread ptr 0 next ~ (old thread ptrl thread ptr 1 thread ptr 2PULS x,yRECOVER X, NEW THREAD PTR.IMP [, Y++lLEAS -2.sDO SIMPLE "NEXT" MAKE SPACEBSR *-14PUSH NEW THREAD PTR, GOTO PSHS XSTART OF THE IL CODEADDR OF "RETURN"PRIAMHard DisksNow Availablefrom SIRIUSSYSTEMS!SIRIUS80+ Perfect Add-Ons fOr Your Computer System!PRIAM 's high-performance, low-cost Winchester disc drives speed up throughput and expand data storagefrom 20 megabytes to 154 megabytes. And asingle controller can be used to operate 14~nch-disc drives wrthcapacrties of 33 , 66, or 154 megabytes or floppy-disc-size drives holding 20and34 megabytes. So rt'seasyto move up in capacrty, or reduce package size. without changing important system elements or performance.· Fast, Unear Voire Coil Posilioning · DC Po'Nf!r required only! · 50 ms Average Positioning lime· 10 ms track-to-track positioning · Simple, parallel lnlJJrtace · 90 ms Maximum Positioning Time· Fully servoed head positioning · Oplional SMD lnlJJrlace · 6.4 ms Average LalJJncy· Dedicated servo tracksTHE PRIAM LINEUPModel/Disc SizeCapacitySizeWeight PriceDDIISSKKODSS 6363550011144""16363MMbbyytteessTT'' xx 1177'"' xx 2200""33 lbs. 33 lbs.$2995 $3749DISKOS 15450 14"154 MbytesT' x 17" x 20"33 lbs. $4695DISKOS 2050 8"20 Mbytes4.62" x 8.55" x 14.25"20 lbs. $2995DISKOS 3450 8"34 Mbytes4.62" x 8.55" x 14.25"20 lbs. $3745DISKOS 5705.3 Mbytesfloppy-sizeDISKOS 107010.6 Mbytesfloppy-sizeAll PRIAM DISKOS Drives have aTransfer Ftate of 1.03 Mbytes/Sec.(low)(low)(low)(low)Optional SMD inlJJrlace availa/)fe tor $150.SIRIUS SYTEMS .offer~s and enclosures for all PRIAM Hard Disk Drives. All 14" Winchester D~1ves will mount m our ~ 4 Standard Case. The 8" Winchesters have two alternatives: a single drive case and a dual drive.case. All SIRIUS SYSTEMS Winchester drive cases include Power Supply, internal cabling..sw1tches, Ian, exlra AC outlet (not switched, but fused) and possess very adequ':lte vent1lat1on . Dnv~ addressing is done on the rear of the Case and not on the drive rteselfto provide ease of use dunng operation. All WINCHESTER DRIVE Cases are Warranted for a fullyear and come in our standard blue·black oolor scheme. Consult us for current availability and pricing.The SIRIUS SYSTEMS .80+ Series of Floppy Disk add-ons are designed to provide unmatched versatility and performance for your computer. Consisting of four different add-onsthere is a 80+ Series Floppy Disk to meet your need . All 80 + Series Floppy Disk are compatiblewrth the TRS-80· and come ready to plug in'COMMON CHARACTERISTICS· 5 ms track-to-track access time · Auto-eject · 180 day WARRANTY · Except1onal speed stability- 1'h% · Sif]JJ/e density (FM) or double density (MFMIMZ'fM)· Ultra high reliability · 2 year Power Supply Warranty · Mixanyorall80+ Seriesonthesamecab/e! · Includes user accessible plugboard tor drivereconfiguringSPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICSThe SIRIUS 80+1 is a.single sided , 40 track,highly reliable Floppy Disk add-on. Offering 5more tracks than the Radio Shack model rt cost$140 less! Formatted data storage is 102Kl20Kbytes single/double density.SIRIUS 80 + 1 ... .....$359.95Remex RFD 4000/4001 8" Floppy DISC Drives Double sided ... Double densltYI 1RFD 4001, $569.95Offers quality and features found in drives costing muchThe SIRIUS 80+2 is a dual sided, 70 track (35 per side) , highly versatile Floppy Disk unit. It appears to the TRS-80· as TWO 35 track drives, yet COST LESS THAN HALF THE PRICE' Even greater savings result, since data is recorded on both sides of the media instead of only a single side. Using the plug board, it mav be recon figured for other computer systemsf (The 80 + 2 operates as Drive 0 and any of the other three addresses (with the sandard Radio Shack Cable) or as any of four drives (with the SS Standad Cable) .) Formatted data storage is BO.SKI 161 .2Kbytes single/double density.SIRIUS80 + 2 . . ....... . ... .$449.95 more! · Single or Double Density· Double-Sided Drive· Door Lock INCLUDEDThe SIRIUS 80+3 is a single sided, 80 track,· Write-Protect INCLUDED· 180 Day Warranty· Compatible with Shugart" Quad " density Floppy Disk unit. Offering 2'/J850/851 · Low Power Operation ensures LONGER LIFE!!· Model RFD 4001 offers Data and Sector Separatortimes the storage of a Standard Radio Shack drive, the 80 + 3 greatly reduces the need fordiskettes correspondingly. Addrtionally,RFD 4000/4001 Technical Manual . . . .6.95because of the increased storage and fasterConnector Set #3 (AC , DC , Card Edge) .. 10.95 RFD 4000C/BCabinet (for use withConnector Set #4 (AC and DC) .. .. 2.95 Power Modules)..........29.95track-to-track access time, the 80+ 3 allows tremendouslv increased throughput for disk based programsfll The 80+ 3 INCLUDES SIRIUS'sRemex 10008 ... If you've been lookingTRAKS-PATCH on Diskette. Formatted data storage is 204K/40K8 bytes single/doublefor a leSs expensive floppy disc drive bUt not wanting to sacrifice quality.:..density.SIRIUS 80 + 3 ................ $489.95 this Is ltl$41995sv." The SIRIUS 80+4 Floppy Oisk add-on is adouble sided , 160 trac.k (80 per side) , monster! The ultimate in state-of-the-art SV·" Floppy Disk technology, to 80 + 4 is seen by theTRS-80· as two single sided disk drives , eachYou get both in the Remex 10008' For only $419 .95 lookat what you get: · 8".Floppy Drive· Sin9le or Double Density · Hard or Soft Sectonng · Media Protection Feature· Single Density Data Separator · 180 Day Factory Warrantywith 80 tracks. Thus, in terms of capacity one 80 + 4 1s equivalent to 4'h standard Radio Shack drives - a savings of over 73% (not to mentiondiskettes!!'/, · (With a double density converter the availab e memory is huge') The 80 +4 isDoor Lock Option . . .$19.95 Write Protect Option . . .$19.95 RFD 10008 Technical Manual .$5.95Interface AdapterConnector Set #1RFD 10008 CASE (for use(REMEX-to-Shugart) ... $14.95 (AC , DC, & Card Edge).. .$10.95 (wrth Power Modules) .. . ..$29.95similar to the 80 + 2 in that it arrives configuredas Drive 0 and any of the other three addresses(with the standard Radio Shack Cable) or as any of four drives (with the SS Standard Cable) . Thet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l 80 + 4 INCLUOES TRAKS-PATCH on Diskette.SIRIUS 8" DISK POWER MODULESdard 180 day WARRANTY \the Open Frame Power Supply warranty is or 2 years) . All Power Modules will wor1< with either the RFD(The plug board is also included.) Formatteddata storage is 408K single density or 816Kbytes double density.SIRIUS80 + 4 .. ...$624.95The Single and Dual Drive Power Modules are designed to provide DC and (swrtched) AC4000C/B or RFD 10008 case (color schemesmatch also) .power for one (the Single Drive Power Module) or two (the Dual Drive Power Module- the DDPM will power three RFD 4000s or4001s) 8" Floppy Disk Drives . Many features are included for safe and reliable operationand the Power Modules come wrth our stan-Dual Drive Power Module (DDPM) .Single Drive Power Module (SDPM). .$139.95 ... 119.95All 80 + Series Floppy Disk add-ons operate a 5 milliseconds track-to-track access time (eight times faster than the SA 400) but are Expansion Interface Limited to 12 milli-seconds for the TRS-80·.·TRS-80@ Tandy Corp.SVf ,SSIJ.REIMU. SS·7528 0 ak TR1dge Highway Knoxv111e, ennessee 37921TO ORDER CALL (615) 693-6583Phone Orders Accepted 9AM-?PM (ESDT)We accept MC, VISA, AE, COD (requires Certified Check, Cashier's Check or Cash) and Checks (personal checks require 14 days to clear). SHIPPING AND HANDLING: $7.00 per Floppy Disk Drive or 80 + Module· 5% for other items (any excess wiUbe refunded)· Foreign Orders add 1Cl% for Shipping & Handling. Payment 1n U.S. currency · Tennessee residents add 6% Sales Tax· VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLEMPI 51/52 ...A Great Rellable Mlnl·Drlvel· Fast! 5ms track to track access · Exclusive Pulley-Band Design · Unique Door/Ejector Mechanism · Reliable 1Y2% Speed Stability· Single/Double Density Operation · Industry/ANSI Standard InterfaceMPl51(Single Head, 40 tracks, 120K/240K bytes Single/Double Density..) .....$259.95MPl52(Dual Head, 70 tracks, (35/side),218.8K/437.5K Single/Double sity··) . . . ...........Den .....$349.95MPI 91/92 ... NEWSTATE·OF·THE·ARTDISK DRIVE!MP191(Single Head , Single/Double80 tracks, Density··)240K/480K .........$389.95MPl92(Single Head , 160 tracks (BO/side),4~iB!O'fKu;l9kr6i0riKaitedSdinagtiles/tDiiroauybeleDen·······$499.95Introducing theversatile, Low-costOMECA series controllerAs new technological advances bring down the cost of fast, reliable mass data storage the need for an inexpensive, versatile controller have be come 9reater and greater. To meet this need, SIRIUS SYSTEMS' OMEGA Series Controller was designed . The SIRIUS OMEGA Series Controller Module utiliz.es an on-board microprocessor to mediate data transfer to a wide variety of penpherals from an equally wide variety of host computer systems. Up to four Winchester Hard Disks (8 " or 14" ). four SY·" Floppy Disks Drives and/or up to eight 8" Floppy Disk Drives may be in use at one time. Host systems interfacing 1s accomplished via a parallel or a serial inter face . Wrth the a.dditon ol a Personality module, the OMEGA Series Controller Module is directly compatible with many popular com puter systems (among them the TRS-80· , Apple, Heath, and others) . Provision is made for the addition of astreaming tape drive , also . SPECIFIC HARDWAREFEATURES INCLUDE:· C(·eoi8gn"htrtao8nl "doa/fonurdps/ovtr,o"fotDwuirseklsvveD,r"Fiv)leopUptyilizDaitsioknDrives · Single (FM) or Double (MFM) density datastorage· Ha.rd or Soft sectored diskette usage·sUvhl.l"ZilDt1iosnkof " Duad" Drivesdensity(96tpi) 8"or· ~%1Jf/ D%:8s ~is~g~v~1NCHESTER type· 8" or 14 " may intermix on the same cable ·Accommodates 8" and/or 14" drives of·5u1l/:%~Sj~~r,,/ts%~S· Extremely flexible host-controller inrerfacingSPECIFIC SOFTWARE FEATURES INCLUDE: · Dynamic format modifications via command words · Extremely flexible format acceptance for un· usual data storage formats · Easily interfaces to standard operating sys tems (TRS-DOS-, CP/M·· · , etc) · Operates in erther get/put sector mode or data string mode · Performance parameters may be changed by EPROM replacement or Dynaminic Repro· gramming Dedicated systems cards are also available on a limited basis for the STD-BUS and the S 100. These cards feature shared memory also (again, software selectable) in addrtion to the regular OMEGA Series Controller Module features. Con sult SIRIUS SYTEMS for current price and availability for the entire line of OMEGA Series Memory Unrts and Controllers. Dealer inquiries are invited.Circle 135 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 217Software can be written to function properly on widely varying computers that use the same microprocessor.pendent of particular programmable memory locations. Another way to eliminate the use of processor resources, as well as maximize throughput, is to use subroutine-threaded code (STC) . Subroutine-threaded code makes use of only the program counter and the sub routine return stack, resources already dedicated to the control of program flow. Thus, the processor resources traditionally available to the programmer remain free for use by machine-language code.Distribution of Software It is possible to conceive of a mass market for software;such a market would allow high-quality programs to be distributed at low cost. We will assume that such code will be distributed in the form of read-only memory modules, so that a purchaser actually receives a physical product for his money. Furthermore, the memory needed to store the program is included in the purchase price, a characteristic not obtained with distribution on magnetic media. Software piracy will be possible for advanced hobbyists, but these represent only a small portion of the consumer market.To maximize sales, it is necessary that everyone who has a computer and who wants to use the program beable to do so. Given machine-language distribution, the market is already limited to those users with a particular processor; it should not also be limited to those users with a particular computer system.Software can be written such that it functions properly on systems that use different locations for programmable memory, read-only memory, and input/output (l/0) de vices, as well as systems that use completely different l/O devices. The system-independent read-only memory must be written in code that is position independent, and it must also include features for linking to other similar modules. These criteria can be satisfied with machine language code (on certain processors) or with a correctly designed intermediate language. Widest distribution re quires such properly written code.Machine-Language Examples of Threaded-Code InterpretersHere we present assembly-language code for the Motorola MC6809 microprocessor which implements complete interpreters for direct-threaded code, indirect threaded code, and token-threaded code. Most of these listings are punctuated by "stack pictures" (typed in lowercase) that represent the current state of the stack at various points in the listing; visualization of the stack is often crucial to understanding the interpretive process.An illustration of subroµtine-threaded code (using subroutine jump and return instructions) would be trivial, and thus is not included. However, it should be noted that a position-independent form of subroutine threaded code is available on computers with long rela~ Produced and widely used in England and U.S.A. COMPLETE BUSINESS PACKAGE .INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INVENTORY TO SALES SUMMARY PROMPTS USER, VALIDATES EACH ENTRY, MENU DRIVEN Approximately 60·100 entries/Inputs require only 2·4 hours weekly and your entire business is under control. PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED·SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER·01 =ENTER NAMES/ADDRESS, ETC13= PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENTS02 =ENTER/PRINT INVOICES 03 = ENTER PURCHASES 04 = ENTER AJC RECEIVABLES 05 = ENTER AJC PAYABLES 06= ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY14 =PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS 15 =PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS 16 =PRINT TAX STATEMENTS 17 =PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES 18= PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES07 = ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS08 =ENTER/UPDATE BANKS 09 =EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER10 =EXAMINE/MONITOR PURCHASE LEDGER 11 =EXAMINE/MONITOR (INCOMPLETE RECORDS)19 =PRINT YEAR AUDIT 20 =PRINT PROFIT/LOSS ACCOUNT21 =UPDATE END MONTH FILES MAINTENANCE22 =PRINT CASH FLOW FORECAST 23= ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE)12 =EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES24 = RETURN TO BASICWHICH ONE? (ENTER 1·24) = = = = 01 SUB. MENU EXAMPLE: 01 EXAMINE: 02 INSERT: 03 AMEND: 04 DELETE = = = 05 PRINT (1,2,3): 06 NUMERIC COMBINATIONS: 07 SORT VERY FLEXIBLE. ADD YOUR OWN FUNCTIONS. EASY TO INTEGRATE. All programs In BASIC for CP/M. PET. 6800 G. W. COMPUTERS LTD, the producers of this beautiful package in U.K.WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES: BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED CBM APPROVED CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program using random access releasing both drives for data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is translatable in any foreign language. PRICES: Programs 1·23 EXC (19,20,22,23) £475CALLERS BY APPOINTMENT ONLY89 Bmdford Court M·nalona Bmdford AvenueLondon WC1, U.K.CONTACT TONY WINTER 01-636-8210 BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED CBM APPROVED CP/M Ver. 9.00 Is one 16 K core program using random access re leasing boih drives for data storage, and 250 word vocabulary Is translatable In any foreign language. £575 Stock Integrated Option + £100 Bank Integrated Option + £100218 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 136 on inquiry card .Is Expandability the Reason Over 200,000 Smart Buyers Chose TRS-80? Or is it Price? Or . .. Maybe these customers came to Radio Shack for their computer because they knew they could get nationwide service? Or buy a Model I micro starter system for $499? Or because Radio Shack started the boom in reliable little computers? But come they did. And coming they still are! "Who Wants One That Can't Grow?"This question was asked by Radio Shack's president before TRS-80 '" went to market. So we made memory expandable from 4K to 48K RAM (in 16K leaps) . We made ROM expandable and BASIC upgradable. We provided for the addition of disk drives , printers , acoustic couplers and other peripherals . We have a great new upper/lower case conversion , and a SCRIPSIT''i- package that makes TRS-80 Model I a great bargain in Word Processing . "Be Better Than Competition!"" Not merely cheaper," he said , "not just more popular," he said . "Better! " That includes software, hardware, service, monitor size, keyboards, salesmen, store fronts , peripherals and RAMs. If you own a TRS-80, let us show you how to better your system and its benefits. If you 're still on the sidelines ... shouldn 't you play with us? After all , Radio Shack and TRS-80 have FAST DELIVERY FROM STOCK or a very short wait. Most (if not all) the competitors are much slower players! Expansion InterfaceThe hub of an expanded TRS-80 system. Holds up to 32K more mem ory! Has interfaces for printer, 4 disk drives. second cassette . Also takesRS-232C interface card . s299Mini-Disk DrivesReg. $3995499 eachQuality engineered disk drives let you store and retrieve data and programs fast. Sale ends 9130180. Order Today!Quality for less! Prints 100 cps on 80 columns . Accepts 97/a" fan-fold , 8W' roll paper or single sheets.FOR MORE REASONS SEND FOR OUR FREE COMPUTER CATALOGSTATEZIPtive branch instructions (eg: the LBSR, long branch-to subroutine, and RTS, return-from-subroutine, instruc tions on the MC6809).Listing 4 illustrates a very simple implementation of a direct-threaded code interpreter. This particular imple mentation is very fast, but it has the following undesirable properties:· it requires a special machine-language return instruction (ie: JMP LY++]); · it reserves the Y register for use by the interpreter; · it requires that the interpreter location (the address of RETURN) be known to the compiler, making the resulting intermediate-language code definitely position-dependent. In operation, the Y register points to the next address in a direct-threaded code list; that address, of course, points directly to machine code. Executing the operation JMPLY+ +] (indirect, autoincrement by 2) causes themachine to start execution at the address contained in the list element; simultaneously, the Y register is updated to point at the next item in the list of addresses.The single instruction JMP LY+ +] ends eachmachine-language subroutine. By reserving a processor register for use as the current thread pointer, a speed ad vantage is obtained; transfer of control using JMPLY++] requires nine machine cycles (on the MC6809),while a JSR-RTS pair requires thirteen. The situation becomes more complex when control istransferred to a subroutine composed of intermediate- · language statements. Machine-language instructions are included at the beginning of the intermediate-language subroutine to perform the call operation. The Y register may be thought of as the topmost location of the stack of intermediate-language return addresses; its contents are pushed onto the stack, and Y is loaded with the address of the start of the intermediate-language subroutine list.The last item in an intermediate language list is the address of the return routine . This recovers an old inter mediate-language pointer from the stack and continues interpretation where it left off when it did a subroutine call.In listing 5, we show a very simple indirect-threaded code interpreter. As in the previous example, the inter pretation process is fast, but again it has the following limitations:· it must use a position-dependent, machine-language return instruction (eg: JMP NEXT);· it uses the Y register to hold the list pointer; · it still requires that the compiler generate positiondependent pointers to the CALL and RETURN routines .Listing 6 is an example of a moderately complex direct threaded code interpreter. It is somewhat slower than the simple interpreter in listing 4, but it uses a standard RTS instruction to return from machine-language routines. Thus, the machine-language routines need not contain pointers to the next operation. Still , this advantage is bought at the expense of additional machine-language code in each intermediate-language subroutine. The intermediate-language subroutines themselves do haveListing 7: An improved direct-threaded code interpreter for the MC6809 microprocessor. This interpreter does not use any of the microprocessor registers.s -)ptr to new thread addr of "next" old thread ptrCALL : PSHS D LOO 2,S STD 4,SSAVE D GET NEW PTR THREAD PTR s -)d space new thread ptr old thread ptr PULS D LEAS 2,S NEXT : LEAS-4, SRECOVER D DELETE SPACE MORE SPACE s -)space space thread ptr RETURN : PSHS X,OSAVE X, Ds -)dx space space thread ptrLOX 8,S LOO , X++ STX 8,S STD 4,S LEAX NEXT,PCR STX 6,SGET THREAD PTR GET NEXT MACHL ADDR STACK THREAD PTR STACK ROUTINE ADDR GET ADDR OF "NEXT" SAVE AS MACHL RETURNs ->d x machl routine addr of "next" thread ptr PULS O, X,PCGO TO MACHL ROUTINEs -)addr of "next" thread ptr I-CODE: ~SR CALL (instl) . . . <RETURN>Listing 8: Token-indirect token-threaded interpreter for the MC6809 microprocessor. Because of the use of two levels of lookup , this interpreter is completely position independent.s -> table addr old indirect thread ptr NEXT : LEAS -4,S PSHS U,X,DMAKE FREE STACK SPACE SAVE REGISTERSs -) d x u space space table ·addr indirect thread ptrListing 8 continued on page 222220 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncPascal/MT® + The Choice of Professionals, WorldwidePascal/MT+ is an enhanced version of our successful PascaVMT package popular with both hardware and software engineers. Generating even more optimized ROMable 8080/ZBO object code [directly from the Pascal source), Pascal/MT+ now includes those features demanded by today's professional. We've added modular compilation and linking [incorporating the industry standard linker format used by FORTRAN and PUI] and user selectable ZBO native code or our enhanced 8080/ZBO object code . Also included is an improved SYMBOLIC DEBUG, more 1/0 facilities and even an option to produce pseudo assembly output intermixed with the Pascal source.MODULAR COMPILATIONPascal/MT+ generates the same industry standard relocatable code used in FORTRAN and PUI. Pascal code may be linked with our linker or any compatible linker. Both Pascal and assembly language modules may be separately compiled and then combined to produce a final program. With modular compilation available, the run time overhead becomes as small as 256 bytes, and is typically 1200 bytes.OPTIMIZED NATIVE OBJECT CODEPascal/MT+ now produces even more optimized object code than before. Now included is a compile time selectable option to generate ZBO code where it is more efficient. The 8080/8085 code is better, too .IMPROVED DEBUGGING FACILITIESThe Pascal/MT+ debugger is improved. We've added facilities to use the debugger with larger programs and even in a ROM-based environment. The compiler can also output a disassembled listing of your programs with the Pascal source code interspersed between the object code. This helps you gain visibility in non-CP/M® applications.Circl e 137 on inquiry card .ENHANCED 1/0 CAPABILITIESTo our already powerful console, printer and re-directable 1/0 facilities we have added Pascal standard TEXT file 1/0 as well as improved line editing for console 1/0.PLUS ...· Transcendental functions · Improved String Handling· Benchmark tests rate our code up to 10 t imes faster than P-code Pascal and faster than other native code high level languages too!· Re-assembly of the run-time package no longer required for ROM based applications!AND OUR STANDARD FEATURES: · High speed compilation [up to2000 lines per minute]· Non-CP/M ® environments supported· CP/M® file support· Program chaining· Built-in mini-assembler· Compile-time constants· Business [18-digit] arithmetic· Scientific (6 .5 digit] arithmetic· AMD9511 Hardware support· Source code for run-time package included [re-assembly now requires MacrtrBO assembler]· 1/0 port, Interrupt facilities· Bit and Byte manipulation· Many useful built-in procedures [loaded from run-time library]SYSTEM REQUIREMENTSTo execute the Pascal/MT+ system you must have a CP/M® system with at least 32K of memory. For larger applications we recommend 48K or more. Source programs are pre pared using ED [or equivalent] , we recommend WORD-MASTER.[Coming soon: versions for Intel ISIS 11 and Heath HOOS. Ask us.)ORDERING STILL ONLY S250will buy you one of the best software power tools available.PascaVMT + has been chosen by companies such as GE, FMG and Chromatics [as well as over 700 other companies] as the Pascal for them, why not join them!The Pascal/MT+ package: · BCD compiler · Roating point compiler · Linker · Interactive Symbolic Debugger · Run time package in Source andObject form. · Pascal library utility routines · 95 + page user's guide · Sample programsThe user's guide is available for $30.00, refundable with a system purchase .MT microSYSTEMS has a very reasonable graduated, one time royalty arrangement for free standing software generated by PascaVMT. Ask us.To order Pascal/MT+ write or call :/MT MicroSVSTEMS\1562 Kings Cross Drive Cardiff, CA 92007(714) 753-4856We ship on 8" single density and 5-1 I4" North Star single density . Other formats available. Ask us.CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research PascaVMT is a trademark of MT microSYSTEMSBYTE September 1980 221BUSINESS - PROFESSIONAL - GAME SOFTWARE FOR APPLE AND TRS-80 0 HOME FINANCE PAK I: Complete package $49.95 Apple, TRS-80O BUDG ET : The hHrt of 1 c:omp11h1nsiv1 home finance system . Allows user to define up to 20 budgetitems. Actu1I exp1n1t input can be by keybo1rd 01 by .utom1tic 1e1din11 of CHECK BOO K II files . Com 111 1utom1tiully sorted ind com plftd with budget . BUD GET produces both monthly 1Ctulllbudget/n1i1nce 1tport .nd 1 ye11 -to -d1te by month summary of 1ttu1I costs. Color graphics d'splfY of expenses. . . $24.95O CHECKBO OK II : Thts extenstve p1ogr1m keeps complete rKords of uch check/deposit . Unique checkentry system 1llows user to set up common check purpose and recipient utegOfiH. Upon entry you select horn this pre-de fined menue to minimize keyi ng in 1 lot of d1t1. Un ique n1mes e1n 1lso be store d tor com ·:~111.'"J:to ~QGi~h~d~:~~~~~ ::~,'~ge~h;f1:/:~'!~b~!b~1~~~~~Tf~r,::~,:~ ~'."'.'~:. 40 col.u~.nsf9~9~0 SAVINGS : Allows use1 to ketp trlCk ol depovulwithdflWlls tor up to 10 y11m95 1ecountt. Cpmpletr1tcords shown 11i1 scrl!tn or 40 column punter. .. ... $14 .950 CRE DIT CARO : Keep control of your c1rds with this progflm . Orpmzts, stores ind d1spl1ys purchms.p1yments ind ser11ict ch11ges. Scieen or 40 column prin~r displ1y. Up to 10 sep111tt cuds .. $14 .950 THE UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE : $39.95 Apple, TRS-80A use1 progflmm1ble computing system struttu1td 11ound 1 20 fOW 11 20 column t1blt. User defmts row in d column n1mes 1n d equ1t10ns forming 1 unique comp uti ng m1chme. Table elements can be multiphtd. di11ided, subtr1tttd or added to 1ny 01her element . Ustf c1n define 1tpt1ted funclions common to 1 row 01 column grt1tly simplifying t1ble setup . Hund1tds of unique computing machines can be dtfmed , used, stored ind 1ta1led, with or without old d1t1, lor liter use. E11cellent for Slits lorec11ts. engineering design 1n1ly11s, budgets, m11entory lists, income statements, production pl1nning, project cost estim1tn·m short for 1ny pl1nning, 1n1lysis or reporting problem thll c1n be sol11td with 1 t1blt . Umque curstr commands allow you to move to 1ny element, change its 111lue 1nd imme diately Ste the efftct on other t1ble values. Ent1re t1ble c1n bt printed by machine pages (utlf ·dtfined 3.5 colum ns) on 1 40 column p11nte1. Tr1nsfo1m your com ·puter into 1 UN IVERSAL COM PUTING MACHI NE.O COLOR CALENDAR : Hl·RES color grap hics displ1y of your person1I calend11 . Autom1ticmultiple en lry ol repetitin e11tmts. R111iew 1t a glance important d1tes, 1ppomtments, 1nn1vt1S1f1es, bulh ·days, action d1tes, etc. over 1 5 y11r perio d. Gr1phic calend1r marks d1tes. Printt1 ind screen displ1y 1summ1ry report by month of your full tut describmg Hth day's 1c1ion item or e11ent. ldHI for 1nyone with1 busy c1ltnd1r . (Apple Only) .. . . . $19.950 BUSINESS SOFTWARE SERIES : Entire package $199.95 Apple, TRS·80O MICRO ACCOUNTANT : The 1de1I system lor 1he small ash business. BHed on clime T·1ccounts ind doublt·enlry book keepmg, this effic1tnl program records 1nd produces repom on account balances, ifner1t ledger journ1ls, 1t11enue and uptnses . Scieen or 40 column prmter report s. Handles up lo 500 journal ent11es per period, up 10 100 accounts . Instructions include 1 short p11mer m fm1nc11I Accounting. $49.950 UNIVERS AL BUS INESS MACH IN E: This prog11m is designed to SIMP LI FY and SAVE TIME fo1 the seuous bus1nessm1n who must ptr1odic1lly Analyze, Plan an d Es11m1te. The program was created usmg ou1 Untvtu1I Computing M1chine ind 1t is progflmmed to provide the tollowmg planning an d forecast ing tools.CASH FLOW AN A LYSISPR OFORMA BALANCE SHEET SOURCE AN O USE OF FUNDSPRO FORMA PROF IT & LOSS SALES FORECASTERJOB COST EST IMATORPnce, 1ncludmg document111on ind 1 copy of the base progr1m . Umversal Computmg Machmt.... . $89 .95Q INVO ICE : Throw aw1y yo ur pens. Use the ELECTRON IC INV OICE f1esim 1le displayed on your CRT .The progflm PfOfl1115 and you fill in the d1t1. Includes 3 1dd1tss fields (yours, Bill to and Ship 10), InvoiceNo.. Account No., Order No ., Salesman , Terms, Ship Code, FO B Pt. in d Date . Up to 10 items per sheet withthese dtsc11ptions : Item No ., No. of unils. Unit Price, Product Code , P1oduc1 Oesc1ip1ion, Total Doll1rilmount per item and invoice total dollar 1mount. Gene11tts, 1t you r option, hard copy m11oices, shippingmemos. mailing libels, audtl copies and disc upd1tes to m1Sler AIR files. (48K). .... $49.95D BUSINESS CHECK REG ISTER : Exp1ndtd veruon of the Chec kbook ll program . Hiindlts up to 500 checksper month w1 t11 complete record ketpmg. (48K )... S29 .950 BU S1NESS BUDGET : As described abo11e and compamon program 10 Busmess Check Rto1slt1. H1ndles 500 tr1nsact1ons pei month , up to 20 cosi utego11es. Accesses BCR Illes lor actual costs . (48K ) ... S29 95O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SERIES: Both programs S159 .95Appl e0 LOG IC SIMULATOR : SAVE TIME AN O MON EY . Simulate your digit1l log1c circuits befo1t you buildt hem . CMOS. TT L. or wh11e11e1 , 11 tl's dtgttal logic , this prog11m un h1ndle 11. The p1ogflm 1s an 1nte1 ·act111t, ml!nu dmen. full .fle dge d logic simut1101 capable of simulating !h t b1M1me by b1M1me 1tsponse ol 1logic netwo1k 10 user -specifie d mput patterns. It wi ll handle up to 1000 gates, mcludmg NAN OS, NORS, IN ·11t1 tt1s, FLIP·flOPS. SHIFT REGISTERS. COUNTERS 1nd use r·dtfmed MACROS . Up 10 40 um·def1n ed.11ndom. or b1n11y mput palltrns. S11nul1uon resutu d1spl1ytd on CRT 01 prmter . Accepts network des·cnpl!Ons fr om keyboard 01 from LOGIC DE SIG NER for s1mu l1t1on. Specify 1000 gilt 11ers1on (48K 1tqunedl 01 500 gate veision (32K required) .S89.95Q LOGIC DESIGNER ; lnteract111e Hl ·RES Gflphtcs p1og11m for des1gnmg d1g1tal logic systems. A menud1111en se 11es of kty bo1rd commands allows you to d11w directly on !he screen up 10 15 d1tft1tnt gale types,including 10 g11e shape p1tttrns supphtd with the program ind 5 1est r11ed 101 use1 spec1hcat1on. St1nd1rdpallerns suppl ied are NAN O. NOR . INVERTER . EX ·OR , T·FlOP , JK ·flOP , O·FLO P, RS· FLOP . 4 811COUNTER ind N·BIT SHIFT REG ISTER . Usu mttrconnects gales 1us1 as you would normally draw usmghne g11ph1ts commands. Network descnp11ons for LOGIC SIMULATOR gent11ted simult1neously w11h theCRT dt19r1m bemg d11wn. Or1wmg is done 1n p1ges of up 10 20 gates. Up to 50 pages (10 per disc) an btdflwn . saved ind 1tt1lled. Specify 1000 gate (48K) 01 500 gale (l2K l system$89.950 MATHEMATICS SERIES : Complete Package S49.95 Apple only0 NUMER ICAL ANALYS IS: Hl·RES 2· 01men~on1I plot of any function . Au1om111t scahng. Al your option.the pro91am will plot the lunt11on , plol the INTEGRAL , plot the DERIVATIVE . de1t1 mm e the ROOTS ,find !he MAXIMA and MINIMA and hs1 the INTEGRAL VALUE . Fo1 16K .. .. $ 19.950 MATR IX: A gener1I pu rpose, menu dmen p1og11m for delttmmmq tht INVERSE and DETE RMINANT olany m1tr111 , IS well as th e SOLUTION to any set of SIMUl TANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS. Disk 1/0 lord1ta save. Specify 55 eqn . se1 f48K) 01 JS eqn. ll2KJ .. ... S19.950 J.Q SURFACE PLOTTER · E11plo1t tht ELEGANCE and BEAUTY ol MATHEMATICS by crt1tmg HI RESPLOTS ol l ·d1mtnsional surflces !rom any l ·v1111blt equation. Oise""' ind 1tt1ll 1out1nes f01 plots. Menu driven 10 11ary surface parame~1 s Demo s include BLACK HOlE gra111ta11onal curv11ure equaltons.. $19 .950 ACTION ADVENTURE GAMES SERIES : Entire series $29.95 Ap ple onlyQ REO BARON : Can you oulfly th e RED BAR ON? This last 1tl10n game simulates a m1ch1ne ·gun DOGFIGH T belwtl!'n your WORLD WAR I Bl ·PLANE and th t b11on's. You tan LO OP, DIVE . BANK 01 CLI MB1n any ont of 8 d11ec11ons ind so can !ht BARON. m HI RES graphics.... $14 .95O eATTLE OF MIDWAY You 11t m command of the U.S.S HORNETS ' OIVE ·BOMBER squ1dron . Yourt11gets aie !he A11t11h tamers, Aklg1. Soryu an d K1g1 . You mus! fly your way through ZEROS ind AAFIRE 10 mah your DIVE BOMB 1un. In HI RES g11ph1u. S14 .95D sue ATTACK . Ifs April. 1943. The enemy convoy IS headed tor lht CORAL SEA. You1 sub. lhtMORAY , hn 1ust s1gh1ed the CARRIERS and BATTLE.SHIPS. E11y p1ckmgs. But w1tth oul to r !ht OESTROYEAS they're fast and dead ly. In Hl ·RES gflph1cs.. $14 .95--· SPECTRUM SOFTWARE 0 FREE CATALOG - All p1ograms are supphed m disc and run on Apple II w/01sc & Applesoh ROM Ca1d & TRS·BO Le11el II and requue 32K RAM unless othe1w1se noted. Oe111led mstrutt1ons mcluded. 01de1 s shipped w11hm 3 days. C11d users mclude card numbe1. Add Sl .50 postage ind h1ndhng with uch order . Cal1forn1a res1dentsadd6 Y.% ulest1x . Milke theckspay1ble to .V/s.4DEA LER INQUIRIES P.O. BOX 2084 · 142 CARLOW. SUNNYVALE . CA 94087INVITEDFOR PHONE ORDERS 408·738-4387222 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCirc le 138 on inquiry card .Listing 8 continued:LOU 10.s LOX 14,SGET TABLE ADDR GET THREAD PTRLOB , X+ STX 14, sCLRA ASLBROLALOX o. uADDO 4.S TFR D, XGET INDIRECT TOKEN SAVE THREAD PTRTWO BYTES PER TOKENTABLE-RELATIVE INDIRECT PTR NOW ABSOLUTELOB , X+STX 12.s CLRA ASLB ROLALDD o.uADD 4,sTFR o. xGET TOKEN SAVE INDIRECT PTRTABLE-RELATIVE MACHL ADDR NOW ABSOLUTESTX 6 , S LEAX NEXT , PCRSTX a.sPULS D, X,U, PCSAVE AS UPCOMING PC ADDR OF NEXTSAVE FOR MACHL RTS RECOVER REGS + GO's - > addr of "next" table addrindirect thread ptrCALL :PSHS DSAVE Ds -> daddr of "next"table addr indirect thread ptrLDD 4,s STD 2.sPULS D BRA NEXTGET TABLE ADDR MOVE IT RECOVER DRETURN : PSHS DSAVE Ds -) daddr of "next" table addr old indirect thread ptr 1 thread ptr 2LOO 4,sSTD 6 , SLDD o. sLEAS 6,S BRA NEXTGET TABLE ADDR MOVE IT RECOVER D DISCARD JUNKpointers to the retu rn operation, of course (making the code position-dependent), and the interpreter reserves the Y register for its own use.Listing 7 illustra tes a d irect-threaded code interpreter tha t does not reserve any processor registers; this inter preter also allows the return from machine-language routines by means of a standard RTS instruction. The ab solute locations of the interpreter call and retu rn routines must be included in each direct-threaded code sub routine; this usually precludes the distribution of such subroutines in read-only memory .Harddiskand hardtap8Mcontrol Up to 2400 Megabytes of hard disk control for the S-100 bus. Konan's SMC- 100 interfaces S-1 oo bus microcomputers with all hard disk drives having the Industry Standard SMD Interface. It is available with software drivers for most popular operating systems. Each SMC-100 controls up to 4 drives ranging from 8 to 600 megabytes per drive, including most "Winchester" drives -- such as Kennedy, Control Data, Fujitsu, Calcomp, Microdata, Memorex, Ampex, and others .SMC-100 is a sophisticated, reliable system for transferring data at fast 6 to 1Omegahertz rates with onboard sector buffering, sector interleaving, and OMA.SMC-1 OO's low cost-per-megabyte advanced technology keeps your micro computer system micro-priced . Excellent quantity discounts are available.Konan's HARDTAPETM subsystem ... very low cost tape and/or hard disk Winchester backup and more.Konan's new DAT-100 Single Board Controller interfaces with a 17112 megabyte (unformatted) cartridge tape drive as well as the Marksman Winchester disk drive by Century Data.The DAT-100 "hardtape" system is the only logical way to provide backup for "Winchester'' type hard disk systems . (Yields complete hard disk backup with data verification in 20-25 minutes . )Konan's HARDTAPETM subsystem is available off the shelf as a complete tape and disk mass storage system or an inexpensive tape and I or disk subsystem .Konon controllers and subsystems support most popular software packages including FAMOSTM, CP/~ · version 2.X, and MP/M.Konan, first (and still the leader) in high reliability tape and disk mass storage devices, offers OEM's, dealers and other users continuing diagnostic support and strong warranties. Usual delivery is off the shelf to 30 days with complete subsystems on hand for immediate delivery.Call Konan 'sTOLL FREE ORDER LINE today:800-528-4563Or write to Bob L. Gramley Konon Corporation, 1448 N. 27th Avenue Phoenix, AZ. 85009. TWX/TELEX 9109511552 CP/M® is a registered trade name of Digital Research , FAMOSTM is a trade name of MVT Micro Computer Systems . HARDTAPETM is a trade name of Konon Corporation .Circle 139 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 223Type of Threaded CodeSubroutine-threaded codeRelative subroutine-threaded codeSimple direct-threaded code (listing 4)Simple indirect-threaded code (as in listing 5)Moderately complex directthreaded code (as in listing 6)Improved direct-threaded code (as in listing 7)Token-threaded code (as in listing 8)MC6809 Machine Cycles UsedRatio of Cycles Used911.0981.1931.13714.12282.55526.1108311 .9Relative Size of Resulting IntermediateLanguage Code332222Can this Code Be Marketed to All Users of a Given Microprocessor?noyesnonononoyesTable 1: Comparison of threaded-code techniques. Notice that only two forms of threaded code , the relative subroutine-threaded code and the token-indirect token-threaded code are sufficiently system-independent to be used for mass distribution to (poten tially) all users of a given microprocessor.A possible alternative would be to modify the direct threaded code interpreter in listing 7 to use strictly self relative pointers. Then by including code for call and return in each read-only memory device, a form of distributable direct-threaded code might be obtained. However, because the read-only memory still contains machine-dependent code, the use of direct-threaded code in a read-only memory environment offers little advan tage.The improved direct-threaded code interpreter allows the use of most previously coded machine-language modules and allows these routines to pass parameters through the processor registers. Routines cannot pass parameters on the hardware stack (which is used to main tain the state of the interpreter), but could easily use the user stack of the MC6809 microprocessor for parameter transfer.A similarly improved interpreter could be built for indirect-threaded code, but the position-independence problem is inherent in this intermediate language as well . Each indirect-threaded subroutine must include a pointer to the call routine, thus making the resultingintermediate-language code unsuitable for distribution in read-only memory.However, it is possible to build a token-thread inter preter that has a completely position-independent intermediate-language representation. Listing 8 shows one implementation that achieves these goals. Notice the increased complexity and overhead when compared to our original direct-threaded code interpreter.This token-thread interpreter produces intermediate language code that is more compact than that produced by previously mentioned interpreters. The advantage of a compact representation need not affect execution speed severely; remember that the overall efficiency of any in terpretation scheme (including the hardware interpreta tion of op codes) depends more upon the work actually accomplished than the time spent in the interpretation process itself.This particular implementation is essentially a token indirect token-thread interpreter. Two levels of token lookup are involved so that neither machine-language nor absolute addresses need be included as part of the intermediate-language subroutine. Of course, perhaps$ GOLD DISK $ CPIM® Compatible Z-80 Disassembler6200 · RECREATES Z-80 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SOURCE FILES FROMABSOLUTE CODE (.COM FILES) FOR ALTERATION.$_FEATURES MNEMONIC LABELS FOR EASY PROGRAM TRACING.- INCLUDES COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION AND FREE UTILITYFOR SPECIFYING AND DECODING ASCII SECTIONS OF CODE.- OPERAfES UNDER MINIMUM CP/ M· CONFIGURATION (16K RAM). POSTPAID- DOCUMENTATION ONLY: $12 (MAY BE APPLIED TO DISK ORDER).ONE DAY SERVICE FOR CREDITCARD CUSTOMERS: ORDER DISK BY PHONE FREE! (WE WILL PAYI~BOWER-STEWART & ASSOCIATESP.O. BOX 1389·~ HAWTHORNE, CA. 90250~"WORTH ITS WEIGHT IN GOLD" SPECIFY DRIVE AND SYSTEMYOU BACK FOR THE PHONE CALL)(213) 676-5055AVAILABLE ON 5'A" OR 8" IBM SS / SD DISKCALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6 "/. SALES TAX."CP/ M IS A TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH224 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 140 on inquiry card.S A' IE/on Softwa!e and Hardware for n ¥ L TRS-so ~ andApple ® · · .-..· · ~.-...-.t...-.. m:1W~OU A new enhanced NEWDOS for the 11tS-80.The most powerful Disk Operating System for the TRS-80 designed for the sophisticated user and professional program mer who demands the ultimate.NEWOOS/ 80 Is the planned upgrade from NEWOOS 2.1. Some of the features are:· New BASIC commands for flies with varlable record lengths up to 4095.· Mix or match drives. Use 35, 40 or 77 track 511 d isk drives or 8 11 disk drives, or combo.· Security boot-up for BASIC or machine code application programs.· New editing commands.· Enhanced RENUMber that allows relocation.· Command chaining.· Print Spooler. · DFG function: striking of D. F and G keys allows user toenter a mini-DOS without d isturbing program. · Compatible with NEWOOS &. TRSDOS. · Machine language Superzap/ 80, 2.1utllltles and enhancedcopy by file commands. · Enter debug any time by pressing 123 keys. Also allows disk 1/ 0 . · Diskette " Purge" command . · Specifiable system options (limited sysgen type commands). · Increased directory capacity.$149·-...~:a·~AA new disk operAdng system for the Apple.Fully Professional DOS for the Apple II. The result of two years of extensive development, APEX provides a complete program development and file management system, both powerful and useable. A comprehensive command set allows the user to perform almost any Imaginable disk operation. Here are some of APE.X's features:· Command structure similar to CPM and main frame systems. Contains 20 command words, with ability to treat external programs as transient commands to the operat ing system.· Scrolling editor compatible with Vldex 80 char. card.· Easy program Interface. Simple communications between the DOS and user program.· Capable of handling 5 Inch, 8 Inch and hard disks.· Safety features to protect against accidental data loss. Features Include backup flies. d irectory, read-after-write and limit checks.· 4 times faster than CPM.· Auto default structure eliminates tedious typing by auto matlcally setting up command strings. file names, etc.· Functional on both single and multi-drive systems. Includes ultllltles for file copy.· Device handler structure for Interfacing peripherals.The APEX package Includes all of the tools for a complete assembly language development system, high speed two pass resident assembler and a powerful macro editor.The complete APEX package with operating system, as sembler, editor and manuals also Includes utllltles to maintain flies on single or multiple drive systems.$99.......... . ~~:i.~~~'.~FOCALTM . ..... ............$$7599Disk Drive SalelS70 worth of fRll merdlAndlse with purchase of Shugart SA400 with power supply and chassis, the diSk that Radio Shack sells for ~99.SAVE $200. . .... .. .. .. ... .... . ... .. . . 069TF-Pertec FD200, 40 track, use both sides. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .... . ........ 089 TF-5 MPI BSI , 40 track.... . . . .... . . . .. . 089 TF-70 M icropolis, 77 track with 195K storage. . . ... . ...... . . . .. . ...... S639 IDH- 1 Dual Sided drive, 35 track. . ..... S499NEWOOS +. 40 track . . .. ... . ...... .. . .. SI 10 35 track . .. .. .. . ... . .. . ... S 99Business Programs (Interactive A/ R.N P. &.. GL) .......... . .. . ... . . ....... S349 Radex Data Base Program . .. . . .. ... ... S 99 Mailing List ................. . . . . . .. . . . S59 Drhes for any microcomputerDoes not lnclud" P°'""' supply &. c:abl""t.Pertee FD200 .... S 282FD250 ....... . .. S 399Shugart SA400 .. S 27')SAB00/ 801 ...... . S 479MPI BSI ..... .... S 279852 ............ S 349PRINTERSCentronlcs 73 7 Text processing capabllitles. lower case descenders, underlining, subscripts andsuperscripts, 80 cps S899Disk Drive Expansion System· 2 Shugart SA400 drives withUst Prkepower/ chassis .................... S 738· I Two-Drive Cable . .. ... .. ... . .. . . . S 25· I Expansion Interface 32K . ... . ... . S 499· I 35-track DOS + ............. , .... S 99 TOTAL UST PRICE . .. .. . . . .. .... . . Sl ,361 l, l 99 $ SPECIAL PRICE ONLY ........ ....MOD I 8 11 Disk System · One SA800R Floppy$ l ,095 · 2 Drive Chassis and Power Supply· DOS and Cable . . . .. . . . ..........MOD II 8" Disk System · 3 Drive Chassis$l 399· 2 Drive Expansion System . . . . . . . . . '· 3rd Drive . .. Add S479More Savings····· NEW SALE PRICETRS-80 Graphics, OlddaU Mluolne 80...~~: $699Save on Apple II 16KIntroductory Offer FREE memory upgrade kit to 48K with purchase of$4 l 9 M ini-Floppy for Apple(2nd Drive) ... Only95 Apple II 16K .. .. . $ l , lApple 8 11 Disk System · One SA800R Floppy$ · 2 Drive Chassis &.. Power Supplyl ,449 · Controller, Cable and DOS . . . . . . .16K Memory Upgrade Kits ...................... .Circle 142 for ApparatCircle 141 for MTIBYTE Sep tember 1980 225other, more advantageous forms of token-threaded code interpreters are possible. However, we have shown that there is no longer a question whether position independent threaded code is possible; now the question is: "at what cost?"The Cost of ImplementationThe claims made for threaded-code techniques in an intermediate-language implementation include reduced program storage and high speed of execution. Unfor tunately, these claims are justified only in certain limited contexts. The original implementations of threaded code, which occurred on the Digital Equipment Corpora tion PDP-11, made use of the instruction JMP @(Rn)+ ; this instruction jumps through a memory pointer while retaining the location of next in a register. This isequivalent to the MC6809 instruction JMP Lr++ I .The instruction JMP @(Rn)+ does not save a return address on a memory stack and thus is faster than a JSR instruction. In the environment of a single intermediate language program that calls only machine-language sub routines, stacking and unstacking of the return address need not occur. Of course, when intermediate-language programs call intermediate-language subroutines, such stacking must occur in a process that will take longer than a normal JSR. Thus, for maximum speed, the threaded-code intermediate-language program should not call intermediate-language subroutines.On the other hand, the instruction JMP @(Rn)+ does eliminate the in-line 16-bit JSR op code for a 50% code reduction (on the PDP-11). But the 50% code reduction' -4·..~~·~·r. ~ '\tf:. ·/., .... . .ti..:.·. . .~ PRESENTS : ~Computers" Gcamblln1 Mca1caalne·PROBABILITY HANDICAPPING DEVICE I A 16K BASIC PROGRAM FOR:HORSE RACE HANDICAPPING!This amazing program was written by a professional softw·e consultant to TRW Space Systems and is being introduced by the publishss of Computers and Gembling Prom.ds Magazine. ·· PH0-1 " is a l·ge complex besic program rtquiring a I.Al 16 K. l is carefully human factored for easy use. PH0-1 is a comprthensive horse racing systam for spotting ove~eys inthoroughtnd sprint races (less than 1 mile). You simitf srt down with your computlf and theRacing Form the night befort the race and answer 5 or 6 questions about 11th horse's past plfformanca. Your computer then accurately prtdicts the win probability and odds~ine for each horse allowing you to spot o~aid horses wMe at the trtdl. The us·s manual contains a complete explanation of ov~ay betting.Statistics for thousands of horses Wife usad to develop this handic1111ping system. The appendix of the mlflual contains a detailed tab run of a 100 consecutive race system worf<out showing an amazing 46% positive return (45c for eech S1.00 wag·ed) . Agraph is also included showing PHD-1 "s close lit to the ideal predicted probab~ity vs. actual winp·cantage curve .This program features: 0 Win probability end odds for each horse 0 Verification display of each horse·sJ!!lrameters prior to entry for easy 11ror correction 0 Bubble-sort routine for final display U Facility for line printer output 0 Cassette ARCHIVE routine to store PHD-1 's output for later analysis 0 Complete users mlflual .The us1<'s manual may be onlertd separataly for your perusal for S7 .95 lfld will be credited rt you purchase PHD-1 .Order now to get on our list and receive back issu· FREEiPHD-1 User·s Manual and 18K Cassetta for: Apple II Applasoft. Challenger (Specify Type), TRS·80t Laval II .... $29.95Ca. m . add 8% Make checks payable to: JOE COMPUTER22713 Ventura Blvd., Suite F, Woodand Hilla, CA 91384·BE AWINNER: Get on the ComputlfS lfld Glmbling Prom.cts Magazine maiing bt fnr SJ .DO anl recaivl av1ilable back issues. t TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation. achieved on the PDP-11 (which uses a 16-bit JSR op code) is only a 33 % code reduction on most microcomputers, which have 8-bit JSR op codes. (The LBSR instruction can be used in the case of the MC6809.) And if the motivation for threaded code is reduction of the intermediate-language code size, token-threaded code implementations can improve the storage efficiency by another 50 % .The two traditional forms of threaded code (direct and indirect) are optimized for the environment of a par ticular computer architecture that is represented by the PDP-11 (and also reflected in the MC6809). Consequent ly, many microcomputer threaded-code implementations have provided neither maximum code efficiency nor maximum speed and have devoured virtually all of the machine-level microprocessor resources. Comparisons of the four types of threaded code demonstrate that it is unlikely that the speed and code-efficiency maxima will ever coincide.The main factor affecting code compaction is the use of subroutines instead of in-line code; but the use of subroutines inherently increases interpretation overhead. Since all methods of threaded-code implementation allow the use of subroutines, effects due to the use of subroutines can be disregarded and the efficiency of the implementation methods can be compared directly. Table 1 shows this comparison with values from the machine-language routines developed earlier (based on six next operations for each call and return operation).ConclusionsLanguages that have been historically associated with threaded code will probably continue to use these tech niques when implemented on microcomputers. New implementations should take advantage of the inter pretive nature of threaded code to provide extensive debugging facilities. However, there is no excuse for the threaded-code implementor to prohibit the use of pre viously coded machine-language modules by eliminating parameter passage through microprocessor registers. Either the interpreter can be designed to keep these registers free, or special routines must be written by the implementor to save and restore these registers when using library routines stored in read-only memory.Similarly, the motivation for distributing software in an open market (to many different users with many dif ferent systems) leads directly to the requirement for posi tion independence. While the MC6809 directly supports position-independent code at the machine-language level, it is also possible to devise threaded-code intermediate languages that are position independent. But any inter mediate language or interpreter that requires particular absolute storage locations is so obnoxious as to be un worthy of discussion in polite programming society. Absolute-address storage requirements are simply unac ceptable in code written for mass distribution.Within these constraints, the various forms of threaded code offer different trade-offs of speed and code effi ciency. Because these forms are logically equivalent, a single compiler could be used to generate any of them at the user's choice. Thus, without changing the source pro gram, a threaded-code technique could be selected that would give the desired trade-off between speed and code efficiency for a particular situation.In the end, threaded-code implementation techniques226 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 143 on inquiry card.are neither particularly compact nor are they particularly fast. Continued development of direct-threaded code structures could result in a language representation that would look more like Pascal p-code than threaded code. Threaded code does offer a conceptually simple and general control-transfer technique that displays a clearboundary between interpretation and language. However, threaded code is probably not an optimal representation for any particular language, includingFORTH . ·Bibliography1) Bartholdi , P. Stepwise Development and Debuging (sic) Using a Small Well Structured Interactive Language for Data Acquisition and Instrument Control. Copy received from the author. (Author's ad· dress : Observatoire De Geneve, CH·1290·Sauverny, Switzerland.) 2) Bell , James R. " Threaded Code ," Communications of the ACM, volume 16, number 6, June 1973, pages 370 thru 372 . 3) Dewar, Robert K, " Indirect Threaded Code," Communications of the ACM, volume 18, number 6, June 1975, pages 330 thru 331 . 4) Dewar, Robert K and A P McCann , " MACRO SPITBOL-A SNOBOL4 Compiler," Software Practice and Experience , volume 7, number 1, 1977, pages 95 thru 113. 5) fig ·FORTH Installation Manual, FORTH Interest Group, San Carlos CA, May 1979. 6) FORTH Dimensions, volume 1, numbers 1 to 4, FORTH Interest Group, San Carlos CA. 7) Gaebler , Robert F, " Make it Natural ," Electronics, volume 52, number 14, July 5, 1979, page 6. 8) Grappe!, Robert D, " STRUBAL vs FORTH, " Dr Dobb 's Journal, volume 3, number 8, September 1978, page 28. 9) Brinch Hansen , Per and C Heyden, " Microcomputer Comparison ," Software Practice and Experience, volume 9, number 3, 1979, pages 211 thru21 7. 10) James, John S, "FORTH Dump Programs," Dr Dobb 's Journal, volume 3, number 28, September 1978, pages 26 thru 27 . 11) James, John . " FORTH for Microcomputers," Dr Dobb 's Journal, volume 3, number 25, May 1978, pages 26 thru 27. 12) Main , Richard B, " FORTH vs Assembly, " Dr Dobb 's Journal, volume 4, number 31 , January 1979, pages 45 thru 47 . 13) Meinzer , Ka rl, " IPS, An Unorthodox High Level Language, " January 1979 BYTE, volume 4, number 1, pages 146 thru 159. 14) MicroFORTH Primer. FORTH Inc , Hermosa Beach CA, December 19 76 . 15) Moore, Charles H, " FORTH : A New Way to Program a Mini· Computer," Astronomical Astrophysics Supplement, volume 15, 1974, pages 497 thru 511 . 16) Moore , Charles H, and Elizabeth D Rather, " The Use of FORTH in Process Control ," Proceedings of the International Mini-Micro Com· puter Conference, Geneva , March 26, 1977. 17) Oliver, John P, " Astronomy Application for PET FORTH, " Dr Dobb 's Journal. volume 3, number 30, November and December 1978, page 46. 18) Phillips, J B. M F Burke, and G S Wilson, " Threaded Code for Laboratory Computers ," Software-Practice and Experience, volume 8, 1978, pages 257 thru 263 . 19) Rather, Elizabeth D, and Charles H Moore, " The FORTH Ap· proach to Operating Systems, ' ' ACM '76 Proceedings, October 1976, pages 233 thru 240. 20) Rawson , Edward B, "Let it Be ," Electronics, February 14 1980, volume 52 , number 4, page 8. 21) Ritter. Terry F, and Joel Boney, "A Microprocessor for the Revolution : Th e 6809-Part 1: Design Philosophy," January 1979 BYTE , volume 4, number 1, pages 14 thru 42; "Part 2: Instruction Set Dead Ends, Old Trails and Apologies ," February 1979 BYTE , volume 4, number 2, pages 32 thru 42 ; " Part 3: Final Thoughts," March 1979 BYTE, volume 4, number 3, pages 46 thru 52 . 22) Roichel , Ancelme, " SAM76·FORTH·STRUBAL," Dr Dobb 's Jour· nal, volume 3, number 30 , November and December 1978, pages 44 thru 45. 23) Sachs, John , STOIC (Stack Oriented Interactive Compiler), MIT and Harvard Biomedical Engineering Center, Cambridge MA, 1977. 24) Si rag , David J, " DTC Versus ITC for FORTH on the PDP·11 ," FORTH Dimensions , volume 1, number 3, June and July 1978, pages 25 thru 29.The 2nd Generation...lt,s all that it,s Cracked up to be.MEASUREMENT systems &.. controlsincorporatedCp /M®USIERSfThe ED-80 TEXT EDITOR· $50,000 in Development Costs Yours for Only $99!· For all CP/M, Cromemco, TRS-80 Mod II, and North Star Systems.· Full Screen Text Editor w/Scrolling. · For all CRT and Video Monitors. · Features Found only on IBM, CDC,UNIVAC and DEC Systems. · Forward or Backward Locate andChange Commands. · Field Proven - More than 2 Years. A Terrific $ftft00 Write for FREEValue - ,-.,-.,- Color BrochureSoftware Development & Training, Inc. Post Office Box 4511, Dept. B Huntsville, Alabama 35802 VISA or MCCircle 144 on inquiry card .September 1980 © BYTE Public·tions Inc 227List PriceOur Pr i ceAPPLEList PriceLevel-II , 4K Level-II 16K no keypad Level-II 16K with keypad COMM-BO lntertace CHATIER BOX Interface Disk-BO Interface Expansion Interface, no RAM Expansion Interface 16K RAM Expansion Interface 32K RAM RS-232-C Board TRS-232 Printer Interface 16K Memory Kit , TRS-Keyboard 16K Memory Kit , TRS-Exp . Int Percom , TFD-100, 40-track Percom, Dual TFD-100 Drives Percom , TFD-200, 77-track Percom Data Separator Percom Extender Card 2-Drive Cable 4-Drlve Cable Data Dubber Percom Electric Crayon wI cbl Busy Box, TRS-BO BSR X-10 Starter Kit Busy Box 4-yr Control ProgramATARIATARI 400 Comp. System. BK ATARI BOO Comp . System 16KATARI 410 Program Recorder ATARI B10 Disk Drive ATARI B15 Dual Density Disks ATARI B20 Printer (40 col.) ATARI B22 Thermal Printer ATARI B25 Printer ATARI B30 Acoustic Modem ATARI B50 Interface Module ATARI Light Pen BK RAM Memory Module 16K RAM Memory Module ATARI Joystick Controllers ATARI Paddle Controllers$649 .00 $76B .OO SB49 .00$299 .00 $41B.OO $537.00$99 .00 $59 .95 $119 .00 $119 .00 $399 .95 $795 .00 $675 .00$15 .95 $29.95 $39 .95 $49 .95$109 .95 $124 .95$629 .95 $1079.95$B9 .95 $699.95 $1495 .95 $599 .95 $449 .95 $999 .95 $199 .95 $219 .95 $74 .95 $124 .95 $199 .95$19 .95 $19 .95$599 .00 $669 .00 $749 .00 $179.95 $259 .95 $299.95 $279 .00 $369 .00 $459.00 $B9 .00 $49 .95$B9 .00 $B5 .00 $3B9 .00 $775 .00 $599.00 $29 .95 $15 .00 $29 00 $39 .00 $44 .95 $279 .95 $99 .95 $99 .95 $19 .95$499 .00 SB19 .00$59 .00 $569 .00 $1219 .00 $469 .00 $369 .00 $B19.00 $169 .00 $179 .00 $59 .00 $99.00 $159 .00 $1B .95 $1B .95Mtn . Hard . Apple Clock Min. Hard . ROMPLUS + w/Fil 16K Memory Kit Busy Box , Apple BSR X-10 Starter KitPET/CBMPET 2001 large keyboard. 16K PET 2001 large keyboard, 32K CBM B032 Business Comp . CBM Cassette Recorder CBM 2040 Dual Disk Drives CBM B050 Dual Disk Drives CBM Modem CBM Voice Synthesizer CBM to IEEE Cable IEEE to IEEE CablePRINTERSCentronics 730 Centronics 737 Centronics 779 Centronics 779 w/lower case& motor control NEC 5510 SpinWriter NEC 5520 SpinWriter NEC 5530 SpinWriter NEC Tractor-Feed Option LRC 7000 + (64-col.) LRC 7000+ (40-col.) Okidata Microline-BOTractor-Feed Option RS-232-C (2K) OptionLRC to TRS-BO or APPLE LRC to PET , IEEE LRC to RS232C , male/female 730 or 737 to TRS-BO NEC or 779 to TRS-BO RS-232-C/RS -232-C male/maleDUST COVERS$2BO .OO $200 .00 $119 .00 $114 .95 $124 .95$995.00 $1295 .00 $1795 .00$95.00 $1295 .00 $1695 .00 $395 .00$395 .00 $40 .00 $40 .00$B95 .00 $1195 .00 $1619 .00SB4 95 $1195 .00 $1495 .00$349 .00 $349 .00$37 .50 $37 50$795 .00 $995 .00 $1559 .00$1779 .00 $3195 .00 $3395 .00 $3195 .00$225 .00 $405 .00 $3B9 .00 SB00.00 $140 .00 $299 00$699 .00 SB75 .00 $1095.00$1295.00 $2595 .00 $2B95 .00 $2495.00$195.00 $349 .00 $339 .00 $709 .00 $129 .00 $279 .00$20 .00 $59 .00 $65.00 $29 .00 $35 .00 $24 .95CARRYING CASESTRS-BO (3pc set) APPLE$7 .95 $7 .95$109 .00 $B4 .00$109.00$99 .00 $79 .00 $99.00ATARI BOO ATARI 400 PETICBM 2001$7 .95 $7 .95 $11 .95$119 .00 $129.00$109.00 $119 .00·TRS -80 . ATARI , APPLE . and PET I CBM are trademarks ol Tandy Corp , Warner Communications,Apple Computer Co .. and Commodore respectively .--v~Th e Sofrw.Jre h c h.J nge & H.J rdS1de (0111 of Rublf .J1ll(' & Som . lntf'rr""' ' · 1111 1. S11ff\1d1· P11hl11 J/11111\( in N H ca ll (603 ) 673-5144 )l- 1228 BYTE September 1980Circle 145 on inquiry card .Where can you dial one TOLL FREE number and be able to select the finest software from the world's foremost suppliers?·158·17TheSoftware ExchangeOur stockrooms are overflowing with the finest software available in today's marketplace. We carry software from all these companies:·Racet ·Adventure International ·Personal Software ·Web Associates ·Small Systems Software·Sensational Software·Synergistic Software ·Strategic Simulations ·Lance Micklus ·Softape ·Quality Software ·Image Products·Acorn Software ·Hayden ·Muse ·Microsoft ·Apparat'ilBS We could not poss ibly list all of th e software on this page,however, if you send us $1 .00, you 'll rece ive our catalog plus a $2.00 credit toward your ne xt purchase'Suppose you and your family could spend a little time each month with someone who truly understands microcomputers. And this person talked to you about your computer in plain ol ' everyday English. Suppose you could find out how these people are successfully dealing withthe ever-increasing technology of the microcomputer. Suppose too, that each article was gearedto the person with a beginning or intermediate interest inpersonal computing .NOW you can get all this, and more, at a price you can afford. It's SoftSide - the magazine that provides its readers with tried and truelistings, along with structured " walk-thrus" of some of the most stimulating software pieces, month after enjoyable month .Subscribe today' Until November 1, 1980, the price is only $15 .00 .'» After November 1, the price will be $18.00, so why not save $3.00 and start your family on the road to microcomputing?A SoftSide PublicationExcllallfle .,,,,,Stllt1.are6 SO U TH ST , MILF O RD, N H 03055T0 order: Ca II To/1-Free 1-800-258-1790 (i n N H ca ll (603) 673-5144)The Softwar e h change & Hard S1de (Di v of Robir.ulfe & Som . l nlf' ff) fl\f'' · Inc ). Sol, S1d1· P11 h/11 d'""''---v~Circ le 146 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 229IEl1l'cstiCJ'1 fCJPl'rn New Cultures from New Technologies Seymour Papert, Project LOGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 545 Technology Sq, Cambridge MA 02139When I was asked to write this Education Forum for BYTE, I was in the process of correcting the proofs of my book, Mindstorms : Children , Computers and Powerful Ideas. (See reference 1 .) There I struggled to present in two hundred pages a vision of a few ways in which com puters might affect how children learn; it is challenging now to find the right 3000 words to convey something of the same vision. What images, what metaphors best cap ture for me the essence of the computer as it might enter the lives of children?I start with an image, more general than the computer, that has helped me to think about how the world takes up any new technology. The first movies were made by set ting the newly invented motion-picture camera in front of a stage where a play was performed just as plays always had been. Only after some time did cinema become more than theatre plus camera. When it did, what emerged was230 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 147 on inquiry card .something original and unique, a whole new culture with new modes of thinking and new breeds of people-stars, directors, scriptwriters, cameramen, critics, and au diences whose sensitivities, expectations, and ways of seeing were quite different from those of the theatre-goers of the past.So too with the computer. The first instinct of educators is to couple the new technology to their old methods of instruction. My vision is of something much grander. So I dream of using this powerful new technology not to "improve" the schools we have always known (and, to be honest, hated) but to replace them with something better. I do not believe that this something will look anything like what is now known as "computer-aided instruction" (CAI). I think it will be more like the growth of a new culture, a "computer culture" in which the presence of computers will have been so integrated into new ways to think about ourselves and about the subject matters we learn that the nature of learning itself will be transformed.In thinking about the nature of such potential transfor mation, the LOGO group of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Artificial Intelligence Laboratory has been guided by the idea of creating computer-based environments in which mathematics and other areas of "formal" learning can be learned in a natural fashion, much as a child learns to speak; and applying concepts from artificial intelligence to children's learning, to help children become articulate about, and thus gain control over, the learning process. Before developing these ideas, I would like readers to clear their minds of a misleading but common image. People generally think about com puters in schools as a scarce resource to which students have occasional access. It is time we learned to think in terms of a computer for every child, and we should think about children having access to computers from infancy. If we think in these terms, we begin to recognize that there is a clear discontinuity between the current ideas about using computers in schools and the situation of the future. I really believe that almost everything being done today is only relevant to the future in that it sets a bad ex ample so that people become accustomed to primitive models.A natural place to begin a search for "something new in education" is to look for examples of highly successful learning. For me the most dramatic image of successful learning is the way children learn to talk . This learning contrasts with school learning in many ways, of which I think two are most important. First, it is highly suc cessful : all children learn to speak the colloquial dialect in which they grow up. Second, it has none of the technical paraphernalia of schooling-no curriculum, no set lesson times, no quizzes, no grades, no professional teachers. It is part of living . I call it learning-without-teaching orNo this isn 't a " Hard Disk ". We used to call it that , sometimes. But somebody muddied the water." Hard Disk ", unfortunately , now calls something else to mind . That little bitty guy with no backup capability and no way of switching media? It's a "Hard Disk " to work with , all right, in business applications. Some even say "Impossible Disk " . We 'd like to avoid confusion between our Cameo database solution and the one that doesn't work so well. The Cameo DC-500 subsystem employs a decade-proven cartridge disk . Our backup capability is built in , and takes four minutes. The ability to switch applications (by exchanging the removable cartridge) means you can use your computer for more kinds of work . A ten megabyte (5 fixed + 5 removable) subsystem costs $5995 , for your TRS-80* (Mod. I or II), Apple*, Heath H89rM or S-100 computer.So call us " The Cartridge Disk Guys", please , and call us soon . We'll show you the really cost-effective solution to microcomputer database storage .· T RS-80 is a registered t rade ma rk of the Tan d y Corp . · Ap ple is a registered trade mar k of Appl e Co rp .Circle 148 on inqu iry card .BYTE September 1980 231~rem for Tut Jin t - Not pr1nhd since the I.st chan 9e:f ·rs t Ont:Stcond one:Th .r d ont8 88 :John S.1Hvrcol un.i.I - - - - - - - - : - - - -- - - - 18;:Ed Jonevcheck up and28 ::-.:-ray s39 ::Otnni s Jol'lnSOrll·t SdOM48:: tooth ~traction59 :980 : - - - 10 :Kathy Mtl sorvcheck up 211:38 ::Jud.th Wa sh.nq l orv"8 ::restor at50 :,. 1ke 5, lvai restor&t .on :10 80 :-----------10 :Gtorqt Kennedlf' 29 :rt slor&I .on 38 ::Thel..a C arter ,c t1~ (k up : "8 : 59 : II 80 : - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - 51 (~tdult C<.incel ~od1fy Uook for open1n9 s H<ol~ 1n f?(e sch edule 11 51 llod,iy tf:t,;I d.J.y F"<u lure P<r,nt !My's &ppt s [): .s play penon':; a.ppt s~@IJ 111 an opt.on letter, nllltber or spa ce for a ne11 display. or Q lo quitINTRODUCINGDATEBOOKTM THE NEW OFFICE APPOINTMENT CALENDAR PROGRAM DATEBOOKr"' helps manage time just like a com mon office appointment book, but with the speed and accuracy of a computer. DATEBOOKTM elim inates the scribbles, erasures, and frustration of searching through the book for a specilic opening.DATEBOOKTM is ideal for Doctors, Dentists, Law yers, Salesmen, Repairmen, or in any situation where time management is critical to office efficiency. Its menu display and one-key options make DATE BOOKr"' one of the easiest programs to learn and use.DATEBOOKTM features include:· Appointment scheduling, cancelling, modify ing and rescheduling.· Automatically searches for openings according to time of day, day of week, and week of year.· Displays all scheduled appointments for a specilied person.· Lists day's schedule (Screen or hard copy).· Can be customized to accommodate any workday/hours schedule.DATEBOOKTM is written in PASCAL and is avail able to run on CP/M as well as UCSD PASCAL systems.(415) 455-4034only $2951492 Windsor Way, Livermore, CA 94550Piagetian learning (after the Swiss philosopher-scientist Jean Piaget who has done more than anyone else to show us how very much children learn in this way).Much of the work done to date in the whole area of computers and education-eg: CAI-has promoted a style of learning that gives the impression of a child being "programmed" by the computer. Our approach has been diametrically opposed to that. By striving to make the computer's processes as transparent as possible and creating activities in which children "teach" (ie: program) computers in a well-structured, procedural language like LOGO, we have aimed toward putting children in con trol of their own learning. Obviously, I cannot hope to explore these ideas in much depth in a short space. What I shall try to do is to describe a couple of learning en vironments we have created which I believe challenge the fundamental assumptions our society makes about children and learning.MathlandThe belief that only a few people are mathematically minded is a truism in our culture and a cornerstone of our educational system. It is therefore sobering to reflect on the flimsiness of our reasons for believing it. In fact, the only evidence is crass empiricism: look around and you will see that most people are very poor at mathematics. But look around and see how poor most Americans are at speaking French. Does anyone draw the conclusion that most Americans are "not French-minded?", that they are not capable of learning French? Of course not! We all know that these same people would have learned to speak French perfectly well had they grown up in France. If there is any question of lack of aptitude, the aptitude they lack is not for French as such but for learning French in schools.Could the same be true of mathematics? Could there be a place, a "mathland," which is to mathematics as France is to French, where children would learn to speak mathematics as easily and as successfully as they learn to speak their native dialect?I believe that the answer is Yes. In Mindstorms I sug gest that the world we live in contains pockets of mathland, which explains why all children learn some mathematics spontaneously (eg: one-to-one cor respondences, conservation of number, reversibility of logical operations) and some children become very good at it. Here I have space only to talk about some ways in which the world could become much more of a mathland for everyone.Computers are the Proteus of machines: they take on many different forms. One of their manifestations is as mathematics-speaking beings. If children grew up sur rounded by such beings, the learning of mathematics might very well be much like the learning of spoken language. Developing and testing this image has become a central research question for us at MIT: under what conditions will children talk in mathematical languages to mathematics-speaking computers? The results have already convinced us that the idea of mathland is fun damentally sound and that, indeed, what the mathematics schools fail to teach can be learned suc cessfully on the model of picking up living languages.But computers do not automatically create that result. For example, instructing computers in FORTRAN to232 September 1980 © BITE Publications IncCircle 149 on inquiry card.What do you need?Program listings ... inventory listings ... custom logos and letters ... mailing labels in a multitude of sizes ... custom forms and the data to complete them ... curve plotting or bar graphs ... digitized images from video or bit pads ... multi-part forms ... preprinted forms ... tickets ... and the list goes on ...How do we do it?High speed bi-directional full logic printing; two standard character sets, upper/lower case with descenders; high speed font at 165 cps; letter quality font at 90 cps; expanded characters, solid underlining; programmable character sets; complete dot control graphics; adjustable tractor feed 3"-16"; user adjustable platen; programmable tabs, forms length and line spacing; out of paper signal; self-test; interface options - RS-232C, Centronics parallel, Apple, S-100; and the list goes on ...The Malibu Model 165 Find out if it's the easy solution to your hard copy needs - contact your local computer dealer or you can write or call us today for complete specifications and print samples - you won't be disappointed.Versatility, Quality and Reliability: We build it in.malibuElectronics CorporationDealers and OEM'S, call us about our new purchase programs with prices, terms and delivery to meet your needs too.2301 Townsgate Road, Westlake Village. CA 91361 (805) 496-1990a subsidiary o f Dat&niiilbk:s Cl:iijXli-.i 1Circle 150 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 233DYNACOMP Quality software for:PET Apple II Plus TRS-80 (Level II) North StarAU software is supplied with complete documentation which includes clear explanations and examples . Each program will run with standard terminals (32 characters or wider) and within 16K program memory space. Except where noted, all software is available on PET cassette, North Star diskette (North Star BASIC) , TRS-80 cassette (Level II) and Apple cassette (App/esoft BASIC). These programs are also available on PAPER TAPE (Microsoft BASIC).BRIDGE 2.0Pri<o: 517.95 postpaidAn all -inclusive version of this most popular of card games. This prog ram both BIDSand PLAYS either contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your computer opponents will either play the offense OR defense. If you bid too high the computer will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0 provides challenging entertainment fo radvanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge novice .HEARTS 1.5Price: 514.95 postpaidAn exciting and entertain ing computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is atrick-0 ricntcd game in which the purpose is not to take any heart s or the queen of.spades. Play agains1 1wo computer opponents who are armed wilh hard-to-beal play ing strategies.FLIGHT SIMULATORPrice: 517.95 poslpald(as described in SIM ULAT ION, Volume 11) A realistic and ex1en sive mal hcm atical simulatio n of take-Off, night and landing. Theprogram u1ili zes aerodynamic equations and the characte ri stics or a real airfoil. Youca n pract ice instrument approaches and navigation using radials and compassheadings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and si milaraerobatic maneuvers.SIMULAT ION, Volume II (BYTE Publications): $6.00VALDEZPri<o: 514.95 postpaidA simulation of supertan ker navigation in the Prince William Sou nd and ValdezNarrows. The program uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employsphysical models of ship response and tidal patterns. Chart your own course throughship and iceberg traffic . Any standard terminal may be used for display .CHESS MASTER Price: 519.95 postpaid (anllablo for North Siar and TRS-30 only)This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play . It includes castl ing, en passant captures, and the promotion of pawns. Additionally , the board may be preset before the start of play, permitting the examination of "book" plays. To max imize execution speed, the program is writte n in assembly language (by SOFTWARE SPEC IALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in the TRS-80 version , and two width s of alphanumeric displa y are provided to accommodate North Star users.FOURIER ANALYZERPri<o: 514.95 postp·ldUse this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. Theprogram features automatic scaling and plotting of the inpu t data and results . Practica l application s include the analysis of complicaled patterns in such field s as electronics, communications and business.TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer)Price: 514.95 posopaldAn easy to use, line-Oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simpleparagraph indexing. T his text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quitecapable of handlin g much larger jobs.MAIL LIST IIPrice: 519.95 poslpald (..·llabi< for North Siar only)Thi s many-featured program now includes full alphabetic and zip code sorting as wella s file merging. Entries can be retrieved by use r-defined code, client name or Zip Code.The printout format allows the use of standard size address labels. Each diskette canstore more than 1000 ent ries (single density; over 2000 with d o uble densit y systems)!STARTREK 3.2Price: 59.95 postpaidThi s is the classic Startrek simulation, but with several new featu res. For example, theKlingons no w shoot at the Enterprise without warning while also attacking starbascs ino ther quadrants. The Klingons also attack with both light and heavy cruisers and movewhen shot at! The situatio n is hectic when the Enterprise is besieged by three heavycruisers and a starbase S.0.S. is received! The Klingons get even!GAMES PACK 1 and GAMES PACK IIPrice: 59.95 mh po·tpaldGAMES PACK I contains BLACKJACK. LUNAR LANDER , CRAPS,HORSERACE, SWITCH and more.GAMES PACK 11 contains CRAZY E IGHTS, JOTTO , ACEY·DUCEY , LIFE.WUMPUS and more .Why pay SS .95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection forjust $9.95?All o rders a re processed within 48 hou rs. Please enclose payment with order. If paying by MASTER C HARGE or VISA , include all numbers on card. Foreign orders add IOOJt for shipping and handling .Write for de1ailed descriptions of these and other programs availa ble from DYNA.COMP.DYNACOMP, Inc. 6 Rippingale Rd. Pittsford, New York 14534 (716) 586-7579New York State residents please add 7"1o NYS sales tu.·manage inventories is of no interest to the average child . Babies brought up in IBM computer centers will be no better at mathematics than any others. They may even be worse (and their other lapses of culture might be more disturbing). In order for computers to play the role of mathland for a child, two conditions are necessary: the computer must understand a language a child can learn (and love to learn), and the computer must be able to do something for the child.Euclidean Geometry Cartesian Geometry Computational GeometryTurtle graphics is this kind of mathland. It was first developed in our laboratory as part of the pro gramming language LOGO and then taken over by several other languages including Smalltalk and UCSD-Apple Pascal.A lot of experience has taught us that computer graphics can be a great turn-on . People of all ages enjoy putting images on the screen, and when these images can be made to move and change color, they acquire a dimension completely lacking in conven tional pencil-and-paper drawing. At the heart of the work on turtle graphics is the idea of developing a new kind of geometry-"turtle geometry"-which provides powerful and yet easily accessible means to manipulate shapes and motions. To put this in perspective, recall that you probably encountered at school at least two styles of doing geometry: Euclid's style (primarily logical in structure) and Descartes' style (primarily algebraic). Turtle geometry is a new style matched to the computer: it is a computational style of thinking about geometry. The difference in spirit is illustrated by how one thinks about a familiar geometric object in Cartesian and in turtle geometry. Descartes taught us to think of the circle as an equation such as:In turtle geometry it is possible to use such equa tions, but the natural way to think about a circle is as a process. To do this, turtle geometry adopts as its fundamental concept an entity called a turtle whose properties include its position (as does the point in Euclidean and Cartesian geometry) and also its heading. At any particular time, it is at a position and is facing in a particular heading. The position and the heading are changed by commands that are built into a programming language. Among these are FORWARD <some number> which causes the turtle to move in the direction of its heading without changing the heading, and RIGHT <some number> which causes the turtle to change the heading while keeping the position fixed; ie: to pivot in place. Given these commands, a program in LOGO to draw a square of a certain fixed size takes the simple form :TO SQUARE FORWARD 100 RIGHT 90 FORWARD 100... etc234 September 1980 © BYfE Publications IncCircle 151 on inquiry card.INFLATION FIGHTER-ROUND# 2KO Inflation With Our Knock-Out PricesMPl 88T Impact Matrix PrinterQuality, Full-Page 8 1/ix I I Printout For Your Computer·APPLE II· TRS 80 · PET· ATARI · SUPERBRAIN · EXIDY · OHIO SCIENTIFICUnrivaled champion of the small business, educational, personal computing and professional user. Quality construction and continuous duty print head allow heavy usage. Attractive styling complements the most elegant of systems without sacrificing compact size.·Type of Pnnt1ng: Impact bidirectional 7x7 dot matrix· Print Rate: I 00 characters per second (maximum) · Thruput: 80 characters per second... (maximum) · Character Set: Full upper and lower case 96 characterASCII set. software selectable single or double widecharacterfonts ·CharacterHeight: 0. 10 in . (0.25 cm) · Print Format:8.0 in . (20.3c m) line length, SO charactersper line at I0 CPI. 96 characters per line at 12 CPI. 120 characters per lineat 15 CPI. 132 characters per line at 16.5 CPI· Pa per Feed : I0 lines persecond. stepper motor cont rolled . User selectable pressure roller ortractor feed · Line Spacing : 6 or 8 lines per inch, user selectable·M edia : Roll paper: 8.5 in. (21 .6 cm) wide by S1n . ( 12.7 cm) diameter single ply or pressure sensitive multiple copy paper, 0 .012 in. (3 mm) maximum thickness . Fan Fold paper: I in. (I 0. 1cm) to 9.5 in . (2~ . I cm) sprocke t (including sprocket margins), 0.012 inc. (3 mm) maximum thickness . Cut Sheet paper: Maximum width. 9.5 in . (24. I cm) · Ribbon : Continuous loop cartridge. 20 yds . 0 .5 1n .( 1.27 cm) wide black ribbon. 5 mi/hon character line · InputPower: 115 1230 VAC. .._ I0% . 50 /60 HZ· Data Input: Parallel :Centron1cs compatible 7-blt ASCII . TTL levels wtth strobe,acknowled,&!e returned to indica te data was received . Serial:RS232C or 20 ma Current Loop with BUSY (RS232Conly) handshake. 10 or 11 bits : 100, 150. 300. 600. 1200baud · Data Buffer: IK (lK optional)· Forms Control:Top of Form (eight selectable forms lengths ) Skip over perforation·Physical Dimensions : 16.25 in . (41.3 cm) wide x 10.75 in. (27.3 c m)deep x 6 .25 in . ( 15.9 cm) high . Dimensions exclude paper and paperholder. Weight : less than .15 lbs . (6.75 Kg)Other ContendersACCESSORIES110 Cable (Spec1ly ComP<JterType and Serial or Parallel) .$19Extra Ribbon Cartridge .. $92K Buller.$39Roll Paper Holder. $24Apple II 1/ 0 Ca1d . Pfl / IHE 1/ 0 C"d. " $1 09 .$69PRINTERS NEC 55 10 RO wltiaclor LoSI $2950 . . . .. $2595 NEC 5520 KSR w/ lraclor LISI $3270 ...... $2950 Ooablo 1650 RO w/ lraclo1 Lis i $3425 ..... 12890 Ooablo 1650 KSR w/ lraelor Lisi $3895 . . $3285 Tl 810 Basic Seroal LISI $1895 ........... Sl645 Tl 810 Basic Parallel Los! S1940 . . . . . Sl695 Tl 743 KSR u/ c ASCII Los! $1395 . .. _..... 1895 An1dex OP9500 200 cps lost $1650 ...... Sl449 Centronocs 702 RO 120 cps Los! $2440 ... Sl995 Centronics 703 RO 120 cps L1S1 $3140 ... $2395 Centronocs 704 RO 180 cps Li si $2350 ... Sl885 Sanders Media 1217 50·200 cps Los! $4100$3265 SUPER VALUEANACOM 150 Los! $1395 NOW SI 195 (eQuovalenl lo 118101· 150 cps. b1duectoon1I Lorie Seek1n1·80.132 or 136 columns· 6 or 8 lines per inch· 5.5 ips slew~~~=~a~r:~ 910M:~~i:/i~~~e.r 5~.n~ 11°4iis~'afsaen r~:~paper. tra ctor feed · orieinal plus 5 copies · 6 m1ll1on character life snap-in ribbon cartridee · 1201240 VAC 50/ 60HZ power· Size 23" 114" 18" (58.4 cm 135.6 cm 120.3 cm metric) we i1ht301bs .. (38 lbs. sh1ppon1)SIOO BOARDS X1t1n ZPU (Z80) .. ..... Sl49 SMB-2 110 . .. .. $349 Z· l6K Sla!oc. ... D· l6K Dynamic.. .... $219 ..._. Sl790 32K Dynamic ...... . .. . ... $329CCP 2032 32K Sla!oc L1SI $710 ... . ... $595CCP 2064 64K Dynamic Lisi $700 .$595CCP 2422 FD Conlroller Lost $400 ........ .$349VIDEO DISPLAYSADOS 25 Los! $I 095 .... ....... ..... ... $895ADOS 40 L1S1 S1400 . . . . . . . . .SI .245TELEVIOEO 912C Los! $925 .. ........... . $775TELEVIOEO 920C Lisi $995.. 1895H1zetine 1500 List $1225.. $995Huetine 1420 L·SI $995"." . $895H1zet ine 1410 Lisi $900 ..... .... $795Microterm Mime I l·SI $895 .. .... $795Microterm Mime II l ost $945 .. .... 1845Soroc IQ 120 LISI $995 ...$795Soroc IQ 140 L·SI $1495 ..... ... $1295MONITORSLeedex Video 100 LISI $199 .. ... $139S1nyo 9" Li st $199 ..................... $169S.nyo 15" LISI $299 .. 1259MODEMSUOS 103LP 300 Baud Lisi $195.. $169UOS 202 LP 1200 Saud List $295 ......... $259Nov1t ion Cal 300 Baud AcouS!oc Lisi $200 .. Sl69DC H1yes M1cromodem lor Apple Lisi $379 $339DC H1yes 80·103 LISI $299 ............. $239SOFTWARECB1sic·2 Disk Extended Basic .. ...... $89MICROSOFT Basic ·BO .. ... $289Basic Compiler .. ........... $325fortran ·BO .. ........... 1399Cobol·BO ... _. . . . . . . . . . _......... 1599MICROPRO Super-Sor! I .$219Super -Sort 11 ...·· ······· ··.. _.······· $169Super·Sort Ill ...........·............ $120Word·Star . . . . . . . . . .. ..... $395Word·Star/ Maol-Merge$525Word -Master ............. ........... . $125Oala ·Star.$279SPELL BINDER The Super CP/ M based word processing software' ONLY 1379 Structured SystemsCall for Pnce Peachtree . . . . . .Call tor Price Graham Dorian .Call !or Puce All packages available on 8" CP/ Mand 5 1/ 4" CP/ Mfor No rth Star. M1 cropohs. Vector Graphic.SuperBram and othersXITAN ZAPPLE MonitorCassetteDisk$258K B1soc Super BuieDisk Buie$50 $95$99 $159ZAPPLE Tut Editor z.Tel Tut Editor Tex t Output Processor Macro Assembler Z-BUG Micro Z·BUGLINKER$35 $50$69$50 $50$69 189$69$69Fortr1n IV1249APPLE COMPUTER & ACCESSORIES Apple II 16K or Apple II· .... . ........ $96916K Memory Add ·On (for TRS·BO. Ex1dy also) $69Corvus IO Megabyte Disk Drove ......... $4650Pascal Language SyS!em...... $445Graphics Input Tablet ...... ... $675Disk II with Controller Card.... 1495Disk II without controller$440Apple Soll II Firmware Card .. . .... $155Integer Firmware Card . .. $155Parallel Interlace Card .. . SI 55Serial Interlace Card .. 1160Communications Card .. . $190Sup·R·Mod FR TV Modulator ............. $25Sup·R·Term 80 col. Card ............ $349Dan Pay mar Lower Case Kit......... . S45SVA 8" Disk Controller Card . . . . . ....... $349CCS Anthmefl c Processor Card .. . $349Clock / Calendar Card. . . . .. 1239Super Talker Speech Synlh·S·Zer ......... 1259Romplus Card w/ Keybd Fllr. $179ALF Mu sic Synth1s11er... 1245Parallel Interlace No 7720A .. .1109CCS GPIO IElE Interlace . .. .... $269M1crosoll Z·BO Soll Card w/ CP/ M ........ $349ROMWRllER .. .. .. .. .... $159CCS Programmable Timer Module ......... SI 59Centromcs Punter Int Card . .. .... $190S1lentype P11nter w/ INT Card. $529APPLE SOFTWAREPascal language System."" . $445Fortran Language Pac kage . . ......... SI 75 The Controller Gen Bu s Sys!em ...... $529 The Cashier Retaol Mgt & Inv.. $209 Appleposl Ma1 lmg Lost System. $45 Applewnter Word Processor .. ... .$69 V1S1·Calc .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. $125 Dow Jones Portfolio Evaluator . . . ... ... .... $45 Sub·Logic FS I Flight Simulator . . ....... $23 Apptepo st Graph & Plot System . . . ........ 185 Desktop/ Plan by Desktop Comouters ........ $85 PRINT ELEMENTS (3 Minimum) NEC Thimbles .. .. ..SI 3. 50 e1 . Plasloc Daosy Wheels . . ........... $8.50 ea. Melal Da isy Wheels .. ......... $39 .50 ea. RIBBONS (12 Minimum) NEC Fabroc ... ...... $4 .50 ea . NEC Mull1 ·Stroke... $4 .50 e1 . Oi1blo Fabroc . . . .$4.25 ea . Oiablo Mulh·Stroke .... .. ........... 14.95 ·· · Qume Fabroc...... ... $4 .25 ea. Qume Mu llo·Slroke ...... . ....... $4.95 ea. SlOO MAINFRAMES "( incl. power supply & mother board )Xit1n 8 Slot· lost $359 .................. $239Calif Comp 12Slot· l ost $400 .. . $359NNC 100 19Slot· Lisi $610$540NNC 80 8Slot" Lost $825 ................ $729Spa ce For 2 Vertical 8" Flop py DnvesNNC 80 w1lh droves Lost $202D ... . ... $1819(Shugart BOIRJ NNC 90 Dual 8" F.O. Lost $295 ........... 1249 NNC 90 with droves Lost $1495 ...... ..... $1339 (Shugart 80 IRI SlOO COMPUTERS NNC System 80 Lost $3995 .. ....... $3695 Dual 80 IR Droves. ZBO. 2 Seroal Ports 2 Parallel Porls. 32K Slalic. DDFD Conlroller. CP / M WITH 64K Dynamic Mem ory L1S1 $4195 $3850 WITH 64K Stal1c Me mory Lost $4 797 ..... $4395 DISK DRIVES Shurart SA400 51 / 4".. $295 Shu1art 801R 8"." $475 TERMS: Cash . check or money order. b1nk wire transfer. C.0.0. or credit cards. S10.00 minimum. Char11 orders must 1ncludt 11p1r1t1on elite. Pure hue orders also accepted from reco1n1zed institutions. lncludttelephone numbtrw1th 111orden . Adnrt1sed prices lft for prepaid orders. F.0.8. sh1pp1n1 po int. Charp and cred it orders add 2%. CODs required 25%dtposit .California res id·nts add 6%ules tll. For shipp1n11n U.S. add (S2.SO min.) 2%West U.S.. 3%East ofM1ss1ss1pp1. oth1rw1se fre11ht collect (an service ·hert appl1cablt ). f oreian ordtn must be accompanied by payment in U.S. funds and include 10% for shipp1n1. Quantities may be limited. Reta il pric u vary from mail order. All puces sub1ect to chan1e and all otters sub11ct to w1thdrawal w1thout notice. All equipmtnt is new with manufacturers warranty unless otherwise indicated.COMPUTER PRODUCTSCall or Write For Free Catalog(714) 744-7314/744-9595910 W. San Marcos Blvd. # 105, San Marcos, California 92069Circle 152 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 235A slightly more sophisticated program to draw squares of varying size takes the form :. \~ .,O-s-bo-rne-G-us-ine-ss \),.l ,/':Sofrvvorec.!_ ,>· (")~1_.,\'\/'..\,\;:.<._/ ).jBefore you buy the programs that your company is going to depend on for its accounting . ask the following questions:Do I get the source (Don't settle for less.code?You cannot make thesmallest change without it.)Is it well documented? (The Osborne documentation is the best.)Is it fully supported? (If not. why not? What arethey afraid of?)The Osborne system is the industry standard accounting package. with literally thousand s of users . We offer an en hanced version of that package that will run on most systems without recompiling .CRT INDEPENDENCE. The original programs were designed to run on a Hazeltine terminal. To use a different CRT . you had to modify and test two modules - and recom pile every program ' With the Vandata package. you si mply pick your CRT from a menu and run .FILE/DRIVE MAP. The original package had all data files on the same drive as the programs. Ours allows you to dynamically spec ify the drive assigned to each file. In fact. you can change the drive assignments whenever you wish. to ac comodate expanded file sizes or new hardware - all without recompiling 'INTEGRATION. The original AR and AP systems had to be changed and recompiled to feed journal entries to GL. Our installation program eliminates this hassle It simply asks you if you want the systems integrated . and what your speci al ac count numbers are.SPEED. The original programs used a binary search to ac cess the GL account file. We use an enhanced technique that greatly cuts down on di sk accesses . thus speeding up account lookups significantly in the GL. AR and AP systems .BUGS. We have corrected a number of bugs in the original programs. If you find a bug in our programs. we'll fix it - and send you a $20 reward' Our users are sent bug fixes in source form .MORE! We have made many minor enhancements. and fixed many minor problems. We are committed to the ongoing support of our package . Vandata has been an independent software supplier for over seven years . Quality and support are ou r way of doing business.General Ledger with Cash Journal$95Accounts Receivable$95Accounts Payable$95Payroll with Cost Accounting$95· All Four Packages (GL, AR, AP, PR) ... . .... $295Integrated Inven tory (MicroDaSys)$195lnlegrated Order Entry (MicroDaSys)$195Magic Wand (Super Word Processor")$345Pearl Level Ill (best prog . tool available)$645CBASIC-2$110TR&80 MOD II CP/M 2.2 (Pickles & Trout)$185H89/Z89 CP/M 2.2 (Magnolia inc . h/w mod)$295Format s Std 8' '. 5" NorthStar DD. TRS-80 MOD 11 tm . H89/Z89 . Superbrarn DDManuals !or GL. AR/AP , and PR are not inc luded 1n price - add $20 per manual desired (AR/AP are 1n one manual) CPIM and C BA SIC-2 required lo run accou n1 1ng software Users m ust sign hcens1 ng agreem ent Dealer mqulfleS invitedTo order call : or write(206) 542-8370 VANDATA 17541 Stone Avenue North Seattle, WA 98133 VISA/MC Welcome - TRS-80 is a registered tm al Radio Shack . tnc TO SQUARE SIZE REPEAT 4 [FORWARD :SIZE RIGHT 90) Now we can think of a circle as generated by:TO CIRCLE REPEAT 360 [FORWARD 1RIGHT1) More sophisticated programming leads to circles of variable diameter and even to letting the number of steps go to the limit, but the simple example will illustrate the main point I want to make here. Children can solve the problem of drawing a circle by using a very powerful heuristic principle: play turtle, walk out yourself what you want the turtle to do and describe what you did in turtle language. The children are practicing a lot of powerful ideas. They are exposed to the idea of using heuristic knowledge, they are learning to think of formal mathematics as rooted in (not opposed to) intuitive body mathematics, and they are using mathematics as a language; moreover, they are learning to think about mathematics not as a ritual to be learned by rote but as an instrument to be used for personal ends.Computer as Pencil This image refers to the many uses of the pencil: it isused to scribble, to doodle, to draw, to write, to work sums, or to chew on . It is used for illicit notes as well as for official assignments. I see the computer in the life of the child as equally ubiquitous and equally versatile. I also see it as equally personal. Children own pencils, they are not intimidated by them. This should be equally true of the child's personal computer.The metaphor of the pencil is a good way to summarize some of the ways the image of the computer I am building up here differs from the one that is becoming established in schools.Suppose that the only access children had to pencils (which I take in a generic sense including pens, crayons, and the like) was at school, and even there "pencil time" had to be scheduled on the one or two pencils available to each classroom. This might (or might not) be better than having no pencils at all, but clearly under those condi tions the pencil would not play the important role it now does in the intellectual development of children from in fancy onwards. In my vision the computer will become as free a resource as the pencil now is.Second, there is the question of the power of the com puter to be used flexibly for many purposes. The micro computers in schools today can barely be used flexibly by those few who have the inclination to become virtuoso programmers in BASIC. This is very different from the model of the pencil that can be picked up by everyone -even the one-year-old infant-and also used by the most sophisticated writer or artist. LOGO and Smalltalk are only first steps toward programming languages that will truly satisfy our slogan: 'No threshold and no ceil ing." A child of five or less should be able to write a pro gram in the first few minutes of contact with the com puter and a computer scientist should find the system congenial and rich.236 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 153 on inquiry card .Foryour Horizon -·++ North Star Horizon Computerwith S" Floppy DisksII..IIIII III~·· ==:=II,.j. rJ II I II III II=···=II 11''IIII11·t t --= =~=DisplayPrintersUp To FourUp To Four 8"TerminalsHard DisksFloppy DisksMore power, work, flexibility!JOEDOSTM Jointly Operate Everything Disk Operating System Switch from North Star BASIC to CP/MTM and back again with a simple command . Floating point and standard 8, 10, 12, and 14 digit precisions of North Star BASIC, as well as Digital Research's CP/M all on the same hard disk unit.Designed to operate with the DISCUS M261M26.5 megabyte (formatted) Winchester-technology hard disk unit and North Star 's Micro Disk System, JOEDOS brings you large main frame performance at microcomputer cost and reliability. CP/M disk activity is amazingly quick through JOEDOS; ac cess to North Star BASIC programs and files is unbelievable'Speed and enormous storage capacity (as much as 106 megabytes) are only the beginning . Through JOEDOS, each hard disk unit may appear to be one drive or many different "drives" (as many as 147 double density 180K North Star 5W' drive-size segments) . As many as seven of these seg mented "d rives " may be addressed at any particular time . Segment size, file size and directory size are variable according to user 's requirements . Maximum file size is 16 megabytes, while the maximum directory size for each seg ment is 8,160 entries.JOE DOS - Micro Mike 's hard disk operating system. Require s DISCUS M26 hard disk unit and controller and North Star Micro Disk System for operation . Includes CP/M.JOE DOS$495JOESHARE 'M North Star Horizon 'M/DISCUS Hard Disk Timesharing SystemMicro Mike's popular interrupt-driven, bank switching time sharing for North Star Horizon computer is now available with all the features of JOEDOS hard disk operating system . JOESHARE allows multiple users to access as many as four 26.5 megabyte hard disk units, simultaneously operating pro grams in North Star Basic or through CP/M.JOESHARE - Micro Mike's North Star Horizon timesharing / DISCUS hard disk operating system. Requires North Star Horizon and DISCUS M26 hard disk unit for operation . Includes CP/M. JOESHARE and manual$995JOE DOS, JOESHARE. HDSHARE and 5.2SHARE are reg1s1ered lrademarks al Micro Mike 's. Incorporated Horizon 1s a registered trademark of North Star Computers. Inc. DISCUS and M26 are reg istered trademarks of Morrow Designs. Inc . CP/M is a regi stered trademark of D1g1tal Research. Inc .Circle 154 on inquiry card.HDSHARE rM North Star Horizon/ North Star Hard Disk Timesharing SystemSoon to be available, a version of JOESHARE with all of the features of JOEDOS using the North Star hard disk. HDSHARE allows multiple users to access as many as four 18 megabyte North Star hard disk units, simultaneously oper ating programs in North Star BASIC or through CP/M.HDSHARE-Micro Mike's North Star Horizon timesharing / North Star hard disk operating system . Requires North Star Horizon and North Star hard disk system for operation . Includes CP/M.HDSHARE and manual$9955.2SHARE 'M North Star Horizon/ Floppy Disk Timesharing System Micro Mike 's floppy disk timesharing system has some new enhancements. 5.2SHARE now supports 8, 10, 12, and 14 digit floating point and standard North Star BASIC with as many as four DISCUS 8" drives, operating in conjunction with the Horizon 's 5W' drives to provide in excess of 5 megabytes of external storage.5.2SHARE- Micro Mike's interrupt-driven, bank switching timesharing for the North Star Horizon computer. Includes 8" drive software interface. For double density or quad capacity systems only.5.2SHARE and manual$395DOSCHG - Micro Mike 's 8" drive interface to North Star DOS and BASIC . Requires North Star Micro Disk System and DISCUS 8" drives and controller for operation .DOSCHG and manual$150Program operation manuals are available for preview before software purchase.Program Operation Manuals for each program$25Programs are available in double density/ quad capacity format only. Prices are subject to change without notice.Contact your North Star dealer or Micro Mike'su\AJ\AOOe~g Micro Mike's, Inc. 905 South Buchanan Amarillo, Texas 79101 USA Telephone : 806/ 372-3633 making technology uncomplicated . .. for People BYTE September 1980 237Third, I mention the use of the pencil and of the com puter as writing instruments. The computer is rapidly becoming the standard writing instrument. Most jour nalists use word processors, as do increasingly many offices. I am using one as I compose this article. But the schools are not offering children this facility, although one could argue that it is children who are in most need of writing aids. The reason is clearly linked to the ratio of computers to students. One or two computers per class simply does not give enough access for the computer to become the primary writing instrument. On the other hand, one computer per child, which is how I think we should be thinking about the future, could lead to massive changes in the way children develop writing skills. A well-designed text editor makes editing substitution and deletion of words, shifting of sentences or paragraphs, and so on-an easy and aesthetically acceptable process. Compare the situation of a child attempting such a task with paper and pencil: the mess of multiple erasures and labor of rewriting means that the first draft is almost always the final copy. I have seen children who hated writing become avid writers when they have a text editor at their disposal. Wide availability of computers with text-editing capabilities might lead to even more fundamental changes in children's relation to alphabetic representation of language. Consider the im plications of the following story:Recently I observed the first group of nursery-school children working with a computer called the Lamplighter Computer (a Texas Instruments 9914 per sonal computer with additional memory to support an extended version of LOGO and a real-time text-editing system) developed over the past few years through a collaboration between our research group at MIT and Texas Instruments. A four-year-old girl (I shall call her Robin) was working with some dynamic graphics pro grams that allowed her to make shapes appear on the screen, move, change color, and stick together by pushing one or another of some fourteen keys on the keyboard. The plan was that when Robin was tired of using a program she would ask the teacher to set up a new program. And this is in fact what she did for the first few times . But then Robin took charge of the whole process and began typing the control characters necessary to interrupt a program she no longer wanted and typing the names of the programs she did want, even though this was at a measured rate of about two characters per minute. In breaking out of the role of dependence on adults, Robin symbolized the fact that computers will enable children to break out of many of the roles into which technological primitivity and social custom have cast them .We should not pass too quickly over the significance of the simple fact that Robin could make things happen by typing words. It might well be the first time in her life that alphabetic language actually served a real and per sonal purpose. The spoken language and its precursors enter from the first year of life into a significant process of interaction with the world. Learning to speak em powers the child. But for most children the act of writing serves at most to gain the approval of adults. Could this be the reason children learn to talk so easily and so youngCircle 155 on inquiry card .Automatic Date/Time Entry. Simply install the SLC-1 Time Machine between your computer and terminal and it will automat ically log the correct date and time of each transaction into your computer. The SLC-1 Time Machine will save you money, both in reduced operator time and the elimina tion of costly human errors .The Time Machine contains a preci sion 24-hour clock and a 100-year self correcting calendar that automatically adjust for leap years . Time and date functions include: hours. minutes, sec onds , day, month and year.But the SLC-1 is more than a clock. It constantly monitors the out put from any computer and provides instant responses to a number of user-defined keyphrases. This makes it ideal for use with unattended process control or data acquisition systems. And since the Time Machine is a 6502 microprocessor system, it adds computing power to any terminal.The Time Machine is easily installed without modification to your operating system . Both RS-232 and 20mA current loop serial link are provided. And because it's battery-supported, the time will always be correct, even after a power failure.The single quantity price is only $640. Ten-digit display option, $190. For more information or literature on the SLC-1Time Machine, contact DigitalPathways, Inc., 1260 L' Avenida,Mountain View, California 94043, or phone (415) 969-7600.GET INTO THE TIME MAOllNE.DIGITAL PATHWAYS Circle 156 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 239while they learn to write with so much difficulty so many years later? Watching Robin left me more firmly con vinced than ever of a conjecture I have pursued for quite a few years. Children could learn to write as early and as easily as they learn to speak if the environment in which they lived gave as much support to the alphabetic language as ours does to the spoken language. I have no doubt that if Robin had her own computer and could use it whenever she wished, and if this computer gave her ac cess to enough exciting things to do, she would within weeks have mastered the keyboard, the alphabet, and enough of spelling and syntax to put her firmly on the road to the kind of mastery of written language that usually comes, if at all, well into the school years.Meaning Versus Ritual in Learning The fundamental question for education is not how toimprove schools but how to understand why schools are necessary. Why is some knowledge (like learning to talk) picked up so easily and naturally from the culture, while other kinds of knowledge seem to require deliberate, organized instruction? In Mindstorms I explore the many factors that make a difference. Here I have space only for one. Children learn to speak because it is a meaningful activity, a meaningful part of their lives. It is not sur prising that children do not learn to write when writing serves no real purpose in their lives. I think the computer can change this . For Robin, alphabetic communication was beginning to become purposeful. As computers become increasingly available to children I would expect many children to share Robin's experience of writing as a meaningful activity. This shift-from meaningless ritual imposed from above to purposeful, self-directed ac tivity-is also true of Mathland. No activity in school is experienced as more devoid of meaning than the parody of mathematics known as school math.The harm done by making children learn ritualistically goes very deep. It develops the worst possible habits of learning. It undermines the individual's self-confidence as an independent intellectual agent: it infantilizes the child. A shift to more meaningful learning of fundamental sub jects could have far deeper consequences than improved mastery of these subjects. It could mean that children become more effective learners with greater intellectual self-respect. And if this happens, not only the nature of children's learning but also the role of children in society may have changed.I have hinted at a vision of profound, even revolu tionary, change in how children learn. I think this might happen. We have the technology to make it possible. But there is nothing inevitable about it. Society has a very bad track record in making intelligent use of new tech nologies, and, in this case, many vested interests are threatened by the changes I envision. The "system" will react by defending its old ways. Already in schools we see computers being used to reinforce instead of displace the most ritualistic teaching methods. I believe that the most profound effects of computers on how children learn could occur outside of schools. In fact, I think that computers would tend to make schools as we know them obsolete. But most of my "official research" is concerned with how to use computers in schools. Research funds are easily available for the reformist goals of improving schools. I believe that the most profound effects of com240 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Incputers could be to develop a new respect for children as independent intellectual agents. But most people in our country like to think of children as intellectually depen dent.How will it all work out? It is futile for me to play pro phet, but worthwhile to bear some ideas in mind when thinking about the future. I want to end by mentioning an idea that encouraged me to think positively. I can best introduce it by comparing the education market with markets for other products. Suppose you invent a new kind of kitchen machine. If you can prove that there is a market of a million people, you will easily find the capital to develop the idea and get it out into the world. But if you invent a new approach to learning mathematics, the fact that a million people want it may be of no avail-a million people across the nation may still be a tiny minority with no clout in every school district. But once there are a few million owners of home computers capable of carrying powerful learning methods, you will have access to a market of individuals ready to spend per sonal dollars for the good of their children. The impor tance of this fact is not that it will enable good ideas now collecting dust on shelves to get out into the world. It will encourage inventive and ambitious people to enter the field of educational innovation in unprecedented numbers. It will be part of the creation of a new class of professionals and of entrepreneurs and perhaps even of "stars" analogous to what happened in the course of the emergence of cinema as a culture. The history of cinema has been the history of that culture. The future of com puters in education will be indissociable from the story of the people who will make the computer culture.·References For more about Turtle Geometry see S Papert. Mind storms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas . New York, Basic Books. 1980 (ISBN 0-465-04627-4, $12.95). Also see H Abelson and A diSessa. Turtle Geometry, MIT Press. Cambridge MA (to appear 1981). For a bibliography of the LOGO group's internal publications, write to LOGO. clo MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 545 Technology Sq, Cambridge MA 02139. (Please include $1 for handling .) Editor's note: A note in the introduction to the July 1980 BYTE editorial incorrectly states that Education Forum articles by Seymour Papert and James Garson were to appear in the August and September BYTEs, respectively. However, because of unavoidable scheduling considerations, Seymour Papert's article is appearing this month, and James Carson's article will appear in a future issue. We apologize for any in convenience this change might have caused... .CMEducation Forum is an occasional feature in BYTE intended to foster debate about the uses of personal computers in the schools and colleges. We encourage reader participation.' Contributors should supply their full names and addresses for publication, along with their telephone numbers, which will not be published.- - + Circle 166 on inquiry card.iI 0 intensive applications are accommodated with u0Memory-Mate's STD BUS interlace option. Use off 0the-shelf STD BUS cards to solve your biggest I/ 0 problems.M.a: .cG.nIIn its primary function, the Memory-Mate board pro5 The Memory-Mate with l 6K RAM is priced at $475, =>with l 6K expansion chip sets (including parity chip} ..Evides l 6-48K of RAM expansion assignable in 4K blocks anywhere in the system. Memory-Mate's paricosting $100 each. With 48-hour active burn-in and -o ;.warranty for a full year, you won't have to worry g ~ty check circuitry insures syst.em RAM integrity (in cluding AIM's 4K on-bOard RAM} for high reliabilityapplications. The programmable write protect featureabout reliability either.a:: ~I.I.I ..:.... 0First of the complete AIM-Mate* series, Memory- ~ ;eases software development chores. This compact board, which fits directly.._... the AIM, also inMate will be joined shortly by the Floppy-Mate* and the AIM-Mate case.~ideo-Mate*,For further in-....2~ 0cludes four programmable 1/0 ports, o tone for~ti.on on the entire AIM-Mate series, write .2 GIgenerator for audible warnings, and sockets for 4K of PROM.'Attn: AIM-Mate Series' at the address below.*TM Forethought Products~ 0a. :EV) I.>...>..\ Forethought Products j87070 Dukhobar Rd., Eugene, OR 97402 (503) 485-85750 0-s-u EGI :E~~.-5-.o..Khachiyan's Algorithm, Part 2: Problems with the AlgorithmG C Berresford, A M Rockett, and J C Stevenson Dept of Mathematics CW Post Center, Long Island University Greenvale NY 11548 Numbering of figures, tables, listings, and equations is continued from Part 1.A paper published by the Soviet mathematician Leonid Khachiyan received widespread publicity in late 1979 as a revolutionary new solution to linear programming prob lems. In Part 1 last month, we discussed the details of Khachiyan's algorithm and its corresponding geometric interpretation. This month in Part 2, we will look at the practical problems in using the algorithm and will ex amine a BASIC program that uses the algorithm.A Linear Programming ExampleThe Whiz-Golly Computer Board Company makestwo kinds of video boards: the Ohwow and the Hohum.Each board is handmade by Jim and then tested by Jack.Each Ohwow board takes Jim two days to complete,while he can make one Hohum board each day. Jack cantest an Ohwow board in one day, but he needs two daysfor each Hohum. Like most basement entrepreneurs, Jimand Jack have many other things to do with their time.Jim will not make boards for more than four days a week;Jack will test them for no more than three days a week. Ifthe profit is two dollars for each Ohwow board and threedollars for each Hohum, how many of each should theymake per week to obtain the greatest profit?This is a linear programming problem. It consists of aquantity to be maximized, the objective function, whichis subject to a list of linear inequalities called constraints.If we let X1 denote the number of Ohwow boards madeper week and Xz the number of Hohums made per week,the problem then is to maximize P = 2x1 + 3x2, where Pis the profit per week in dollars .Since Jim cannot make a negative number of Hohumsin a week, the first constraints we find are the nonnegativity conditions: X1 2:: 0 and x 2 2:: 0. In addition, wehave the constraints imposed by the number of days thatJim and X2 :S 4;Jack work while, forper w Jack,eek: for Jim, we have thawe t x1have+ 2th x2at:S2x1 3.+This problem may now be written in matrix form as:(7) Of course, we could have combined the two constraint equation sets into one but, as most practical problems naturally include a nonnegativity condition, we will write it separately for emphasis .The Dual Problem By a standard maximum linear programming problemwe mean any problem of the form:to maximize P = c'·xsubject to A·x s b(8)and x 2:: 0where A is an m-by-n matrix, bis a column vector in R'", c is a column vector in R", and xis a column vector inn unknowns.Since Jim and Jack may wish to minimize their ex penses, we will also encounter minimization problems. A standard minimum linear programming problem is any problem of the form:to minimize C = b'·ysubject to A'·y 2:: c(9)and y 2:: 0where A, b, and c are as in (8) and y is a column vector in m unknowns.242 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncThe two problems given by (8) and (9) are called dual problems, and their solutions are closely connected. Sup pose that x satisfies (8) and y satisfies (9). Then c'x s(A'y)'x=y 'Ax s y 'b = b'y and we see that c'x s b 'y forany x and y satisfying the respective constraint equa tions. Since we wish to maximize c'x and to minimize b'y,x it follows that any pair of solutions, say and y , mustsatisfy c' x = b' y and conversely.To solve the pair of linear programming problems (8) and (9), we need only solve the following system of equa tions:c'x = b'yAx s bA'y ~ c(10)x~ 0 and y ~ 0The equality c'x = b 'y is equivalent to the two inequalities c'x - b'y s 0 and - c'x + b'y s 0. The nonnegativity conditions x ~ 0 and y ~ 0 are equivalent to- I"x s 0 and - Imy S 0 where Ik denotes the k-by-kidentity matrix . The condition A'y ~ c is equivalent to-A'y s -c.If we let z be the column vector in rz + m unknownsformed by adjoining y to the end of x (that is, z' =(x 1, ... ,Xn,Y1, .. .,y ... )), we can rewrite our linear programming problems in one giant system of inequalities:A -I"O(n, n)O(m, n)c' -c'O (m, m )O ( n, m)-A' -1...z s-b'b'bO(n, I )-cO(m, I )0 0(11)where Ou, » denotes a j-by-k matrix of zeros. If this system of inequalities is consistent, then the point that satisfies all the inequalities at once gives the solutions to both the maximum and the minimum problems.For our problem (7) with Jim and Jack, we see that the system (11) becomes :2 1 0 041 2 0 03-1 0 0 000 -1 0 000 0 -2 -1-20 0 -1 -2 z s -30 0 -1 000 0 0 -102 3 -4 -30-2 -3 4 30The solution to this problem, as we will see later, is:a solution that can be derived from the above matrix by use of Khachiyan's algorithm.Some General Implementation Problems As we mentioned in our discussion of Khachiyan'spaper his achievement of obtaining a polynomial-time algorithm is attained only by paying the price of requir-The 2nd Generation ...It's somethingwe've been Peckingaway at.MEASUREMENTsystems &.. controlsincorporatedTHE LOWESTprices on this high-quality software. Buy direct and save 50%. 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MA 02174Circle 157 on inquiry card.Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publicatio ns Inc 243ing an incredible level of precision in all the calculations. Moreover, his initial circle of radius 2L can be replaced by a far smaller circle, as will be explained shortly. This does not matter to Khachiyan, since, at the initial stage of the algorithm, the precision problems are more important.The main problem we have created for ourselves is in our transformation of dual linear programming problems into a system of linear inequalities. Our statement that c'x = b'y is equivalent to the inequalities c'x - b'y :S 0 and-c'x + b'y :S 0, while true mathematically, is generallyfalse from a computational viewpoint.If we think of c'x - b'y :S 0 and - c'x + b'y :S 0 as"half-planes" in some n-dimensional Euclidean space (shown in figure 4 for n = 2), then it is true that they will intersect along a '1ine," where c'x - b'y = 0. Unfor tunately, our computer calculations of the common points will be rounded off to a finite number of decimal places, and we should not be surprised if we cannot cor rectly calculate a point that has zero difference between our calculated values of c'x and b'y.Our solution to this difficulty is to choose a tolerance within which we will agree that our values for c'x and b'yare essentially the same. Let E > 0 be this tolerance. If werequire that c'x - b'y :S Eand -c'x + b'y :S Ethen wehave formed a "tube" around the line c'x - b'y = 0 (shown for n = 2 in figure S) with width Ein the direction perpendicular to x. The actual tolerance thus created willy c'x-b'y<Oc'x-b'y=O-c'x+b'y<OFigure 4: Dissection of a plane into two half-planes by a line of the form c'x-b'y=O.y c'x-b'y= -e c'x-b'y=O c'x-b'y=eFigure 5: Dissection of a plane into two half-planes dictated by the limited accuracy of a computer. Because any computer has a limited accuracy , it is unlikely for it to compute the exact location of a point on the line c'x-b'y =O. Instead, the line separating the two half-planes (as shown in figure 4) is replaced by a thin "tube" with a diameter less than or equal to 2e. The variable E is chosen so that a given computer can compute the location of a point that is no more than E away from a point on the center line .depend on the slope of the relation c'x - b'y = 0 relative to the x subspace.Thus our system of inequalities is no longer (11) but rather:A -I.0 1. , ·>O(m, n)c' -c'O(m, m)O(n, m)-A' -Im -b'b'z ~bO(n, I)-cO(m, I)(12)Let us now turn to the problem of estimating an initialregion that will contain all solutions of the system oflinear inequalities (2), from Part 1. The solutions of thesystems, if any exist, form a polyhedron determined bythe vertices at which the linear inequalities intersect. Wecan take for our initial region any sphere about the origincontaining all these vertices, since such a sphere mustthen include some solution points of the system.The problem is then to estimate the distance to thevertex furthest from the origin. The system may be written as Ax :S b where A is an m-by-n matrix of integersand b is a column vector with m integer entries. We maysuppose that m ~ n since we can otherwise add on n - mtrivial inequalities that will not change the solutions ofthe original system and will add only Os and ls to thematrix A.We can now compute all possible vertices of the regionAx :S b by examining n rows of the equation Ax = b at atime and applying Cramer's rule. For each subset of nequations, we will find x1 =.!!..L, for i =D1,. ..,n, where Dis the determinant of the n-by-n matrix of equation coefficients and D, is the determinant of the same matrix, butwith corresponding n entries of b replacing the ith col* umn of the matrix. Since we are dealing with integer coefficients, if D 0,then Ix, I ~ ID, I; and, by Hadamard's inequality, ID, I isno more than the product of the norms of the columns ofthe matrix in question. This now explains Qo = 2L·I.,since 2L is greater than the product of the absolute valuesof all the coefficients in the system (2). We now see thatan estimate better than 2L will result if we determine thegreatest possible norm for the n-subsets of each columnof A and then combine the n -1 greatest such norms withthe greatest n-subset norm from b. For example,Khachiyan's estimate for the region of (7) is 244 while theabove estimate based on Hadamard's inequality is 29 ·The problems caused by the precision needed in computing the values required at each step of the algorithmappear to be nearly insurmountable. We shall not pursuethis subject further than to observe its central position inthe list of difficulties that prevent Khachiyan's algorithmfrom immediately replacing the Simplex method as thepreferred method for solving linear programming problems.Khachiyan's Algorithm on the TRS-80 The program given in listing 1 represents a translationof the preceding discussion into a computer program. In writing this program, we have attempted to make the translation as literal as possible for two reasons. First, we wished to study how Khachiyan's algorithm actually pro244 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncTakethe mystery outofprogramming with the latest from BYTE Bookstrn The BYTE Book of PascalEdited by Blaise W. Liffick Based on the growing popularity of Pascal as a programming language, numerous articles, language forums and letters from past issues of BYTE magazine have been compiled to provide this general introduction to Pascal. In addition, this book contains several important pieces of softwareincluding two versions of a Pascal compiler - one writ ten in BASIC and the other in 8080 assembly language; a p-code inter preter written in both Pascal and 8080 assembly languages; a chess playing program; and an APL in terpreter written in Pascal. $25.00 Hardcover pp. 342 ISBN 0-07-037823-1YOU JUST BOUGHT A PERSONAL WHAT?~..,,,....:.;-'~ by Thomas Dwyer and Margot' .--· ~ CritchfieldWhether you are a novice pro grammer or an experienced computer user, this book is filled with practical ideas for using a personal computer at home or work . It will take you through the steps necessary to write your own computer programs, and then show you how to use structured design techniques to tackle a variety of larger projects. The book contains over 60 ready-to-use programs written in Microsoft and Level II BASIC in the areas of educational games, financial record keeping, business transactions, disk-based data file and word processing. $11.95 pp. 256 ISBN 0-07-018492-5Beginners Guide for the UCSD Pascal Systemby Kenneth BowlesWritten by the originator of the UCSD Pascal System, this highly informative book is designed as an orientation guide for learning to use the UCSD Pascal System. For the novice, this book steps through the System bringing the user to a sophisticated level of expertise. Once familiar with the System, you will find the guide an invaluable reference tool for creating advanced applications. This book features tutorial examples of programm ing tasks in the form of self-study quiz programs. The UCSD Pascal Software Systems, available from SofTech Microsystems Inc, 9494 Black Moun tain Road, San Diego CA 92126, is a complete general purpose software package for users of microcomputers and minicomputers. The package offers several interesting features including:· Programs which may be run without alteration on the General Automation or DEC PDP-11 minicomputers, or an an 8080, 8085, Z80, 6502, 6800, or 9900 based microcomputers.· Ease of use on a small , single user computer with display screen and one or more floppy disk drives. $11.95 ISBN 0-07-006745-7These and other BYTE / McGraw-Hill books are availablefrom BYTE Books or your local computer store.-P-le-as-e-s-en-d-----------------------------~--'~ -~-·: D Dn· : copies of The BYTE Book of Pascal'I,..\'~ Icopies of You Just Bought a Personal What? · ·Dcopies of Beginner's Guide for the UCSD Pascal System 1Add 75¢ per book lo cover postage and handling.NameTitleCompanyStreetCityStale / ProvinceCode0 Check enclosed in the amount of $,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __0 Bill Visa0 Bill Master C hargeE~JICard No.Exp. Date ._ __BYTE BOOKS Division · 70 Main Street~[)[)~~ ------~~:,r~~!:,o~~~,-~~-o:!~---------~9_ ceeds for real examples. Second, once the program is run ning, it remains a challenge for each user to discover im provements and modifications. w~ invite you to experi ment.The program will accept two different kinds of prob lems. If you wish to study the consistency of a system of linear inequalities such as equation set 2 (given in Part 1 of this article, last month), the program will accept the equations in the form Ax ~ b. If you wish to study a linear programming problem such as (8) or (9), the pro gram will ask for A, b, c, and f. The program will then create the system given by (12). In either situation, you will have three choices for L: you may have Khachiyan's or Hadamard's values computed or you may specify your own choice.Because of the limited precision available on the TRS-80 (far less than the 2-37·L required for the algorithm), our program cannot be used to decide the consistency or inconsistency of even the smallest systems of inequalities. Thus it becomes meaningless to terminate the algorithm after N = l6Ln2 steps, so our program doesnot include a termination statement based on the number of steps executed.If you enter the system of inequalities (1.1), you can watch the algorithm construct a solution point. It will take about thirty-eight steps to begin to find a reasonable estimate for x. When you try equation set 1.2 (an incon sistent system given in Part 1), you will be able to watch the algorithm attempt to find a solution (a reasonable compromise between the inequalities is (1.5, 1.5)) and then decide that it had better try again.The actual solution of the linear programming problem given in (7) and its dual is (x1,X2) = (l2/3, 2/3) and (y,,y2) = ( 1/3,1113). You should try various values for f and con trast the number of steps required for the algorithm to terminate at a solution.Klee-Minty Example As we noted earlier, the importance of Khachiyan'salgorithm is that the number of steps required increases as a polynomial based on the size of the system of inText continued on page 255Listing 1: A program using Khachiyan 's algorithm, written for the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I running Level II BASIC.1 '********************************************************2 '*KHACHIYAN'S ALGORITHM*3 '*COPYRIGHT 1979 JC STEVENSON, AM ROCKETT, GC BERRESFORDx4 '******************************************************** ~i CLEAR! 0 010 CLS20 DATA 1,119,1,119,1,119,3,69,118,120,4,69,116,117,121,4,69,115,122,123,9,68,69,70,95,114,123,124,125,9,67,71,95,112,113,125,126,127,11,64,65,66,72,73,74,94,96,110,111,123,14,60,61,62,69,73,74,75,76,77,78,93,96,107,124,11,59,60,61,70,79,99,9130 DATA 99,99,105,124,10,57,71,72,so,91,97,95,100,101,102,10,56,73,77,91,92,95,96,103,104,125,11,56,73,77,79,91,s2,s5,97,100,103,104,10,56,72,77,a1,s2,e6,97,102,103,123,11,57,59,90,91,97,99,96,100,101,102,104,13,59,79,90,99,99,99,100,101,105,106,107,121,12740 DATA 8,60,79,79,99,100,106,107,127,1,10750 FOR I=O TO 448 STEP 64 : PRINT@I,STRING$C64,191>;:NEXT I60 FOR I=448 TO 511 STEP 2 : PRINT@I,CHR$C131);CHR$C128>;:NEXTI70 PRINT@576,STRING$(4,128>;TABC51>STRING$C13,128);80 PRINT@512, STRING$C64,128);90 PRINT@651,"T HE KHA CH I YAN AL G 0 RI TH M";100 PRINT@843,"COPYRIGHT 1979·;:PRINT@907,"J.C. STEVENSON, A.M. ROCKETT & G.C. BERF~ESFORD · ;110 FOR I = 3 TO 20120 READ JJ130 FOR J=1 TO JJ : READ J2 : RESETCJ2,I> NEXT J140 NEXT I150 FOR I=1 TO 1000 : NEXT I160 PRINT@834,"DO YOU WISH TO READ THE INTRODUCTION?";170 PRINT@898,"TYPE 'Y' IF YOU DO, ELSE HIT 'ENTER' TO PRINT THE MENU.·; 180 C$=INKEYS : IF CS="" THEN 180190 IF CS="Y" THEN 200ELSE 230200 PRINT@768,"THIS PROGRAM HAS TWO OPTIONS. YOU MAY USE IT TO SOLVE A LINEAR PROGRAMING PROBLEM OR YOU MAY VERIFY THAT A SYSTEM OF INEQUALI- TIES IS CONSISTENT. IF YOU CHOOSE TO SOLVE A PROBLEM, THERE ARE THREE OPTIONS FOR CHOOSING THEPARAMETER, L.";210 PRINT" SEE KHACHIYAN'S PAPER FOR NOTATION. PRESS 'ENTER' TO CONTINUE.";220 ZS=INKEYS : IF ZS="" THEN 220230 CLS : PRINT@aa,·T HE MEN u · : PRINT @266,"1) SOLVE AN L-P PROBLEM.":PRINT@394,"2) CHECK CONSISTENCY OF A SYSTEM.":PRINT:PRINT:INPUT"ENTER THE NUMBER OFTHE OPTION YOU WISH";cxListing 1 continued on page 248246 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Incc Cromemeo n corpora t ed Tomorrow's Computers TodayDiscover Savings and Service withEBSMAIL O RDER DIVISION(ORDER TOLL FREE)e WE ARE PROUD to be an AUTHORIZED CROMEMCO DEALER· CROMEMCO stands for quality, reliability and obsolescence insurance · CROMEMCO is widely recognized as a microcomputer industry leader · CROMEMCO provides strong support for their dealers and end-userse THE BOTTOM LINE - it's what you buy AND where you buy it ... WE CARE!· · I~·' ew. 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Produced and supported by Cromemco, and designed to make full use of the advanced features found in Cromemco hard ware.SYSTEMS :ListOur Price PERIPHALS:LANGUAGES:OurListPriceSYSTEM 23390 .3190 .Dual double-sided mini floppy disk drives; 64K RAMSYSTEM 37395 .CALL1 Mbyte of dual double-sided 8" floppy disk; 64K RAMZ-2H9995 .CALL11 Mbyte integral hard disk; 2 double sided 5" floppy disks; 64K RAMAll Cromemco systems feature the S-100 industry standard bus, 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU, 64K RAM, and can be easily upgraded to multi-user, multi tasking capability.3102 "SMART" TERMINAL 40 function keys; detachable keyboard with 14-key numeric pad3703 DOT-MATRIX PRINTER 180 CPS ; 18-inch platen; 132 columns ; bi-directional · with double buffering3355A FULL LETTER PRINTER 55 CPS; 15-inch platen; quality impress ion suited to camera copyBOARDS :List Our PriceSGL. CARD COMP.450 .380 .SK BYTESAVERll245 .210 .32K BYTESAVER295 . CALLZPU395 .335 .4FDC495.420 .64KZ1785. 1510.TU -ART295 .250.SDI595. CALLHigh resolution color graphics interfaceCOBOL, now updated FORTRAN IV MACRO ASSEMBLER 16K BASIC 32K BASIC DATA BASE MGMT . WORD PROCESSING RATFOR TRACE95 . 95. 95 . 95 . 295 . 95 . 95. 195 . 95 .90 . 90 . 90. 90 . 275 . 90. 90. 180 . 90 .EBS BUSINESS SOFTWARE:GENERAL LEDGER; ACCOUNTS PAY ABLE; ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE; PAY ROLL (Calif.) ; INVENTORY; ORDER ENTRYList Price $995 . eachCustomization availableCall or write for our low mail orders prices on all CROMEMCO products ... or on PERSCI disk drives, MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS boards, BASE 2, OUME, SOROC, ADDS, TVI, NEC SPINWRITER or other quality products.r· ExEcUTIVE 8us1NESS SYSTEMS 20457 E. Vall ey Blvd., Walnut, CA 91789 (714) 594-5736WE ALSO OFFER :· Cornplet e ana l ysis of your sys te rn needsI ·I nstallation, training. support & maintenanceuori · '· Custom applications software AT OUR REGULAR CONSUL TIN G RATES..-~Phone inquiries welcomePrices shown are for "Cash with Order" COLLECT PHONE ORDERS WELCOME or Send check or M.O. (Personal or Co. checks require 2 wks. to clear) Please include phone number. Shipping charges will be added,Within Calif. add applicable sales tax. Factory warranty.__in_c_l_u_d_e_d_._A_ll_p-ri-ce_s_su_b_j_e_ct-to_r_ev_i_si_o_n_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....COOS@ Crom e rnco , lnc.CP / M 11 Digital ResearchCBASIC"... Compiler SysternsCircle 159 on inquiry card.BYTE Septembe r 1980 247Listing 1 continued:2.lfO I250 DEFDBL ArBrFrXrVrWrQrL260 CLS270 '******* HOW TO USE THE PROGRAM ********280 INPUT"DO YOU WISH TO REVIEW THE FORMAT FOR ENTERING A PROBLEM CY/N - - 'ENTER ·>·;zf290 IF Z$="N" THEN 'lOO295 IF cx~1 THEN 300 ELSE CLS:PRINT"TO DECIDE THE CONSISTANCY OF A SYSTEM OF INEQUALITIES, WRITE THE SYSTEM IN THE FORM:":PRINTTAB<23>" A*X <= B":PRINT"WHEREA IS AN BY N MATRIX AND BANN-VECTOR. PRESS 'ENTER' TO BEGIN."296 Zf =INKEYf:IFZf = ""THEN 296 ELSE 'lOO300 CLS310 PRINT"TO SOLVE A STANDARD LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM OR CHECKCONSISTANCY:·:PRINT:PRINT"l) WRITE THE PROBLEM IN THE FORM: MAXIMIZE CCrX>SUBJECT TO THE CONSTRAINTSA*X <= B"320 PRINT"ANDX => 0"330 PRINT" X AND C ARE COLUMN VECTORS OF DIMENSION N WHILE BISAN M-VECTOR. A IS AN M BY N MATRIX. THE NOTA -TIONr < ···· ' ···· >IS A STANDARD INNER PRODUCT."310 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"HIT 'ENTER ' TO CONTINUE THE DIRECTIONS"350 Zf =INKEY$ : IF zs = ·· THEN 350370 CLS:PRINT:PRINT"Z> THE COMPUTER SEEKS A SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONCCrX) = CBrY) WHERE Y IS A SOLUTION OF THE DUAL.IN GENERAL THE MACHIN E CANNOT ACHEIVE THISr SO ATOLERANCE ' EPSILON, MUSTBE GIVEN"380 PRINT:PRINT"3> PRESS 'ENTER' TO BEGIN THE ALGORITHM. THE COMPUTER WILL ASKYOU FOR EACH ITEM ABOVE."390 ZS=INKEYS:IFZf="" THEN390100 CLS: INPUT"HOW MANY ROWS HAS THE MATRIX A"; M INPUT"HOW MANY COLUMNS IN THE MATRIX A"; NListing 1 continued on page 250FEATURES INCLUDE:· Uses Standard Typewriter Ribbon (Model 101 B-80)· Built-In Power Supply · 5 x 7 Dot Matrix Character Generator or10 x 7 or 10 x 14 Dot Matrix · Standard 96 ASCII Character Font · Upper and Lower Case Printing · Up to 88 Characters Per line · Single line Print Rate Is **110/ 160 CPS · Average Print Rate Is **55/ 60 CPS For Ten lines · Graphics Capability With ExtendedCharacter Modes · Programmable With 32 System LevelSoftware Commands · Standard Parallel and Serial Interface · Reset Interface · Baudrate Select From 110 to 9600 · Manual Paper Advance (Model 101 B-80) · Manual Selftest · Adjustable Tractor Width From 1 to 91/2Inches (Model 101 B-80) · ·Model 101A -40 & 1018-80 Respectively 80 COLUMN LOW COST IMPACT PRINTER $495 Kit, 101 B-80KE $545 Assembled & Tested 101 B-80ECOOSOL, INC. P.O. BOX 743, ANAHEIM , CA 92805 (714) 545-2216 7 Days a Week248 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 160 on inquiry card .For those who want to test the water before J· Um · .g 1· n. picoFORTH If you're thinking of getting into polyFORTH and you'd like an introduc tion through hands-on experience, then picoFORTH is for you. picoFORTH has been designed by FORTH, Inc. to serve as your entry into a complete poly FORTH programming environment.picoFORTH'"' is a disk-based operating system and interactive high-level language, complete with compiler, editor, and assembler. It's upgradable to full polyFORTH;"' And it's priced at only $495.So step forth and get your feet wet. The water's fine.For information, call:213/372-8493 FORTH.Inc. . .2309 Pacific Coast Highway Hermosa Beach, California 90254 (213) 372-8493 TWX 910-344-6408 (FORTH INC HMBH) Circle 161 on inquiry card .BYTE September 198<> 249Listing 1 continued from page 248:410 IF C/. = 2 THEN N9=N : M9 =M : GOTO 430 420 N9=M+N : M9=2*CM+N+l) 430 DIM ACN9,M9),BCM9),XlCN9>,XOCN9>rFCM9),Ql(N9rN9>rQOCN9,N9>·V<N9rN9>,W<N9,N9> rB1CM9> 440 CLS: PRINT"PLEASE TYPE IN THE ROWS OF THE MATRIX A. P~ESS 'ENTER' AFTER K EYING EACH NUMBER." 450 FOR J=l TO M 460 FOR I = l TO N : INPUT ACI,J> : NEXT I 't70 NEXT J 480 CLS:PRINT"HERE IS THE MATRIX A. IF IT IS NOT CORRECT, NOTE THE INDICES OF T HE MISKEYED ELEMENTS. PRESS 'C' TO MAKE CORRECTIONS, ELSE HIT 'ENTER'·" 490 FOR J=lTOM : FOR I=l TON : P~I~T ACI,J>;· ·;:NEXTI:PRINT:NEXTJ 500 ZS=INKEYS : IF ZS="" THEN 500 510 IF ZS="C" GOSUB 700ELSE 530 520 GOTO 480 530 CLS: PRINT"PLEASE TYPE IN THE ENTRIES OF THE VECTOR B, YOU NEED ·;M;"NUMBERS540 FOR I=lTOM : INPUT B<I> : NEXT I550 CLS:PRINT"HERE IS THE VECTOR B." :FOR I=l TOMs IT CORRECT (Y/N)";zs : IF ZS = "N" THEN 530PRINT B<I> :NEXT r: INPUT"I560 IF C/. =2 THEN 730 570 CLS:PRINT"WHAT ARE THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE OBJECTI0~ FUNCTION? YOU MUST SUPPLY";N;"NUMBERS."580 FOR I =M+l TO N9 : INPUT B<I> : B<I> = -BCI> :NEXT I590 CLS: PRINT"THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION ARE:"600 FOR I = M+l TO N9 : PRINT -B<I> : NEXT I610 IF C/.=2 THEN 730620 INPUT"IS THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION CORRECT (Y/N)";zs IF ZS="N" THEN 590630 CLS: INPUT"WHAT POSITIVE NUMBER DO YOU WANT FOR THE 'TOLERANCE', EPSILON·;B(M9 - 1) : BCM9> =BCM9-1)640 FOR I=l TO N : FOR J = 1 TO M : ACN+JrM+I>=-A<IrJ) : NEXT J : NEXT I650 FOR I=M+N+l TO M9-2 : ACI-M-N,I>=-1 : NEXT I660 FOR J=l TO N ACJ,M9-1>= - BCJ+M) : ACJrM9>=B<J+M> : NEXT J670 FOR J=N+l TO N9 : A(J,M9-1>=-BCJ-N> : ACJrM9>=B<J-N> : NEXT J680 GOTO 730690 STOP700 CLS: INPUT"TO CORRECT ENTRIES IN Ar ENTER THE ROW AND COLUMN INDICES OF THEELEMENT TO BE CORRECTED";r,J: INPUT"NOW ENTER THE CORRECT VALUE";A(JrI)710 INPUT"CORRECTIONS COMPLETE (Y/N)";zs : IF ZS="N" THEN 700720 RETURN7 :rn CLS740 PRINT"INDICATE YOUR CHOICE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF L FROM THE LIST BELOW:":PRINT:PRINT:PRI~T"1) KHACHIYAN'S FORMULA":PRINT:PRINT"2) HADAMARD'S INEQUALITY":PRINT:PRINT"3) YOUR OWN CHOICE.":INPUTIC/.750 ON IC/. GOTO 770r2040r760760 INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR VALUE FOR L";LL:GOT0780770 LL=O : FOR I=l TO N9 : FOR J=lTO M9 : LL=LL+LOGCABSCACirJ))+l>:NEXT J : NEXTI : FOR I=l TO M9: LL=LL+ LOGCABS<B<I>> +l>:NEXT I : LL= LL+ LOGCN9*M9>: LL=INTCLL/LOGC2))+1780 PRINT "THE VALUE OF L FOR THIS RUN rs: ·;LL790 INPUT"DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE L CY/N)";zs : IF ZS="Y" THEN 730BOO FOR I=l TO M9 : Bl<I>=-B<I> : NEXT I810 FOR I=l TO N9820 QOCirI> = 2 [ LL8:30 NEXT I840 GOSUB 1960: TO=MX850 I 860 I***** END OF INITIALIZATION ******870 ~(7=0880 I890 ' **** BEGINNING OF MAIN ITERATION **** 900 I910 K7=K7+1 : CLS : PRINT "COMPUTING STEP t";K7:PRINT"THE CURRENT DISCREPANCY IS:·;Mx: FOR I=l TO N9 : PRINT ·xc·;r;·>=·;xo<I> : NEXT IListing 1 continued on page 252250 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncAPPLE II®COMPATIBLE MUSIC SYNTHESIZER KIS MUSIC EDITOR· Three simultaneous programmable voices and one programmable white noise generator· Five octave range starting at 55 Hz (the A below bass clef) to 1760 Hz (the second A above the treble clef)· On board amplifier capable of directly driving an eight ohm speaker· Up to six synthesizers can be installed to create stereophonic , quadraphonic. and polyphonic operation .$99.95KIS stands for KEEP IT SIMPLE and we believe there is no existing software that remotely approaches the ease and convenience of this music editor. Some of the many features are as follows :· Three part interactive program consisting of a play mode. a composition mode and an edit mode· Plan mode displays low resolution color graphics of each voice while the song is playing· Composition mode enables the user to hear and see. in high resolution graphics. each note as it is input· Edit mode sounds and displays. in high resolution graphics . each note as the user single steps through the song . Notes can be inserted . deleted. and changed .FREE(See Below)FLASH AND CRASH SOUND EFFECTSADVANCED MUSIC EDITOR· Uses the channel of white noise to create a vast array of sounds . Some of these are as follows : explosions. steam engine, whistle . phasers . gun shot. race cars . sirens , chimes, and jet engines· Detailed instructions illustrate how to generate sounds· Modular so any one sound can easily be patched into an existing program.$39.95 · Sixteen standard envelopes provided· Custom envelopes can easily and quickly be developed· All envelopes (including user created) are depicted in high resolution graphics and each can also be heard.· Tempo, attenuation . and envelope can be selected and changed as many times as needed during the playing of the song .· Musical subroutines can be called . · The channel of white noise is usedto produce a drums . chimes and other percussion effects.NOW INCLUDES:KIS MUSIC EDITOR ADVANCE MUSIC EDITOR MUSIC SYNTHESIZER$129.95~ Regist ered Tradema rk of App le Computer Circ le 162 on inquiry card.Distributed by: Hayden PublishingBYTE September 1980 251Listing 1 continued from page 250:920 FOR I = 1 TO N99:30 F<I> :=O 940FOR J = 1 TO N9 950F<I>=F<I>-QO(J,I)*A(J,IO> 960NEXT J 970 NEXT I 980 GDSUB 1010 985 GOTO 1090 990 I **** FIND THE NORM OF F ***** 1000 I1010 NF =D 1020 FDR I=l TO N9 1030NF = NF + F<I>·F<I> 10't0 NEXT I 1050 NF = SQR<NF> 1055 IF NF=O PRINT"WARNING! ! ! ! ! THE NORM OF F IS ZERO. IF YOU WISH TO CONTINUE, TYPE 'CONT' FOLLOWED BY 'ENTER'"1060 RETURN1070 I **** STEP TO NEW X-ITERATE **** 1080 I1090 FOR I=l TD N91100 Xl<I> =O1110FOR J= 1 TO N91120Xl<I> =Xl<I)+QO(I,J>·F(J)1130NEXT ,J1135 IF NF=O CLS:PRINT"THE NORM OFF IS TDD SMALL, PRODUCING A MACHINE ZERO.":PRINT"HERE IS THE VECTOR F:":FOR I= 1 TO N9 : PRINT"F(";I;")=";F<I>: NEXT I : PRINT"PROGRAM HAS BEEN STOPPED":STOP11't0 Xl<I> =XO<I> + Xl<I>INFl<N9+1)1150 NEXT I1160 GOSLJB 15901170 ·1180 I **** STEP TO THE NEXT Q-ITERATE **** 1190 · 1200 FOR I = 1 TO N9 1210FDR J = 1 TO N9 1220Ql(I,J>=O 1230FOR K= 1 TO N9 1240Ql(I,J> = Ql(I,J)+ QO(I,K>·V<K,J) 1250NEXT K 1260IF J=1 LET Q1(!,J)=Q1(I,J>·N9/(N9+1) ELSE LET Q1(I,J)=Q1(I,J>·N9/SQR(N9*N9-1>1270Q1(!,J) =Q1(I,J>·2[(1/(8*N9·N9>>1280NEXT J1290 XO<I>=Xl<I>1300 NEXT I1310 FOR I= 1 TO N91320FOR J = 1 TO N91330QO(I,J)=Ql(I,J)1340NEXT J1350 NEXT I1:36 0 I1370 ' **** COMPUTE THE NEW DEFECT **** 1380 I1390 FOR I= 1 TO M91't00Bl <I>=O1410FOR J = 1 TO N91420Bl<I>=Bl<I> + A(J,I>·XO<J>1430NEXT J14't0 Bl<I>= Bl<I>-B<I>1450 NEXT I1460 GOSUB19601470 IF TO >MX THEN TO=MX1490 IF MX > O THEN 910Listing 1 continued on page 254252 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc- - + Circle 163 on inquiry card .Finally, a language to JD.eet your needs The new 8-BASICTM language has more computing power than any other true compiler BASIC in the industry.S-BASICTM is the ONLY CP/MTM compatible BASIC providing ...· Chainable .COM programs with parameter passing. · Dynamically allocated arrays, sequential and random file buffers . · Dynamically relocatable variables. · Common, global, and local variables. · A choice of: While-Do, Repeat-Until, Begin-End, If-Then-Else, and Case-Of Structures. · Recursive, Multi-lined functions and procedures. · Memory image disk storage (no conversions). · CP/M 2 .xx enhancements usage as well as CP/MTM1.4 x capable. · 6 data types: Character, string, integer, single anddouble precision floating point, and packed BCD.·CP/M 1s a registered trademark of Digital Research .Besides all of these unique features, S-BASICTM offers long variable names, digit/string line labels (when required), relocatable code output, multiple libraries, external .COM program execution, all of the flexibility of an enhanced BASIC, and a multitude of conveniences that make program ming a pleasure.As a software house always looking for that ideal, powerful, new language . .. we're excited about making S-BASICTM available to the software community. Order your copy now at an introductory price of $250. from llllICB.O·AP, INC. 9807 Davona DriveMICB.O·AP San Ramon, CA 94583Telephone (415) 828-6697·s-BASIC is a trademark of Topaz programming .Listing 1 continued from page 252:1500 CLS1510 PRINT"THE PROCESS TERMINATED AFTER"iK7i"STEPS" 1520 PRINT 1530 PRINT"THE SOLUTION rs· 1510 FOR I=l TO N9 1550PRINT"X("iii">="iXO<I> 1560 NEXT I 1!':170 END 1580 I1590 I ***** SUBROUTINE ORT<F> ***** 1600 I1610 ~(=11620 IF F<K><>O THEN 1630ELSE K=K+l GOT016201630 FOR I=2 TO N91610 FOR J=l TO N91650 WCJrI>=O1660 IF J<K THEN Il=l ELSE 11=01670 IF J=I-Il AND J <> K LET W(JrI>=l1680 NEXT J : NEXT I1690 WN=O1700 FOR J = 1 TO N9 : WN=F<J>*F<J>+WN : NEXT1710 WN=SQR<WN>1720 FOR I=l TO N9 !V<Irl>=F<I>IWN : W<Irl)=V<Irl) NEXT1730 FOR I=2 TO N91710 FOR Il = 1 TO N91750 V<IlrI>=W<IlrI>1760 NEXT Il1770 FOR J = 1 TO I-11780 L=O1790 FOR Jl=l TO N91800 L=L+V(JlrJ)*W<JlrI)1810 NEXT Jl1820 FOR Il=l TO N91830 V<I1rI>=V<IlrI>-L*V<IlrJ)18'+0 NEXT Il1850 NEXT J1860 WN=O1870 FOR IZ=l TO N91880 WN=WN+V<IZrI>*V<I2rI>1890 NEXT 121900 WN=SOR<WN>1910 FOR I2=1 TO N9! V<I2rI>=V<IZrI)/WN1920 NEXTIZ1930 NEXT I19.lfO RETURN1950 I1960 ' **** FIND THE ELEMENT OF LARGEST ABSOLUTE VALUE ****1970 I **** IN THE ARRAY Bl 1980 I****1990 MX=<Bl<l>> ! IO=l2000 FOR I= 2 TO M92010 IF Bl<I> > MX LET MX=B1<I> : IO=I2020 NEXT I2030 RETURNZOLfO '@@@@@@@ THE HADAMARD INEQUALITY @@@@@@2050 PN=l : FOR KZ = 1 TO N9 : FOR J=l TO M9 : F<J> = A<KZ,J>!NEXT J!MT=M9 : GOSUB2090 : GOSUB 1010 !Bl<KZ>=NF!NEXT KZ2060 FOR J=l TO M9 : F<J>=B<J> : NEXT J : GOSUB 2090 : GOSUB 1010 : FOR J=lTO N9-1 : F<J>=Bl<J> : NEXT J !MT = N9 : GOSUB 20902070 FOR J= 1 TO N9 - 1 : PN=PN*F<J> : NEXT J !PN = PN*NF2080 LL= INT<LOG<PN*SORCN9))/LOG<2>>+1 GOTO 7802090 I=l : T=F<I> : KT = O : K=I2100 K=K+l : IF K>MT LET K=I+KT : I=I+l IF I > MT RETURN ELSE T=F<I> : IF K=>MT RETURN ELSE 2100 2110 IF T=> ~<K> THEN 2100 ELSE T=F<K> : FOR J=K TO I+l STEP -1 : F<J>=F<J - 1) :NEXT J : F<I>=T : KT=KT+l : GOTO 2100254 September 1980 © BYTE Pub licati ons IncText continued from page 246:equalities and not exponentially, as in the Simplex method. An example showing this exponential growth of the number of steps in the Simplex algorithm was con structed in 1972 by Klee and Minty. It is interesting to see how our program reacts to this problem. We are indebted to Dr Philip Wolfe of IBM for showing us the following version of the Klee-Minty problem.Let n be given . Let c' = (10"- 1, l0"-2 , .. ., 101, 1), b' = (1, 102, 104 , .. .,102 <"- 1 >) and:10002Xl01 100A2x102 2X10110The 2nd Generation. ·· It's almosthere!1The Simplex method takes 2" -1 steps to find the solution of the linear programming problem (8) . Running our pro gram for Khachiyan's algorithm gave the results shown in table 1.Number of steps for Number of steps fornSimplex method Khachiyan 's method35 (with E = .01)23525 (with E = .01)372849 (with E = .01)MEASUREMENT systems &.. controlsincorporated867 North Main Street Orange, Calif . 92668 (714) 633-4460Table 1: A short comparison of the Simplex and Khachiyan algorithms. Although this comparison strongly favors theWere's a better way to Simplex method, Khachiyan's algorithm would be consistently better, given problems of a sufficiently large size.create/edit your<North Starbasic programsAlthough this data seems to reflect unfavorably on Khachiyan's method, it must be noted that this is only for small problems. Khachiyan's method would certainly re quire less steps than the Simplex method in some real world situations, where a typical industrial problem may involve 10,000 inequalities and 50,000 variables. Far more experience with Khachiyan's method will be reN*BUS has a unique interactive GLOBAL LINE EDITOR, with powerful source preparation/editing features, unmatched anywhere at ANY PRICE! 6" Interfaces with ANY release 4 or later BASIC by RUNning a supplied program. 6" Co-resident with BASIC - merely type the command "EDIT" without a line number. quired to decide whether its theoretical advantage is of6" All N*BUS programs are assembly language fast! practical value.We wish to thank the C W Post Research Committeefor providing financial support for the preparation of thisarticle.·REFERENCES1. Asprall , B and R E Stone, "Khachiyan's Linear Programming Algorithm ," Journal of Algorithms, March 1980.2. Gacs, P and L Lovasz, " Khachiyan 's Algorithm for Linear Pro gramming ," to appear.3. Khachiyan, L G, "A Polynomial Algorithm in Linear Program ming ," (in Russian), Doklady, the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, volume 244 (1979), number 5, pages 1093 thru 1096.4. Kolata, G B, " Mathematicians Amazed by Russian 's Discovery," Science, November 2, 1979, volume 206, number 4418 , pages 545 thru 546.5. New York Times , November 7, 11 , and 27 , 1979. 6 . Steen, L A, "Linear Programming: Solid New Algorithm ,"Science News, October 6, 1979, volume 116, pages 234 thru236 .1" Line scrolling plus tbese exciting commands:EDIT MODE · INPUT MODE · BOTIOM · TOP · BASIC · BYE · APPEND · NEXT · PRINT · COPY (lines) · OELETE (lines) · SCALE · PROMPT · CHANGE· CHANGE (global) · ERASE COLUMNS · LOCATE · LOCATE (global) · TAB · TCHAR · WINDOW ·WINDOW NEXT · WINDOW PREVIOUS · VIEW · INSERT · GO (to a line) · MOVE (lines) · DEVICEN*BUS ALSO includes BPRT, a program print/variable cross-reference util ity featuring an ultra-fast shell -Metzner sort, BPAK, a source program pa cker and RE, a file rename program. IF YOU USE NORTH STAR BASIC , you owe it to yourself to ORDER YOUR COPY OF N*BUS todaJ! AND ONLY $69- plus $1.50 postage64 pf. manual, alone, $9.75 ppd. (Creditable toward system purchase)Calif. Res. add 6% lair. No C.O.D.'s please . Send check or M.O. VISA or MASTER CHARGE accepted.~Dealer inquiries invited~ soft;;~;;·s;;;;ms 1269 Rubio Vista Rd. · Altadena, Ca. 91001Circle 164 on inquiry card.September 1980 © BYTE Pu blicatio ns Inc 255Connecticut H-8 UsersMeet and exchange ideas with fellow Heath H-8, H-9 and H-89 users. Monthly meetings are held. For more information, contact Ron Lawson, 395 W Main St, Avon CT 06001.Z-Users GroupThe Z-Users Group is devoted to the Pascal!Z compiler and Z80 and 28000 software. The pur pose of the group is to assist the public in using, improv ing, and exchanging soft ware . A flyer is issued bimonthly with bug notes, fixes, and other features of interest. Public-domain pro grams are also being distributed . A disk full of software, running underCP/M, single-sided, single density, is available free . There are no membership fees, but the flyer costs $6 per year. Contact Z-Users Group, 7962 Center Pky, Sacramento CA 95823.NICHEThe Northern Indiana Computer Hobbyist Ex change (NICHE) meets the last Monday of almost every month . Meetings are open to all computer enthusiasts. For more information, con tact Eric Bean, 927 S 26th St, South Bend IN 46615 .Upstate New York Apples The Upstate Apple Users Group meets on the third Thursday of the month at 7PM at Upstate Computer Shop, 629 French Rd, Cam pus Plz, New Hartford NY 13413. The group is recognized by the Interna tional Apple Corps. The group's objectives are: to help newcomers solve hard ware and software pro blems, aid in resources for education and hobbyists, and investigate the use of computers in the area of the handicapped. Contact Tony Violante at the store address above. On The Source, send mail to TCC788 Attn: Tony Violante.Sol/Helios II UsersASCII is a group for users of the Sol/Helios II system, which is utilized as a business system. A quarterly newsletter is publisheddedicated to Sol support andoperations. Contact JBrockway, Suite 308, 2909 Bay to Bay, Tampa FL 33609.MP/M Users GroupDigiac Corporation has formed MAPS (Multiple Ap plication Processing Systems), a national MP/ M users group. Digiac will operate the users group with the purpose of disseminating and sharing MP/ M data and operational programs with all business and professional users of MP/ M . Contact the club at Digiac Corporation, 175 Engineers Rd, Smithtown NY 11787, (516) 273-8600 .Sell, Trade, and BuySell and trade software through this club . Buy one $6 tape or one $9 floppy disk per month. Submit software and receive $2 per program for each copy sold nationwide . Buy and sell used equipment. For further information, send stamped, self-addressed envelope to K Reynolds, 11815 SE 208, Kent WA 98031 , (206) 630-0517 .256 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 165 on inquiry card .Software Rental ClubThe Goldcoast Computer Rental Club is now seeking members. They have a library of programs for rent. The programs are selected, tested, and reviewed by their staff. The library con sists of over 3000 programs from sixteen categories for the Apple II and the TRS-80. The Goldcoast Newsheet contains program ming tips, shortcuts, and other items. A $10 yearly fee entitles members to a free disk of programs. For information, write Goldcoast Rental Club, POB 181, Bremen KY 42325 .Also....~~IRECTC>R¥'C0MPUTW.R CLUas, '¥irMO NE.EDS THE.Ml'r----------------------------, ""'-'Padnllll Subscription Dept P.O. Box 307, Martinsville, NJ 08836 DOMESTIC subscription rate, D U.S. I yr. (4 issues) @ $8.50 D Canada & Mexico, I yr. (4 issues) @ $ 10.00 FOREIGN (to expedite service, please remit in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank.) D Europe (and all other countries, except above). I yr. @ S 12.00 - surface delivery. D Bill Visa D Bill Master Charge D Bill me (North America only)Card NumberExpirationSignatureName (please print)Street/Apartment NumberL-Cit-y ---------------St-ate/-Pro-vin-ce/C-ou-ntry-C-ode--78-90~. IForming SuperBrain Users GroupSuperBrain users who desire to exchange ideas and information should contact SuperBrain Users Group, Howard Van Jepmond, 420 French Ct, Menlo Park CA 94025.North Star Users Group Recognized by the Parent Company The International NorthStar Users Association (INSUA) is recognized by the North Star company to provide liaison, feedback, and fixes for users of North Star's computers or disk operating systems running on other computers. The association hopes to act as a link between local users groups, individual North Star computer users, and the Berkeley, California, com pany . The group's charter calls for it to act as a source of information for new and advanced North Star users;to publish a quarterly newsletter for members, in cluding application and pro gramming techniques; to maintain and distribute a users public-domain soft ware library; and to act as an independent represen tative to make users' needs known to North Star Com puters Inc. The yearly dues are $15, which includes a subscription to the newslet ter as well as access to all the group's software and hardware distribution. INSUA can be contacted at131 Highand Ave, Vacaville CA 95688, (707) 448-9055 .Southern Colorado Computer Club The Southern Colorado Computer Club (SCCC) meets on the first and third Tuesdays of each month . Apple, Atari, Texas In struments, and PET com puters are among the systems represented. Classes and seminars will be scheduled for future meetings. Subjects will range from equipment hardware to programming and will in clude information on how to go about selecting the right computer for personal or business use . Write to the club at the Computer Shack, Gibson Shopping Center, 1635 S Prairie, Pueblo CO 81005, (303) 564-3545 .MM-103 MODEMSWith our unbeatabla quality, low cost, ona·yaar warranty and 24 hour a day last Cantar, you won't find a batter S·1DO bus modem than the MM-103!Call or write for brochure and price information:POTOMAC MICROMAGIC.INC.5201 Leesburg Pike, Suite 604 Falls Church, VA 22041 (703)379·9660 (VOICE)(7031379·0303 (MODEM: JOO BAUOIMEETS IEEE S-100 STANDARDS258 September 1980 © BYTE Publicatio ns IncEvansville Computer Club This group meets at Hutch and Sons on the se cond Wednesday of each month at 7 PM. Hutch and Sons is located on the cor ner of Franklin and N Main streets in Evansville, In diana. Sol, Bally, Altair, IMSAI, Heath, Elf, and TRS-80 are some of the systems used by members. Send a stamped, self addressed envelope to Bob Heerdink, Evansville Com puter Club, CI O National Sharedata Corporation, POB 3895, Evansville IN 47737.·And then there werenone.The fist of already extinct animals grows ... th e great auk, th e Texas grdy wolf, the Badlands bi ghorn. the sea m ink. the pa ssenger p1geonWhat happen s 1f civilization conti nues to slowly choke out wildlife -.peoes by '-'peoes1Man cannot liv e on a planet unfit l or druma ls.Join an organ ization that' s d oing something about preserving our en dang ered specie s. Get involved. Wrilt.'.'the National Wi ldlife Federa tion. Departrnent 105. l 41 2 16th Street, NW. Washing ton,oc 20036. lt"s not too late.Circ le 167 on inquiry card.More from Osborne/McGraw-Hill Osborne/McGraw-Hillmeans documented softwareZSO · 6800 · 8080A/8085 ·6502 ·Z8000 · 6809Assembly LanguagePAYROLL WITH ; OST ACCOUNTING------ -· ---.-...._.._...,,,__ .... ..·... ·..NOW AVAILABLEOSBORNE/McGraw-Hill's popular business software series in CBASIC-2!Thoroughly tested, reliable programs with complete source listings, our Payroll with Cost Accounting, Accounts Payable and Accounts Receivable and General Ledger tell you how to begin; how to make changes; how to turn your computer into a productive part of your business. Printed in a loose-leaf format, easily inserted into your own binder, you can add to the book as you add to the programs.DEALERS: The source listings from each book are available on disk for just $250 with no licensing agreements. Call or write for our dealer information package.The books are also available in Wang BASIC. (Wang users must supply KF AM .)Programming Primers for the most popular MicrocomputersNew!Available Nowzsooo 6809These Assembly Language Programming books view assem bly language as a means of programming a microcomputer system . Each book explains assembly language program ming, describes the functions of assemblers and assembly in structions, and discusses basic software development con cepts. A special section on structured programming rounds out the discussion of programming examples, which range from simple memory load loops to complete rudimentary design projects. Each book includes comprehensive coverage of the particular assembly language, and presents a large number of fully debugged, practical programming examples written in the language of interest.The 8086 Book New!A handbook for all 8086 users, The 8086 Book includes basic 8086 programming instructions, a thorough analysis of the 8086 instruction set, and detailed hardware and inter facing guides that reveal the full power of the 8086 multiprocessing capabilities.Order FormTitl tQuanlil)8080A/8085 Al. P l80 AL P 6lt00 ALP6501 ALP Pa yroll with Cos t Accou nu ng - C BA SICAn:ounl!> Payable/Rccc1vablc - C BASIC'(jencral Ledger - C BAS ICZ80006809 A LP8086Tn - Ca li f. residents only 6%/6'.1% BARTPleau send me business soflw.re Information pKkqe for: O end user O deale rPrirt Si l 50Si l ;o Si l 50 Sil 50 Sl0.00 U0.00 Sl0.00 S l l .50 Sl l .50 11 5.00Tu Sblppln1 TOTALAmo uniShipping: (Shipping for la rge orde rs to be arranged) o All foreign o rder $4.00 pe r book fo r ai rmai l D $0.75 per book 4th class in th e U.S. (allow 3-4 weeks) D $1.25 per book U PS in th e U.S. (a llo w 10 da ys) D $2.50 pe r book specia l rush s hipment by air in the U.S. For faster sh ipment o r c redit ca rd . p hone (415) 548-2805Name=- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __Cily: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State: _ _ _ _ _ __ZIP: _ _ _ _ _ _ Phone: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __0 \ OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill630 Bancroft Way, Dept. 88 Berkeley, California 94710 (416) 648-2806 TWX 910-366-7277Circle 168 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 259September 1980Sep tem ber-OctoberComputer Sales Workshops. Datasearch is offering one day workshops throughout the nation covering sales techniques for managers and salespeople . For details, call or write Datasearch Inc, 4954 William Arnold Rd, Memphis TN 38117, (901) 761-9090 .Sep tember-NovemberThinking Small-Using Small Computers to Increase Business Productivity. These conferences will feature leading authorities and small-business computer users in a program designed to explore the opportunities presented by small com puters for the improvement of productivity in the small business situation. For aschedule of times and places, contact The Information Ex change, 1730 N Lynn St, Suite 400, Arlington VA 22209, (703) 521-6209.September-JanuaryTwenty-nine Seminars from DPMA Education Founda tion . The DPMA (Data Pro cessing Management Association) is sponsoring a series of two-day, computer oriented seminars. Data pro cessing, software configura tion management, computer aided design and manufac turing, computers and data communications, data base, integrated circuits, and soft ware engineering are some of the topics that will be covered. For details on site locations and times, contact DPMA Education Founda tion Coordinator, 5959 W Century Blvd, Los Angeles CA 90045, (213) 670-2975 .September 8-10Government Micrographics Conference and Exposition, Sheraton Washington Hotel, Washington DC. This event will feature over thirty ses sions and a major exhibi tion . Conference topics range from micrographics to general management. Write or call National Trade Pro ductions Inc, 9301 An napolis Rd, Suite 206, Lanham MD 20801, (301) 459-1815.September 9-10The Thirteenth International Symposium and Exhibition on Minicomputer and Microcomputer Applica tions, MIMl'80, Montreal, Canada. This symposium will cover communications, signal processing, data ac quisition, control, robotics, education, hardware, languages, networks, andFREE your keyboard - interact directly with the screen. Why waste time typing? Use a3-G Light Pen. r - - - - · In his business . Al Zenker of Zenker·Mail Coupan or Call Today for Immediate Delivery· - - - - ,Dental labs in Penndel . Pennsylvania uses our pens !or data entry . Harry Lee of P1ttsheld. Massachusens uses the pen fo select t e lephon e numbersfl! 3-G Company, Inc. Dept. BT~ Rt . 3, Box 28A , Gaston, OR 97119(503) 662-4492Remember . 3·G otters a 30-day uncond1 11on a1Money back GUARANTEEto be dialed by his computer Thorwald Esbensen ol Mi cro -Ed . Inc tn M1n LJ · IR S 80 Econo my .IR S 80 P 1o r es s1011 ~ 1 · Pf! Pro ress·onal - Appie P1otess1ona1 nea pohs . Minnesota writes educat ion51 9.95S3 4 .95531 .95S32.95 softwa re lor !he 3·G Light Pen Swiss Air Dispatch at Kennedy Airport in NewYes I want to make my computer more versatile Rush me Pen s (Add S 1 50 for mailing and handling - $6 00 foreign )J-G LtghtYork uses our pens to speed up its bus iness operations . Dr Richard KernsEnclosed 1s ::J chec k or money order = Ma st er Charge O Visa ·:ICol East Carolina Univers1!y 1ncoporates our pen 1n a demonstration w1!h a voice synt hesizer to teach his studentsCard NoExp datehow to use comp ulers In Holland Johan Sm1lde uses a 3-G Light Pen 10NAMEe xper 1men 1with graphic s .· These people have discovered the be ·ADDRE SSnelits ol using a 3·G Lighl PenL--------------------------~ Wouldn I a 3·G Light Pen make yoursys tem more versatile and more tuncC I TYSTATEZIPt1onal? Yes . o t co urse 11w ould 1· Don 't Wa il - order your pen today and receive I) 3·G Light Pen 2) Demonstra11on cassettes (w11hProfessional TRS·BO . PET and Apple ) 3~ Sample program l1s11ng 4) Complete documentaf!on and 1nstruc11ons 5) Other Light Pen softw are and games available· NO ASSEMBLY NECESSARY. READY TO PLUG IN AND USE.· Comp!e le documenta11on so you can write your o wn program 1n BASIC No machine language coding necessary· All 3-G Professional models plwg into machine ports. Economy model plugs into cassette and batteries are in cluded260 Septem ber 1980 © BYTE Publ ications In cCircle 169 on inquiry card .other topics. It is being held in conjunction with the first IASTED International Sym posium and Exhibition on Office Automation. For more information, contact Professor M H Hamza, Dept of Electrical Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 12N 1N4.September 11-13lnternepcon Semiconductor International Exposition and Conference, Republic of Singapore. Featuring an ex hibition of production machinery, tools, hardware, materials, and test in struments, the show in cludes conferences keyed to the needs of engineering, manufacturing, and support personnel of Southeast Asia. It is open to all persons engaged in electronics and semiconductor manufactur ing. Contact Industrial & Scientific Conference Management Inc, 222 W Adams St, Chicago IL 60606, (312) 263-4866.September 16-18Euromicro '80, London, England . Euromicro '80 will consist of scientific, short notes, and industrial ses sions. This annual inter national event is highlighted by read papers and discus sions . In addition, micropro cessor-controlled robot mice will race against time or will show off their prowess in an "open world" environment when the European finals of the Amazing Micromouse Maze contest are held . For information, contact Lionel R Thompson, HSDE, Hat field AL 109LP, England .September 16-18Wescon/80, Anaheim Con vention Center, Anaheim CA. This year's show will include a large exhibition and a variety of talks cover ing communications, com puters and microprocessors, consumer electronics, energy, office automationCP/M* compatible software SYSTEM MAINTENANCE-------PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESDIAGNOSTICS I: Easily the most comprenensive set of CP/ M compatible system check-out programs ever assembled. Finds hardware errors in your system. confirms suspicions. or just gives your system a clean bill of health.FORTH: a full , extended FORTH interpreter/compiler produces COMPACT,ROMABLE code. As fast as compiled FORTRAN. as easy to use as interactive BASIC.Tests· Memory · Disk· CPU (8080/ 8085/ Z80) · Printer· TerminalTo our knowledge the CPU test is the first of its kind anywhere Diagnostics I canhelp you find problems before they become serious. A good set of diagnosticroutines are a must in any program libraryMinimal requirements 24K CP/ M. Supplied with complete user manual :S60 .00Manual alone $1500SELF COMPILING: Includes every line of source code necessary to recompile itself. EXTENSIBLE: Adds functions at will. Z80 & 8080 ASSEMBLERS included Single license. OEM licensing available Please specify CPU type: Z80 or 8080Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial: $150.00 Documentation alone: $25.00ACCOUNTING-------ENHANCED 'TINY' PASCAL: We still call it 'Tiny· but it's bigger and betterAccouNTs PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE: A complete. user oriented packagewhich features:automatic postings to general ledger (optional)accou nts payable: · check printing with invoice · invoice agingaccounts receivable: · progress billing· customer statements· partial invoice payments · invoice agingThe entire package is menu driven and easy to learn and use. It incorporates errorchecking and excellent user displays. This package can be used stand alone orwith the General Ledger below.Supplied with extensive user manual: $200.00. Manual alone $2000GENERAL LEDGER: A complete, user oriented package which features · Accepts postings from external programs (Le API AR above)Accepts directly entered postings· Maintains account balances for current month. quarter. and year and previous three quarters· Financial reports trial balance. income statement balance sheet. and more. Completely menu driven and easy to learn and use. Excellent displays and error checking for trouble free operation. Can be used s<and alone or with Accounts Payable/ Receivable above.Supplied with extensive user manual : $200.00 Manual alone $20.00Both require 48K GP/ M, terminal with cursor pasitioning, home and clear home. one 8" disk or Two 5" disks. CBASIC2 required.TEXT PROCESSING·----- ns- Text Formatting System: An extremely pawerful formatter. Morethan 50 commands. Supports all majOr features including:· left & right margin justification · dynamic insertion from disk file· user defined macros · underlining and backspaceTFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example: Personalized form letters complete with name & address & other insertions from a disk file. Text is not limited to the size of RAM making TFS perfect for reports or any big jobText is entered using GP/ M standard editor or most any GP/ M compatible editor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-List making personalized form letters easyRequires 24K CP/ M.than ever1 This is the Famous Chung; Yuen 'Tiny · Pascal with more feature sadded. Features include:· recursive procedures/ functions · integer arithmetic · CASE· FOR (loop)·sequential disk 1/ 0 · one dimensional arrays·IF .. . THEN ... El SE·WHILE· 'PEAK ' & 'POKE '·READ & WRITE·REPEAT ... UNTIL · more'Tiny· Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times taster than simi lar BASICprograms.SOURCE TOO' We still distribute source . in Tiny· Pascal. on each discettesold. You can even recompile the compiler. add features or 1ust gain insight intocompiler construction.'Tiny· Pascal is perfect for writing text processors. real time control systems.virtually a.nv application which requires high speed Requires 36K CP/ M. Suppliedwith complete user manual and source on discette $85 .00Manual alone: $10.00.-----SOFTWARE SECURITYENCODE/DECODE: Acomplete software security system for GP/ M. Encode/Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which transforms data storedon disk into coded text which is completely unrecognizable Encode/ Decodesupports multiple security levels and passwords. A user defined combination(One billion possible) is used to code and decode afile. Uses are unlimited. Beloware a few examples· data bases· general ledger· inventory· payroll files· correspondence· accounts pay/ rec· programs· tax records· mailing listsEncode/ Decode is available in two versions:Encode/ Decode I provides a level of security suitable for normal useEncode/ Decode II provides enhanced security for the most demanding needs.Both versions come supplied on discette and with a complete user manual.Encode/ Decode I: $50.00 Encode/ Decode II $10000Manual alone $15.00 -INTERCOMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS TERM : a complete intercommunications package for linking your computer to other computers. Link either to other GP/ M computers or to large timesharing systems. TERM is comparable to other systems but costs less. delivers more andSupplied with extensive user manual: $85 00. Manual alone $20.00.Source to TFS in 8080 assembler (can be assembled using standard CP/ M assembler) plus user manual : $250.00.source is provided on discettei With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files !COM too. withincluded convertion program)with any other CP/ M computer which has TERM orMAILING L I S T - - - - - - SUPER-M-LIST: A complete. easy to use mailing list program package Allows for two names. two address . city. state. zip and a three digit code field for added flexibility. Super-M-List can sort on any field and produce mailing labels direct to printer or disk file for later printing or use by other programs Super-M List is the perfect companion to TFS. Handles 1981 Zip CodesiRequires 48K GP/ M. Supplied with complete user manual: $75.00. Manual alone $10.00UTILITIES-------urnity pack #1: Acollection of programs that you will find useful and maybe even necessary in your daily work 1we did'! IncludesCMP· Compare two files for equality ARCHIVER: Compacts many files into one useful when you run out of directoryentries .compatible package. Allows real time communication between users on separatesystems as well as acting as timesharing terminal.· Engage/ disengage printer·error checking and auto retry·terminal mode for timesharing between systems · conversational mode·send files·receive filesRequires 32K CP/ M. Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code: $1 10 00 Manual alone: $15.00. CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar,5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector MZAll Orders and General Information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628SORT · In core sort of variable length recordsCHAMPAIGN, IL 61820XDIR Extended . alphabetical directory listing with groupings by common extension.(217) 359-2112PRINl · Formatted listings to printer. PG Lists files to CRT a page at a time plus moreSuperSoft Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691 (answered only when technician is available) "CP/ M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCHRequires 24K CP / M. Supplied with instructions on d1scette $50.00First in Software TechnologyCircle 170 on inquiry cardBYTE September 1980 261and semiconductor technology, and more. Con tact Wescon, 999 N Sepulveda Blvd, El Segundo CA 90245 , (213) 772-2965.September 17-19ACM Small/ Personal Com puter Conference, Rickey's Hyatt House, Palo Alto CA. This symposium will blend contributed papers, panel, and informal discussions. Hardware and software topics involving theory, design, construction, marketing, and application will be included . Discussions will cover microcomputer applications in business, in dustry, education, and the home. Details are available from Conference Chairman, Philippe Lehot, PLA, 976 Longridge Rd, Oakland CA 94610.Seµ tember 18-2 1Mid-Atlantic Business and Home-Computer Show, DC Armory / Starplex, Washington DC. This is an end-user exposition featuring small- and medium-sizedbusiness systems, scientific and engineering computers, microcomputers, and electrotechnology. Contact Northeast Expositions Inc, POB 678, Brookline Village MA 02147, (617) 739-2000 .September 22-25Software INFO, Hyatt Regency, Chicago IL. This is the first national conference and exhibit on packaged software held in the US . For more information, or to reserve space, call (312) 263-3131 or write Soft ware INFO, Suite 545, 222 W Adams St, Chicago IL 60606 .Se ptember 23-25Compcon '80 Fall, Capital Hilton Hotel, Washington DC. Sponsored by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), this show is concerned with distributed computing and related topics. Discussions will cover interfaces, stan dards, and protocols; data communications and net working; computer systems;data bases; security; office systems; and more. Details from Compcon '80 Fall, POB 639, Silver Spring MD 20901, (617) 879-2960.September 24-27The Tenth Annual Con ference of the Society for Computer Medicine, San Diego Hilton, San Diego CA. This conference has been planned for physicians, attorneys, administrators, computer professionals, comptrollers, engineers, nurses, and anyone in terested in the use of com puters for patient care . Ses sions on medical subjects, technical subjects and con tributed papers on new research in computer medicine will be offered. For information, contact Society for Computer Medicine, 1901 N Ft Myer Dr, Suite 602, Arlington VA 22209, (703) 525-0098.September 25-28Mid-Atlantic Personal and Business Computer Show, Philadelphia Civic Center,08.000!I hj · \11nd 1,mlt' 1~ ht:H' .ind ~ 1Kro0d Sy., h.:i ~ 1tl Now you <._an own a compk·lt'rmnt«unput"r fc.uunng the 1ncrcd1ble powPr of the bU(XXl processor 1n ii versa tileturn kt>y '~· ~tem - .1 11 .l t 1mcr o p11ces1 The b8000 processor offers a lb bit1_·\ lt..·rn.tl ,md 11 bit 111tt>m,1I da1,1 path , ,ind ha s many architectural fea turespr1·v11Ju~ ly fo und nnly 111 m.unframt' com1x1tt'r.,. ThP MDblSK single board con1pu ter offt'r~ tht· U'>er ,1 11 of th{' power of tht· 1.1moo 111 ,1 complete minicomputer ,Lombming m.i ss memory , double density d1::.k / W1nchestcr controller , interrupt<11rh111·nurt', and multru~t·r 110 Th<' M0<>8K may e.isily be interfaced to a van('t yof bu~ .lddpten., <11low1ng the use of e:\t<.·rn.il penpherab, and RAM e'=panslOllto lb 'Y1t.·gabyte::. fht· Mtmfrarne houses the ,...\0681\ , power supplies, 1'0tonnt·ttn1<. .md dual l.'1ght inch dnves. Whether you are looking for the most.idv,mn·d single boctrd compi_1t('r , 01 <1n MnaLing turn-key syst em, the M068K a nd,\1 1nirr.inw are fo1 you1~Hardware:256K Bytes RAMParity Checking Memory Management Sophisticated Firmware 8 Parallel Ports8 RS-232 Serial PortsDouble Density ControllerWinchester ControllerDual 8" FloppiesMulti-User, Multi-TaskingWinchester OptionBus Adapters Available:IEEE 488 S-100IntelSS50DECetc.Software:DOS Resident Assembler Cross Assembler Linker Debugger Pascal BASIC etc.MD68K Single Board Computer $2395 Miniframe"'with Dual Drives$3995 How To Order:l\\ MicroDaSysBy Phone: Call (213) 731--0876 for VISA. MC and COD. By Mall: Send check or money order.PO.BO\ \bl75 ' Los ;\ngeles' CA ':ttHl1b IW X. YIO-L!l -1\78Philadelphia PA. General admission for adults is $5. The show is being produced by National Computer Shows, POB 678, Brookline Village MA 02147, (617) 739-2000.Sep tember 25-29The Third World Computer Chess Championship, Brucknerhaus, Linz , Austria. This tournament will be a four- or five-round Swiss style competition with par ticipants restricted to com puter chess programs. The current world and North American champion, CHESS 4.9 of Northwestern Univer sity, will return to defend its title. Also expected to par ticipate are the former world champion , KAISSA, from the Moscow Institute of System Studies; MASTER, the current European cham pion ; BELLE, CHAOS , DUCHESS, and other pro grams from Europe , the US , and Canada . For informa tion in the US , contact Pro fessor M M Newborn, School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal , Quebec H3A 2K6 Canada. In Europe , contact Frederic Friedel , Haupt strasse 28B, 2114 Hollenstedt , West Germany (BRO) .September 26-2 7Classroom Applications of Computers in Grades K thru 12, Independence High School, San Jose CA. Tutorials, workshops, ex hibits, and a trip to "Silicon Valley" will highlight this conference. The emphasis will be to inform teachers about the possible uses of computers in all areas of education. Contact Computer-Using Educators, cl o W Don McKell, In dependence High School, 1776 Educational Park Dr, San Jose CA 95133.September JO-October 2Computer Crime: Investiga tion and Prosecution, San Francisco CA. This workshop is designed for security and law enforce ment investigators, prose cutors, attorneys, and com puter specialists who have262 Septembe r 1980 @ BYTE Publicat ions IncCircle 171 on inquiry card .CompuServe's information service.A world of information available. Right now. If you have a personal computer-or a computer terminal - CompuServe can bring a world of information into your home or small business.CompuServe CompuServe is a major computer services com pany that has been serving top industrial and governmental clients for more than a decade. Now we're also applying our extensive computing capacity to the delivery of information services to your personal computer.The Information Service This exciting service is available in more than 250 cities between 6 p.m. and 5 a.m . weekdays, all day weekends and most holidays. Cost? Only $5.00 per hour billed in minutes. All you need is a 300 baud modem, and our complete information service is only a local phone call away.Welcome to CompuServe's information service.· News. Weather. Sports. Major regional news papers. Plus international news services.· Finance. MicroQuote. Updates and historical information on stocks, bonds and commodities.·Entertainment. Theatre , book, movie and res taurant reviews . Plus opera, symphony, ballet, dance, museums, galleries ...·Electronic Mail. Create, edit, send and receive messages from any other CompuServe user . .. nationwide.Circle 172 on inquiry card .·Home & Educational Reference Service. Any thing you want to know ... from encyclopedia in formation to household tips.·CompuServe User Information. In case you need technical help ... and information on new services as they become available.· MicroNET. For the computer hobbyist. Software Exchange, line printer art gallery, challenging games, programming languages, word proces sing, business & educational programs ... and much, much more.And this is just the beginning. CompuServe is continually adding to its list of available services. The world of electronic information isn't coming tomorrow. It's here today.CompuServe is Available at Radio Shack® Stores Your local Radio Shack® Store Sells Com puServe's information service. There are more than 6,000 Radio Shack® Stores and Dealers nationwide. Check with the outlet nearest you.Radio Shack is a division of Tandy Corporation .CompuServeInformation Service Division 5000 Arlington Centre Blvd. Columbus, Ohio 43220 (614) 457-8600BYTE September 1980 263had training or experience in investigating financial or computer crimes. The fee is $575. For more information, contact Paul Shaw, Assets Protection Jo urnal , 500 Sut ter St , Suite 503, San Fran cisco CA 94102 , (415) 392-2955.October 1980October 1-2Choosing and Using Microprocessor Develop ment Systems, London PressCentre, London, England . This seminar will present in formation and practical ex perience on which to base the selection and use of microprocessor-development systems. It will provide guidelines to answer ques tions on the definition of microprocessor-development systems, what features should be looked for , how to analyze particular re quirements, and what systems are commercially available. The program is intended for senior engineers and engineering managerswho have some knowledge of microprocessors. Contact the Conference and Courses Unit , Sira Institute Ltd, South Hill, Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5EH, England .October 1-3The Tenth International Symposium on FaultTolerant Computing, Kyoto, Japan . This meeting is devoted to the theory and practice of reliable com puting and will cover design of fault-tolerant circuits and systems, analysis of system performance and reliability;applications of coding tech niques, software reliability and testing, and more . For information and traveling arrangements, contact Secretary of ITCS-10, Dept of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineer ing, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606 Japan.October 6-8APL Users Meeting, Toron to, Canada . This conference is aimed at APL users as well as those considering the use of APL in their systems. Speakers will present papers which discuss the practical use of APL. Managing APL resources, teaching APL, and APL programming techniques will also be covered . The registration fee is $180 (in Canadian funds), which includes a copy of the proceedings. For a brochure and registration material, contact Rosanne Wild, I P Sharp Associates Ltd, 145 King St W , Toronto , On tario , M5H 1J8, Canada.D-Cat;M) Everything you'll ever need in a basic, direct inodem. There's only one originate/answer modem that gives you the performance and reliability of a direct connect modem with the portability and price of an acoustic. Novation's new D-Cat.D-Cat is the only direct modem that's FCC approved for handset jack connection with any modular phone. Use it at home or at work on a 50-pin, six line business phone. Talk to D-Cats, Cats, or any other Bell 103 compatible modem.D-Cat also has all the features you want: full duplex capability, voice/datamonitor, up to 20 dB performance improvement over acoustic, hold function, privacy button, self-test, and a remarkable price. Only $199.But best of all, it's from Novation. The recognized world leader in personal communications.D-Cat.by Novat1onCall for details:(800) 423-5410In California (213) 996-5060Available at Avnet Electronics. Hamilton Electro, Hamilton Avnet. Kierulff Electronics, Byte Shops, Compute rland , and yo ur local computer store.Novation, Inc., 18664 Oxnard Street. Tarzana, California 91356October 8-10Circulation Computer Systems Symposium, Chicago Marriott Hotel, Chicago IL. More than 425 newspaper publishers, general managers, circula tion directors, controllers, and data-processing managers are expected to at tend this symposium . Workshop sessions will be held for participants who already have or who are considering automated cir culation systems. For more information, contact American Newspaper Publishers Association, The Newspaper Center, POB 17407, Dulles Airport, Washington DC 20041 , (703) 620-9500.O ctober 14-16Minicomputer and Microcomputer Conference and Exposition, Brooks Hall / Civic Auditorium, San Francisco CA. Contact Managing Director, Mini/ Micro Conference and Exposition, 32302 Camino Capistrano, Suite 202, San Juan Capistrano CA 92675, (714) 661-3301.264 September 1980 © BYTE Publications In cCircle 174 on inquiry card.Stack Work'sA full, extended FORTH interpreter/ compiler produces COMPACT, ROMABLE code . As fast as compiled FORTRAN , as easy to use as interactive BASIC.SELF COMPILING Includes every line of source code necessary to recompile itself.EXTENSIBLE Add functions at will.CP/M* COMPATIBLEZ80 & 8080 ASSEMBLERS includedSingle license"""Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial : ~~~~~~~ntation alone $25.00~9EM 's, we have a deal for you!~~~;~;·;;;~:~::::~:Mod I , . CP/ M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5"All Orders and General Information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 (217) 359-2112 Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691 (answered only when technician is available)· SuperSoft First in Software Technology*CP/ M registered trademark Digital ResearchCircle 173 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 265'"'Disc/3 c''°''"''"MART, INC. DO IT YOURSELFLOW-LOW PRICES ANADEX PRINTER , DP-8000 ........ $ 825.00ANADEX PRINTER, DP-95001,425.00BASE II Printer (complete with options) 645.00CENTRONICS 737 Matrix Printer ........ . 825.00HAZELTINE 1520 NEC Spinwriter 5510 (RO)SOROC IQ 120 . SOROC IQ 140 Assembled Tl 810 Basic (upper & lower case) . Tl 994 Personal Computer ... .. ... .. . LA 34 DEC Writer Teleprinter1,319 .00 2,643 .00745 .00 1,225.00 1,669 .00925.00 1,195.00CARTRIDGES· DISKETTES· MAG TAPE· ACCESSORIES AODS, CENTRONICS, HAZELTINE, IMSAI, LEAR SIEGLER, TECHTRAN, Tl, VECTOR GRAPHICS AND OTHERS STORE HOURS 9 A .M . - 5 30 P.M . Mon . through Fri .Call or write for quotes or information .Circle 129 on inquiry card.Disc/3 1840 LINCOLN BLVD., SANTA MONICA, CA 90404MART, INC.(213) 450-5911Marymac Industries Inc1tad1e lhaeK AUTHORIZED SALES CENTERSave 10°10 15°10OR MOREDELIVERED TO YOUR DOOROwned and operated by Marymac Industries Inc. Houstons only independentRadio Shack® dealer . Warranties will be honored by aU company owned RadioShack® stores and most franchise and dealer authorized sales centers . Store openMon.-Sat . 10-7 . We pay freight and insurance . Save state sales tax . Texasresidents add only 5 % sales tax . Brand new in factory sealed cartons . Reference :Katy National Bank . Call us for a customer reference near your city. Offered exclusively by Rad io Shack® Authorized Sales Center 21969 katy Fwy ., Katy(Houston) Texas 77450 Telephone 1-713-392--0747TRS·SO"FOR BUSINESS, LEARNINGANDENTERTAINMENTSpecial L1m11ed Tune O nlyDisk Drive $3 49 90Del1vt!1ed!Cat .11 26 1 160. 26 1 161 1Meet TRS-80's Big Brother!The New TRS-80 Model IIWe are lo c ated ju st S hou rs f rom the giant Tandy Com puterware H ouse in Ft. Worth, Texas.c.11'~ Joe McM·nusWe ve aaaeo a O·gger more pow erlul ·orother to the TRS-80 !amity 11s TRS-80 MoClel II - a comple \ely new m1c1ocompute1 lor ousmess apphcahonsllc·i CHARGE IT Tod·yOcto ber 16-19Midwest Personal and Business Computer Show . For more information on this exposition, contact National Computer Shows, POB 678, Brookline Village MA 02147, (617) 739-2000 .October 26-28The Eleventh ACM North American Computer Chess Championship, Opryland Hotel , Nashville TN . This is a four-round Swiss-style tournament with par ticipants restricted to com puters. All of the best chess programs in North America are expected to participate. A maximum of twelve teams will participate . The deadline for entries is September 8, 1980. Contact Monty Newborn, School of Computer Science, McGill University , 80S Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, PQ, H3A 2K6, Canada ,(S14 ) 392-8274.October 26-29International Data Processing Conference and Business Exposition, Philadelphia Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia PA. This con ference is being sponsored by the Data Processing Management Association. Contact the Conference Coordinator, DPMA Inter national Headquarters , SOS Busse Hwy, Park Ridge IL 60068, (312) 82S-8124 .O cto ber 2 7-29ACM Annual Con ference-Previewing the Computer Age, Opryland Hotel, Nashville TN. This conference will focus on the computer technology, prod ucts, and services that will come into general use during the 1980s. The technical pro gram will be organized around the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Groups, with additional ses sions for papers of general interest. C ontact Dr G ordon Sherman, Technical Pro gram Chairman, ACM '80, University of Tennessee Computer Center, Knoxville TN 37916, (61S) 974-67S8 .O ctober 27-30The Fifth International Conference on Computer Com munications, Peachtree Plaza Hotel, Atlanta GA. The theme for ICCC / 80 is "Computer Communica tions: Increasing Benefits for Society." More than one hundred speakers will pre sent papers on applications and technical developments of compu ter communication and assess their worldwide implications for the 1980s. Fees are $17S for pre registration and $200 at the conference. Contact ICCC / 80, POB 280, Basking Ridge NJ 07920, (201) 221-8800.O ctober 28-30The Fourth Annual Interface West, Los Angeles Conven tion Center, Los Angeles CA. More than one hundred fifty computer-related com panies will exhibit their wares. The conference will offer programs on office automation and small systems procedures for businessmen, plus data com munications, distributed data processing, and net working for technically oriented managers. Many speakers will be featured . For further information, contact The Interface Group, 160 Speen St, Fram ingham MA 01701 , (617) 879-4S02 or call toll free, (800) 22S-4620.O ctober JO-N ovember 1National Small-Computer Show, New York Coliseum, New York NY. Hourly lec tures on data-processing and word-processing applications for small computers, exhibi tions of hardware and soft ware, and seminars on various aspects of computer related news will be featured . A lecture schedule and basic information are available from the National Small Computer Show, 110 Charlotte Pl, Englewood Cliffs NJ 07632, (201 ) S69-8S42 .NOVEMBER 1980November 8-9The 1980 Personal Com . puter Fair, Pacific Science266 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 176 on inquiry card.Here's The Second Half . ....Second Edition$}595(soft cover)Written by the author of your Level II Users Manual, LEARNING LEVEL II picks right up where the Level I Manual leaves off. It even supplies the changes needed to make the Level I Manual compatible with your Level II TRS-80.LEARNING LEVEL II covers all Level II BASIC beyond Level I, plus much more. It shows you how to use the Editor, explains what the many error messages are really saying, and leads you thru conversions of Level I programs to Level II.Dual cassettes, the Expansion Interface with Real Time Clock, use of printers and other features are explained in the same easy-to-learn style that made the Level I Manual famous. LEARNING LEVEL II, ______________ , was created specifically for your Level II TRS-80!I ~ Yes, I want to LEARN Level II ! · IICOMPUSOFT@ PUBLISHING · 1050 EB Pioneer Way · El Caj on , CA 92020(714) 588-0996IIPlease sendcopies of LEARNING LEVEL NAME - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11. My check for $15.95 each + $1.45 P&H is enclosed. ADDRESSI1(CA addresses add 63 sales tax).I understand my order will be shipped promptly and there is a 30 day money-back guarantee.CITY ---------~-----STATE ZIP CODE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __I'-~~~~~~~~~~~~·-'Circl e 358 on inqu iry c ard.BYTE September 1980 267Circle 177 on inquiry card.Start Small and Grow Bigwith our expandable multi-processor, multi-use r systemD 5100 Bus and CP/M 2.2 ® CompatibleHardware Features1 Each use1 has 1l s o wn com plete sysl em c on s1s 11n g o r CPU . memory , consol e & local printer2 Unlike MP I M · system 1he1 e is no console speed aegradat1 on as you aao users 3 All users share common disk s!01ag e and host printer 4 Users c 11n se1ec1 either h os ! o r local prinler S Up t o 128 user termin als can be connec ted6 S- 100 Bus compatible 7 Each u ser has a hardware CPU rese1 butlon If any o l the l1sers " crash ne c an reset n1s C PU B Interla ces t o IBM 3101 ;md o t he r terminals Software Features 1 use ol CP/ M 2 2 allo ws any CP/ M compatible so ftwares to be used 2 DPO S/2 mull1-user supervisor e .11 e<: ut1ve J 2 Ille p1otect modes (in aaa11 1on to CPI M 's ) prevent " !atal embrace" and " interleaved update sequences 4 Automatic host printer spooling 5 Messages c an be passed among usersOSM Computer Corporation2364 Walsh Ave. Santa Clara. CA 95051 (408) 496-6910MARK GORDONCOMPUTERSDIVISION OF MARK GORDON ASSOCIATES, INC. 15 KENWOOD ST., CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139(617) 242-2749 (617) 491-7505SD SYSTEMS COMPUTER KITS* EXPANDORAM I (No RAMS) ...... 169.00 * VERSAFLOPPY CONTROLLER I .. 189.00 * SBC-100 Single Board Kit ......... 239.00 * Z80 Starter ... ............. ... .. 269.00OTHER SPECIALS* 16K Memory Kit .... . ...... ....... 59.00* CAT Modem .... ................ 159.00 * Leedex Monitor ................. 109.00 * Atari 400 .......... . ..... ...... 499.00 * Atari 800 ..... .. .. ... ........ . . 779.00 * Hazeltine 1410 .. ................ 699.00CALL COLLECT TO ORDERORDERING INFORMATIONWe accep t Visa and Mast e rc harge. We w ill sh ip C .O .D. cert ified check or money order only. All order s must include 4 percent fo r shipp i ng and handlin g . Massac hu se tt s residents add 5 percent sa les tax . The Company cannot be liable for pictorial or typographical inaccuracies.Center, Seattle WA. The theme of this year's fair is "Hands On." The booths and exhibits will reflect this idea , and the public will have access to as many com puters and terminals as possible. Contact the Northwest Computer Soci ety, POB 4193, Seattle WA 98119, (206) 284-6109.No vember 10-14The Fourth Annual Data Entry Management Con ference, Orlando FL. This conference will cover data entry, distributed process ing, and word processing with emphasis on data entry, including human machine interface. Contact Data Entry Management Association, POB 3231, Stamford CT 06905, (203) 322-1166 .N ovember 18-20The Third Industrial Revolu tion, McCormick Place, Chicago IL. This exposition and conference is devoted to development by manufactur ing companies of systems for information management. Information may be ob tained from Banner & Grief Ltd , 110 E 42nd St, New York NY 10017, (212) 687-7730.University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach CA 90840, (213) 498-5459 .November 20-23Northeast Personal and Business Computer Show, Hynes Auditorium, Boston MA. This is an annual ex position open to the general public . The admission will be $5. Contact National Computer Shows, POB 678, Brookline Village MA 02147, (617) 739-2000.N ovember 21-23National Home Entertain ment Show, New York Col iseum, New York NY. Ex hibits will cover video, photography, audio, games, and home computers. Seminars and demonstra tions will be featured in this show . Contact United Business Publications Inc, 475 Park Ave South , NewYork NY 10016, (212) 725-2300 . ·November 19-21Comdex '80, Las Vegas Con vention Center, Las Vegas NV . Comdex is a conference and exposition for indepen dent sellers of small computer and word processing systems, peripherals, media, and sup plies. Address inquiries to the Interface Group, 160 Speen St, Framingham MA 01701, (800) 225-4620, in Massachusetts call (617) 879-4502 .N ovember20-21Western Educational Com puting Conference, San Diego CA. This seminar will feature papers and seminars on the use of computing in higher education for instruc tion, administration, and research. Contact Ron Langley, Director, Computer Center, California StateAn Error in FifteenI enjoyed seeing my article "Fifteen: A Game of Strategy" appear in the June 1980 BYTE (page 230) . Un fortunately a bug crept into the program (listing 1), and it will not run as listed. The problem is in line 720, which should read:"IF T2 > O THEN 750"rather than "IF T2 > 0 THEN270". With this change it runs as it should.If the EXIT statements are dropped and the PRINT statements changed, then the program runs very nicely on a TRS-80 under Level II BASIC.John Rheinstein 10 Gould Rd Lexington MA 02173·268 September 1980 © BYfE Publications IncCircle 178 on inquiry card.ATTENTION COMMODORE DISK OW'NERSNever sort another disk file!With Creative Software's ISAM file handling routine, your files are always maintained in sorted order. 2K bytes of assembly language subroutines allow you to:· CREATE a new ISAM file · OPEN an existing fil e · READ key and data from file · WRITE key and data to file · READNEXT key and data from file · DELETE key and data from file ·CLOSE file · SUPPORTS up to 5 open ISAM files simultaneouslyAvailable for 16K or 32K CBM co mputen and 2040 disk units199.95 + S2.50 shippingSoon to be available for CBM 8016 and 8032 computer· with 8050 di1k drive. Manual available separately for SlS.00Creative SollwareP.O. BOX 4030, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040Circle 180 on inquiry card.************************************SURPLUS"SELECTRIC" SPECIAL! "SELECTRIC" TYPEWRITER TERMINALJust imagine; an IBM Model 725 " SELECTRIC" typewriter built into a complete table-top RS-232 terminal! These surplus terminals were formerly on lease and appear to be in good condition (we test 'em to make sure the printer is functional!) These fantastic BCD-Coded terminals feature :· 15'" CARRIAGE· 134.5 BAUD 1/ 0· 725 "SELECTRIC"·BB Character Set·RS-232 1/0·6 Bit BCD CODE·132 COLUMNS·Attractive Case·Sim. to IBM 2741·Upper/Lower SHIFT .~~;;'il~~·Std. Typewriter Kbd. ·MAX: 15 CPS RATE ·10 Chars.finchONLYs4&900 I· Removeable Type SphereEa. ·While we will check out each unit, we MUST offer these unique bargains "AS-IS ": Meaning they may need some service but are basically operational. Add $20.00 for packing crate, you pay shipping on delivery.ALSO INCLUDES: Type ball. 1/ 0 c1rcu11 boards . power su pply & some data. Sorry . no power cord included .$75000 -SPECIAL OFFER!!suy 2, take 20% Off th e Full PriceYou Pay Only ..........2...f.o_r"SELECTRIC"* PRINTER MAINTAINANCE MANUAL JUST IN 11 We now have available some excellen t prmter ma1ntainance manuals These are the mos! tho rough manuals we 've seen . Well worth the price ! .ONLY *25.00ea. · '"S ELECTRIC " IS an IBM rrademarkControl Your Life!Now have full computer control of up to 256 lights, ap pliances and even wall switches without special wiring. The SciTronics REMOTE CONTROLLER permits direct control of the inexpensive BSR remote line-carrier switches sold by Sears, Radio Shack and many others .· Controls all 256 BSR. remote switches-not just 16! · Hardware driven-requires minimum software · No ultrasonic link-prevents erractic operation · No BSR command module necessary · Rea l time, crysta l controlled clock availableThe controll er com es complete with fu ll documentation, sample software and is designed to work with most of the popular computers including any 5-100 based system. TRS-80-1, Appl e 11 , Heath H8 and others.Real tim e c locks are available for all of the above computer systems . When used with the cont ro ll er, tru e tim e sc heduli ng is realized . All c locks are c ry stal controll ed and have battery backup for accurate and reli able operation . Interrupts allow Foreground/ Background operat ion of two programs simu lt aneous ly Clock data includ es year, month. date, day of w eek, hour, minute. and second .Applications: ·M ake your enti re home or apa rtment computer contro ll ed · Save energy by controlling lights & appliances · Control security sys tems & ala rm sRemote switches not includedS-100 CONTROLLER BOARD S-100 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARD ENCASED CONTROL LER (TRS-80, Apple etc) ENCASED CONTROL LER &REAL TIME CLOCK (TRS-80, Apple etc) APPLE CLOCK BOARD ONLY$159. $139. $184.$269. $109.Send check or SciTronics Inc.money order to : 523 S Clewell St., P.O . Box 5344 Bethlehem. PA 18015 (21 5) 868-7220Please list system with which you p lan to use controller. Master Cha rge and Visa accepted PA residents add sa les tax. COD's acceptedCircle 181 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 269Exploring Ballistics with Your Computer Robert W Jenks POB 962lslamorada FL 33036Many sports are intricately in volved with the properties of objects lofted into the air and thereby com mitted to the inevitable effects of gravity. Both players and fans relish golf's hole-in-one, the long bomb to the wide receiver in football, and the home run in baseball. In the case of target shooting, the path of the pro jectile is of particular interest. How the bullet gets to the target is the pro vince of physics, but where it lands resides solely in the skill of the shooter. BALISTIC is a program to calculate just where a bullet will go.Ballistics Ballistics is the study of thebehavior of projectiles at various ranges. Of interest to shooters are the velocity, time of flight, drop, and drift at evenly incremented ranges of 50 or 100 yards. Also of interest is the maximum height attained by the bullet above a horizontal line from the bore to a bull's-eye, the trajectory above and below a line of sight at various ranges, and the energy of the bullet.A variety of factors influence the path of a bullet as it leaves the muz zle; most important are muzzle velocity, gravity, and air resistance. Muzzle velocity is determined by in ternal ballistics and factors such as bullet weight and bore diameter, bar rel length, powder weight and burn ing rates, and maximum pressures.The calculation of these factors is beyond the scope of this article. Muz zle velocity depends upon the direc tion of the bore relative to the horizontal, since a velocity is formal ly a vector quantity. As it leaves the muzzle, though, the speed of the bullet can be most easily measured with an instrument called a chronograph . Bore elevations at reasonable ranges are typically less than a quarter of a degree, and therefore are of negligible influence. The acceleration of gravity is depen dent on latitude and altitude (and thus on the distance to the center of the Earth), and upon local rock densi ty and underlying mass. This, too, tends to minor deviations: only 0 .5% from the equator to the poles, only 0.15% from sea level to 15,000 feet. The acceleration of gravity can be regarded as a constant 32.1725 feet per second per second in English system units.Air resistance is the most com plicated factor, and its effect is depen dent on the density of the air, temperature (and thus the speed of sound), wind velocity, and the prop erties of the bullet-specifically, speed, sectional density (proportional to the ratio of mass to frontal area), and shape. Whereas gravity pulls the bullet toward the center of the Earth, air resistance acts as a drag opposite to its direction of motion at any in stant. This effect of air resistance, independent of gravity (under usual conditions), determines the time of flight to any range and the remaining velocity. The effect of gravity com bined with the influence of air resistance determines bullet drop at any range. Therefore, the calcula tions of the effects of the air naturally come first.Air Resistance The effect of the atmosphere is topush against the moving bullet. Be cause a force acting on a mass results in an acceleration or deceleration, depending upon the force's direction, a bullet is decelerated at a rate pro portional to the ratio of the drag force to the mass. For a standard projectile, this retardation R is related to a cons tant A times a power m of the veloci ty at any instant : thus R=AVm. It has been deduced that the retardation or drag (call it r ) for any other projec tile differing from the standard only in scale of size is directly proportional to a ratio of the standard projectile's deceleration to a factor known as the ballistic coefficient : thus r=R I C. The ballistic coefficient C for a bullet dif fering in varying degrees of shape from the standard is, in turn, propor tional to the ratio of the sectional density to a quality called the form factor (commonly known as i): thus C = (w l d2 )1i.The form factor is usually disagreeably hard to calculate from270 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Pub lications IncCircle 182 on inquiry card .NE .VADA ©@~@[SForCP/MPowwful subHt of ANSI·74Order now! All the elegant simplicity of COBOL Is now affordable!These powerful, easy to use COBOL APPLICATION PACKAGES are also available:1. BUDGET PLAN REPORT GENERATOR Fantastic time saver and planning aid for beginning or established businesses.2. PERSONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING Eye-openi ng insights of personal spending.3. LABELS for mailing lists. 4. PRECOBOL (a preprocessor).REQUIRES only 16K RAM.Av·lleble on a· CP/Mstandard single density or 51/4" diskettes for North Star, TRS-80 Mod I and Superbraln. Other formats tool Manual alone $24.95.ALL 4 in one BOOK! 73 pages with complete COBOL source code listings and super documentation.$2495- ale WE ACCEPT GO FOR IT!In CA add · ·I·· I··· CP1M trade mark of Digital Research. TR&..aO trade mane. of Tandy COfp.Circle 183 on inquiry card.1 6 BIT S 100 PROCESSORThe LDP88 single board computer is the first 16 bit processor to put the power of a 16 bit processor on the 8 bit S 100 bus . The LDP88 is IEEE S100 buscompatible ensuring that the user has a large number of compatible board products to choose from . The LDP88 uses the Intel 8088 processor which is fully compatible with the 8086 instruction set.FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERThe LDP72 is an advanced floppy disk controller which relieves the processor of the time consuming disk con trol functions. The LDP72 is also IEEE $100 bus com patible and offers the following advanced features :· Software selectable single or double density · Mix minifloppies with standard floppies · Phase locked loop data separation fordata reliability · Controls up to 4 floppy disksPartial Kit Full Kit Assembled & TestedLDP88 $199 .95 $349.99LDP72129.95 219 .95$399 .99 274.95Coming Soon : A disk operating system for the LDP88, LDP72 combination.MasterCharge and Visa accepted (Visa add 4 %) (Mass . residents add 5 % sales tax)Lomas Data Products1 1 Cross Street Westborough , MA 01 581 Telephone: (617) 366-4335THE BEST DUST COVERS AT ANY PRICE· Anti-static vinyl helps prevent static from damaging sensitive components and caus ing faulty operation.· Double-fold stitching will not rip out and isunmatched for strength and long life.· Heavy gauge textured vinyl blends/with any decor and folds easily forconvenient storage.· Over 1000 custom designs gua ranteed to fit precisely.· 100% satisfaction guarantee means we stand behind ourproduct.MOST PRICED$7.95 to $11.95PLU S POSTAGE A ND HA NDLINGVISA-M asterChargeYes , there are differences in Dust Covers. Differences which can be vitally important to the proper functioning of your system.At Cover Craft we 've manufactured the highest quality Dust Covers for the electronics industry for more than six years. We've been selected by major equipment manufacturers to make covers for their products. Our coversare in use in every state and in more than 50countries. We know what it takes!So visit your dealer or contact Cover Craft forour latest catalog and list of over 200 dealers.~ E.exY.gAIJ-E~~H1f.·r3)889·6811Circle 184 on inquiry card .BYT E Sep tember 1980 271geometric properties alone, and is therefore inferred from the results of ballistic experimentation. But for ogival pointed bullets (ie: a bullet with a point shape defined by a cir cular arc meeting parallel straight sides at a tangent, or spitzer) i=..J(16n-4) 17n 2, n=L2+0.25, n equals the ratio of arc radius to bullet diameter, L equals the ratio of bullet head length to diameter (see reference 1). Most bullets are ogival in shape, but serious changes in the form factor are caused by even small flats on the nose (such as hollow points or dents in soft-nose jacketed bullets), and nofurther use of this mathematical rela tion will be made.Since the velocity of a bullet at any time is dependent upon the decelera tion, which in tum is dependent on the instantaneous velocity, a differen tial equation is involved. Since a change in velocity is dependent on the integral of acceleration, the use of the calculus is formidably indicated. Whereas given an initial muzzle ve locity one might attempt to tabulate range and velocity for suitably small increments of time, it is easier to tabulate changes in range and time for suitably small decrements in ve-No typing skills requiredIt's easier and more accura te to enter alphanumeric data wi th a BIT PAD than a keyboard . Now anyone can . · Enter whole lines of characters with a single stroke . · Enter data directly from business forms by simplychecking a box . · Enter vari able alphanumeric data from a menu keyboard . Take a printed form-price list. order form . loan or insurance application. laboratory request-lay it on the BIT PAD tablet and touch th e pertinent items with the pen . The information is entered directl y into you r data processi ng system . Plus . the BIT PAD does even more.Try to describe a fluctuating business tren6 to your computer through a keyboard . With BIT PAD you simply trace the trend with the pen. Special keyboard menus can be created by the user to enter high level lan guages . foreign languages or special symbols .Before you order any kind of data entry equipment. ask Summagraphics to give you the full story on th e BIT PAD ONE.Summagraphics Corporation , 35 Bren twood Ave nue. Fairfield. Connecticut 06430: or call Marketing De partment. Peripheral Products (203) 384- 1344.11 · ~ ·TheBITPADMalternative tokeyboarddataentry 1·----------,f I , I·f,L-,-. ·~locity, and avoid the calculus entire ly. Summations of these increments of time and range give the total time of flight to a given distance. To do this the values of the constants A and m in the equation R =AV m must bedetermined.Values for the constants A and m were determined by Russian Colonel Mayevski based on data compiled by the German firm of Krupp Armorers in 1881. These figures were converted into English units by Colonel James M Ingalls of the United States Army in the form of a famous tabulation known as the Ingalls Ballistics Tables.The standard projectile used in the Krupp firings was a spitzer-pointed projectile of 2-caliber radius, flat base, and an overall length of 3 caliber. The shape of small-arms bullets today is similar enough to this standard projectile to allow the In galls tables to closely predict their performance. It was found that the factors A and m varied with velocity, but could be taken as constants within suitable limits of velocity and still give accurate results. Thus eight ranges of velocity from 5000 feet per second (fps) to 0 fps, each with its own constants A and m, cover the range of small-arms bullets. The fac tors A and M in listing 1 are these constants. Also available in the pro gram are the constants to reconstruct the British Ballistic Tables of 1909: these seem to more closely agree with hand-loading data such as is in the Sierra Bullets Reloading Manual (for the reloading of cartridges by the shooter).To reconstruct the Ingalls or British tables, a standard projectile is as sumed, with a Krupp-shaped nose, weighing 1 pound, 1 inch in diameter, and with an assigned standard ballistic coefficient of 1 and a form factor of 1 (since w/d2 =1/l2=1). For a small change in velocity v = U - W (U=initial velocity, W=final veloc ity over a small change in velocities), and average velocity V=(U+W) l 2, the time for the projectile to decel erate from U to Wis t=v!AVm, and the distance over which it travels s=v/AV<m- i). The total time to slowfrom a given muzzle velocity to any velocity W equals the sum of all these increments of time (T=E t) and the total distance S = E s.The computer solves these summa tions for any bullet, given either its ballistic coefficient or form factor272 September 1980 © BYTE Publicat ions IncCirc le 185 o n i nquiry card .Listing 1: BALISTIC, a North Star BASIC ballistic program . The workings of this pro gram and the peculiarities of North Star BASIC are described in the text.10 REH ** 'BALI STIC ' BY R W JEN~S 1 97? HOD 9/ 1 0 / -~ ' '20GOSUB 1540 \ REH ! OUTPUT TO TERMINAL >30LINE 7940DIM C$1501 oT l10o2 150Cl = l \ A4 ~ 1 \ V=5 \ R3·50060 I CHR$ (271 oCHR$ 14 2)7 0 RE H ** INPUT PARAMETERS **80 INPUT ' CALCULATE BALLI STIC COEFFICIENT I YES / N0 19 ' oI$90IF IS · 'Y ES ' THEN F= 1 ELSE F =O100 INPUT 'ING AL LS OR E<RITI S H 1? 0 9 TABLES 9 ' · U110IF I$llo4l = 'INGA' THEN Fl = l EL SE F1 " 0120T3· 5 9+1*F1130P1 =29.5Jt ,4 7 *Fl140 INPUT! 'WIND SPEED!'oW1 \ ' ' Hile s Per Ho ur'150 INPUTl · t RQ SS WIND ANGLE!· rAl \ ! · Degree s FrCJm Bru .J d s. i d{:· ·160W2 =W1*COS l2*3,1415927*Al / 3 6 0 1* DD/60170IF I$ = 'W' THEN 460180 INPUT 'CARTRIDGE!'oC$190 INPUTl 'WEIGHT:' oW\ ! ' Gr a in s '200W=W/7000210 INPUTl 'CALIBER: ',D \ ' ' Inch'220IF F THEN 290230 INPUT 'BALLI STI C COEFFICIENT:',C240IF C<> O THEN 260250 INPUT 'FORM FACTOR!'oI260IF C=O THEN C= IW / D- 21 / I270IF I =O THEN I =I W/ D-21/C280C1 =C290 INPUT 'NON S TANDARD CONDITIONS IYES/NOI 9 'oI$300IF If <> 'YE S ' THEN 460310 REH ** NON STANDARD ATMOSPHERI C CONDITIONS **320 INPUT! 'TEHPERATURE!'oT3\ 'DeSrees Fa hre nheit'330 INPUTl 'PRE SS URE:',P1 \ < ' Inches Her cur ~ ·3 40 INPUT! 'ALTITUDE:',A2\ ' ' Feet'350T4 =59- 13.566E- 31*A2+1*F1360P2=29.53- 18.581E- 41*A2tl8.602E-91*A2-2t .47*F1370A3 =1tl3.073E - 51*A2tl6.371E - 101*A2-2380A4=A3*12-Pl/P21*1T3t 459.41 /I T4t459.4 1390C=C1*A4400IF F THEN 430410 !\! 'MODIFIED c:·.z5F3oC\ !420GOTO 440430T3=59+ 1*F1 \ P1 =29.53t.47*F1\ A2=0440I =I W/ D-21/C450 REH -- END OF ROUTINE - 460 IF NOT F THEN INPUT 'TO 500 OR 1000 YARDS ? 'oR34 70R3=R3/ 500480 INPUT! 'MUZZLE VELOCITY:'oVl \ ! ' Feet F'er Second'490V2=VltV\R2=0500IF NOT F THEN 560510 INPUTl 'RANGE:',Rl \ ! ' Yards'520Rl =R1*3530 INPUTl 'FINAL VELOCITY:' oV4 \ ! ' Feet Per Second'540I=l \ C=l \ GOTO 700550 REH ** PRINT DATA **560 ' · ·,c.,570 ! TAB(50>rINT<W*7000t.5),· Grains580 I TABl2Slo'BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT:·.c.· ·,zt5 F3rDr· Caliber· FORM FACTOR: 0 .I. z t590 ! TAB<30>r·Based on ·, 600 IF Fl THEN ' 'INGALLS', \ IF NOT Fl THEN ! 'BRITI S H 1909',610 ' Ballistic Tables'620 ! WIND ·,ztSFlrWlr· MPH . FROM ·rAtr· De~ree sCROSSWIND ·,w 2, · FPS ·630 I · TEMPERATURE ·.T3.' Desrees F PRESSURE 'oZ5F 2 .Pl·640 ! ' Inches Hg ALTITUDE ·,zfoINTIA21· ' Feet'650 660 'RANGE VELOCITY ENERGY MAX HEIGHT DROP DRIFT TIME'670 ! 'YARDS FT/S EC FT - LBSJN,IN.IN.SEC.'680 !690 REH ** BEGIN TIME AND DISTANCE CALCULATIONS **700K=2*V*C710V2 =V2 - 2*V720IF Fl THEN GOSUB 1350 ELSE GOSUB 1190730Sl=S\ S=StK/IA*V2-IH-lll7 40Tl =T\ T=T t K/IA*V2-HI750IF F AND V2 <V4 THEN 790760IF NOT F AND S >=R2 THEN 870770GOTO 710780 REH ** RESULTS OF BC / FF CALCULATION**790S =SltlS - Sll*IV2tV- V41 /1 2*VI800C=IR1/Sl/A4810I =I W/ D-21 /C8 20830 'BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT:·.zt5F3oC840 'FORM FACTOR!',I,zt850Cl=C\F=O\ GOTO 1090860 REH ** PRINT A ROW OF BALLI ST IC DATA **870V3 = 1V2tVl - 2*V*IR2 - Sll / IS - Sll880E = V3~2*W /32 .172S / 2890T2= TltlT - Tl l*IR2-S ll / IS-Sll900TIR2 /1 150*R3J,Ol =R2 /3910Dl=lll0.3t82.7*V3/Vll*T2-2920TIR2/1150*R31oll =Dl930W3 =1 2 *W 2 *1T2 - R2 / VllListing 1 continued on page 274Circle 186 on inquiry card.Software DevelopmentToolsPASCAL/MTMThe CP/MTM compatible language for 8 " 8080/Z80 CPU's, Northstar 20, Cromemco COOS & TRS-80 Mod II.· Random access files · Runtime debug support · Over 45 extensions to StandardPascal · 951 1A math chip vers ion available$175. Manual alone· $10.ACTTMNEW! CP/M compatible macro assembler for Z80, 8080/85, 6502, & 6800.Fl NALLY, one assembler that sup port s all major 8 bit micros and runs under CP/M . ACT is available now in 8 " soft sec tored & NorthStar CP/M formats .COMING SOON : ACT FOR 8086/88 & 6809.$125. Manual alone · $15.PEARLTMThe application software. ;'generator.Pearl asks questions that a pro grammer would have to answer to code the system. You answer the questions and Pearl uses built-in logic to construct both subroutines and mainline programs. The system then complies and executes your program code.· Level 1: For Personal Computing - $130.· Level 2: The Business Assistant - $350.· Level 3: Advanced Software Development · $650.CBASIC2TM required. Manuals alone · $25. eachCBASIC2Latest re lease 2.06, CP/M2-MP/MTM , or TRS-80 Mod I. Specify CP/M ver sion & format (8" soft-sectored, NorthStar. Micropolis, TRS-80, etc .)$95. Manual alone· $15.DIGITAL MARKETING2670 Cherry Lane Walnut Creek, CA 94596(415) 938-2880Pascal/M & ACT are trademarks of Sorcim CP/M & MP/Mare 1rademarks of 01g11al Research Pearl 1s a trademark of Computer Pathways CBASIC 1s a trademark of Compiler Sys tems TRS-80 is a 1rademark of Radio Shack Outsi de USA add $1 O for poslage & handl ingSeptember 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 273Circ le 187 on inqu iry card.Buy By Mail and Save! COMPUTERSINTERTEC SuperBrain® 32K . $2495 64K RAM , List $3345. . .. . . . $2695 64K Quad, List $3995 . . . . . . . . . $3395NORTH STAR Horizon I® 16K D.D. Kit .. .. . . . ... .. . .. . $1259 32K D.D. Kit .. . ... .. . . . .. . .. $1579 32K Assembled , List $2695 .. .. $2149 Horizon 2 32K DD, Assm ., $3095 $2439 32K OD , A ssm ., List $3595 . . . . $2859CROMEMCO Z-2, List $995 ... $ 829 Syst em 2, 64K , List $3990 . .... $3179 System 3, 64K , List $6990 . . . . . $5479ATARI® 400, List $630 . . . ... . $ 489 800, List $1080 . ... . . . .. ..... $ 839 Tl -99/4, List $1150 .... .. ... . .. $ 985DISK SYSTEMSTHINKER TOYS® Discus 20 . $ 939 Dual Discus 2D .. .. . . ... . ... . $1559 Discus 2 + 2, List $1549 .. .. . . . $1288PRINTERS & TERMINALS PAPER TIGER IDS-440 . . .. . . . $ 849 with Graphics Option . .. . .. .. . $ 949 CENTRONICS 730-1, List $995 . $ 639 737, List $995 .. ... . . . . .. . .. $ 849 T .I. 810 ... . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. $1575 INTERTUBE II , List $995 . .. . . . $ 729 PERKIN-ELMER Bantam 550 . . $ 789 TELEVIDEO 912C . .... . ... . . .. $779 920C .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . ·.. . ... . $ 839 HAZELTINE 1420 . . . ......... $ 839 1500 ... . .... ... . .. . . . .. .... $ 879 SOROC 120 . . . .. . . ..... . . . .. $ 745 FLOPPY DISKS SPECIAL5 Y." Box of 10 ONLY $29.95 (specify TR S-80, Nonh Star, SuperB rain, et c.IMost items m stoc k tor 1mmed1ate delivery. Factory sealed cartons. w/ l ulJ fac tory warranty NYS residents add appropmle sates tax Prices do nol inc lude shipping VISA and Master Charge add 3% C.O0 Ofders require 25\ deposit Puces sub1ect to change without notice.Computers Wholesale :-=-''P.O. Box 144 Camillus, NY 13031(315) 472-2582 IGllliListing 1 continued:940 I 7.5I,INT CR2/ 3t.5 l r7.1 0 IrINT CV3t,5 l r 7.8I r INT CE+. 5) r950 ! XlOF1r48*T 2~2 , zeF1,01,z 7 F1,w 3 , · · ,z 6 F3rT 2960 R2 =R2 t150*R3970I F NOT CNOT F AND R2 >1500 *R3 l THEN 7 109 80 REH ** TRAJECTORY TABLE **990 INP UTl "S IGHT ON AT! · r R4 \ ! · Ya rd s1000 I NPUT l "SIGH T HEIGHT! " rH \ ! · Inche s ·1010FOR X=O TO 10 1020 T CXr 2 l =TCR4 /C 50 *R3 l rll*T CX r Ol/ R4 - T CX r l l - H* CR4 - TCX r Oll/ R4 1 030 NE XT 1040 ' "RANGE Yard s· r \ FOR X=O TO 8 \ ! 7. 7 IrT CXrOl r \ NEXT \ ! 1050 ! · TRAJECTORY In, ·, \ FOR X=O TO 8 \ ' 7. 7F1, T CX, 2 >r \ NEXT \ ' 1060 ! 1070 REH ** RESET FOR ITERATION . W=NE W WIND INFOr A=NE W AIR I NFO r 1080 REHP=PRINTERr T=TERHINAL ** 1 090 S=O \ T=O 1 100 I NPU T U 1 110 I F I$ = "W" THEN 140 1 120 IF I$ = "A" THEN 320 1 130 IF I$ = "T " THEN GOSUB 1540 1 140I F I$= "P " THEN GOSUB 155 0 11 5 0 I F IS= "P " THEN 1 100\ I F I $ = ' T " THEN 11 00 1 160 GOTO 460 1170 REH ***** DATA ***** 1 180 REH ** BRITIS H 1909 BALLISTIC CONS TANTS ** 1 190 IF V2>2600 THEN 1330 1200 I F V2) 2000 THEN 1320 1 210 I F V2 >1460 THEN 1310 1220 I F V2 ) 1190 THEN 130 0 12 30 IF V:!;· 104-0 THEN 1290 1240 I F V2) 8 4 0 THEN 1280 1250 I F V2 >0 THEN 1270 1 260 END 1270 A=7442 2E- 8 \ H= l.6 \ RETURN 128 0 A=59939E - 1 2 \ H=3 \ RETURN 1290 A=23385E -22\ H=6 .45 \ RETURN 1300 A= 9 5408E - 12\ H=3 \ RETURN 13 10 A=598 1 4E-B \ H= l.8 \ RETURN 1 3 20 A=58495E -7\ H= l.5 \ RETURN 1 330 A=15366E- 7\ H= l.6 7\ RETURN 134 0 REH ** INGALL S BALLI STIC CON S TANT S ** 1350 IF V2>3600 THEN 15 10 1 360 I F V2>2 600 THEN 15001370 IF V2 >1800 THEN 14901 380 I F V2 >13 70 THEN 14801390 IF V2 >1230 THEN 14 701 400 IF V2 >9 70 THEN 14 601410 I F V2 >790 THEN 14 501420 IF V2 >0 THEN 144 014 30 EN D1 440 A= 4 ,6761 777E- 05 \ H=2\ RETURN1 450 A=5. 935304 6 E-08 \ H=3 \ RETURN1460 A=6.3368148E - 14 \ H=5 \ RE TURN14 70 A=9 . 5697809E - 08 \ H=3\ RETUR N1 480 A= l ,3 1 60125E -0 4 \ H=2\ RETURN1490 A=l . 2 4795 2 4E - 0 3\ H=l. 7\ RETURN1500 A=4.064882 5E -0 3 \ H= l,5 5\ RETURN1510 A=4,05E - 03 \ H= l . 55 1\ RETURN** 1520 REH ** TE RMINAL / PRINTER OUTPUT ROUTINES1530 RE HFOR USE WIT H NORTH STAR DO S 3 . 21540 F I LL 10559r3 \ FILL 105 6 7 , 2\ RETURN1550 F I LL 10559, 5\ FILL 10 567r4 \ RETURN1560 GOSUB 1550\ ENDover a suitably small change in veloc ity of v = 10 feet per second, or the program solves for the ballistic coeffi cient and form factor given muzzle velocity and remaining velocity at any range by calculating the perfor mance of the standard projectile and comparing it with the actual perfor mance of the bullet under considera tion. The answers are interpolated for maximum accuracy.These calculations are relevant for conditions of standard atmospheric density. Other conditions of air temperature, pressure, and water vapor content may give a density dif ferent from standard. Changes in altitude will influence all three fac tors . These conditions have the effect of modifying the form factor . Thefactor for a temperature different from standard equals the ratio of the absolute value of the observed temperature to the absolute value of the standard temperature at the desired altitude. (In the English system of units, absolute temperature is measured in degrees Rankine. De grees Rankine equals 459.4 + degrees Fahrenheit, t,0 R=459 .4+ tf F. ) The factor for a difference in pressure equals 2 minus the ratio of the observed barometric pressure to the standard barometric pressure (again, as would be found at the altitude). The altitude factor is inferred from experimentation, and for this I have used the same factor as in the Sierra Bullets Reloading Manual (reference 2). Deviations from standard humidiA Ballistic proportional part constant A1 Crosswind angle A2 Altitude above sea level A3 Altitude factor A4 Combined atmospheric factor C Current ballistic coefficient C1 Standard ballistic coefficient D Bullet diameter (caliber) D1 Drop E Energy F Flag to indicate calculation of ballisticcoefficient F1 Flag to indicate choice of constants H Sight height above bore I Form factor K Simplified term for calculations M Ballistic exponent constant P1 Atmospheric pressure P2 Pressure factor R1 Final range R2 Incremental range for tables R3 Maximum range (in units of 500 yards) R4 Range at which sights are on S Distance S1 Previous distance T Time T1 Previous time 12 Interpolated time T3 Temperature T4 Temperature factor V Incremental velocity V1 Muzzle velocity V2 Average interval velocity V3 Interpolated velocity V4 Final velocity W Bullet weight W1Wind speed in mph W2Crosswind in fps W3Wind drift X Loop variable T( ) Trajectory table array C$ Cartridge identifier 1$ Response to input requestTable 1: Table of variables used in the BALISTIC program .ty are best ignored. And, indeed, few shooters are likely to hazard whirling a sling psychrometer on the range anyway.Standard conditions at sea level used for the Ingalls Tables are 30 inches of mercury, 60° F, and air 66 % saturated with moisture. This com pares with the standard conditions for the tables in the Sierra Bullets Reloading Manual of 29.53 inches of mercury, 59° F and 78 % relative humidity. The product of these fac tors with the ballistic coefficient gives an amended ballistic coefficient.Bullet PathThe trajectory of a bullet is conven tionally taken to be the path tra versed by the bullet in a vertical plane. This path, in tum, can be measured from various datum lines. When it is measured from the line of the bore and the bore is horizontal, the path is referred to as bullet drop.Now for TRS-80 Model II, Sorcerer, HS I H89VEDIT CP/M Visual EditorYou Customize The Most Valuable Development Tool A Programmer Can Have. Features: Screen oriented editor with statusline. In visual mode the screen continuously displays the region of the file being edited and a cursor. Changes are made by moving the cursor to any place in the file and typinf! in new text or hitting a function key. These changes are immediately reflected on the screen and become the changes to the file .Full array of cursor movementswith single key movement to begin and end of lines, tab positions.Function keys for character delete, line delete and allowing line splitting and concatenating .Very easy to use text move in visual mode with a text register.Flexible command mode allows global search and substitute, repe titive editing operations, text move.Blocks of text are readily copied from one file to another. Files may be merged on input, split on output and other extensive file handling.Keeps up with the fastest typists! Extensive manual with sections for both the beginning and experi enced user. (Our users say it is the clearest, best manual available) .Special Features: Disk buffering can automaticallyperform Read/Write for files larger than available main memory.Tabs settable to any positions. Tab key inserts tab character or spaces to next tab position.Display of clearly marked contin uation lines for text lines longer than a screen line.Convert assembler code fields and not comments to upper case.You Customize It: To Your screen size (even 40 or70 lines), screen address and key board layout of function keys.Cursor - blinking, reverse video . Default Tab positions, special characters and various parameters. Scrolling methods. It is ideal for diverse hardware, keyboards and applications. For OEMs too.Compatible: Memory mapped displays, including VDM , POLY, SSM , VIO. CRT terminals, H19, Hazeltine, ADM, etc. Also for Sorcerer, TRS-80 Model II, HS I H89, SuperBrain, Cromemco and others.CP I M 11 a l··demark ot Dlgilal Aeseareh Corp TAS·&o is a l!a<Jemark ol Tandy CorporationThe Changes You Make on the Screen Become the Changes to the File. Compare with the other screen oriented editors. Some have most of VEDIT's features, fewer have the special features, but none are customizable like VEDIT. And don 't be misled by our lower price! It's many features make it the fastest and easiest to use editor available for program development . It is well suited to Word Processing too. (Even users with other screen oriented editors and word processors tell us they prefer VEDIT .)Ordering: Specify your video board, CRT terminal type or microcomputer, the8080/ZSO or ZBO code version and disk format desired .Need a Fast and Reliable 24 X 80 Video BoardThen you want the S-100 PllCEON V-100. It 's 1/0 mapped, doesn 't take up memory space, yet runs at full processor speed. Full character set with lower case descenders. Fully assembled and tested by PllCEON , the company known by OEMs for reliability . It's the ideal companion to VEDIT.Standard Package: For CRTs, Sorcerer, Model II, PllCEON .. .. .... $110 Memory Mapped Package: For Memory mapped displays . .. . . . .. . $100 Manual: Price refunded with software purchase ..... ...... . . .... $ 15 PllCEON V-100: 24 X 80 Video display board, 1 Year Warranty .... . .$445 PICKLES & TROUT CP/M: Super CP/M 2 .2 for the TRS-80 MOD 11 . . . $185VISA and MASTER CHARGE Welcome. Attractive dealer terms.CotnpuVielrv Products Inc.1531 JONES DRIVE ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48105 CALL ANYTIME: (313) 996-1299Circle 188 on inquiry card.Sep tembe r 1980 © BYTE Publicatio ns Inc 275ENTREPRENEURS In common parlance, the term "tra jectory" is assumed to be referencedNEEDED MORE THAN EVER IN THE MICRO COMPUTER INDUSTRY.to the line of sight. This takes into ac count the offset and angular dif ference between the line of sight and the bore. As the crosswind effectThe shortage of knowledgeable dealers/d istributors is the #1 problem of microcomputer manufacturers . Over 300 new systems houses will go into business this year, but the number falls short of the 1200 needed . It is estimated that the nationwide shortage of consultants will be over 3000 by 1981 . The HOW TO manuals by Essex Publishing are your best guide to start participat ing in the continued microcomputer boom .usually has little or no component af fecting the path of the bullet in the vertical plane, it can be treated separately. The combination of theHOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE 6th edition , March 1980Written by the founder of a successful systems house , this fact filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systems company . It is abundant with usefu l, real-life samples : contracts , proposals, agreements and a complete business plan are included in full , and may be used immediately by the reader .Proven , field -tested solutions to the many problems facing the small systems house are presented.From the contents:· New Generation of Systems Houses · The SBC Marketplace ·Marketing Strategies · Vertical Markets & IAPs · CompetetivePosition/Plans of Major Vendors · Market Segment Selection &Evaluation· Selection of Equipment & Manufacturer· Make or BuyDecision · Becoming a Distributor · Getting Your AdvertisingDollar's Worth · Your Salesmen : Where to Find Them · ProductPricing· The Selling Cycle· Handling the 12 Most Frequent Objections Raised by Prospects · Financing for the Customer · Leasing$36 .No. 10· Questions You Will Have to Answer Before the Prospect Buys · Produc ing the System · Installation, Accaptance . CollectionDocumentation · Solutions to the Service Problem · Protecting Your Product · Should You StartNow?How to Write a Good Business PlanRaising Capitalmotions of the bullet in the vertical and horizontal planes intersecting at the datum line fully describes its per formance along the datum.If a rifle could be fired on the Earth surrounded by a vacuum, the bullet would begin to fall, and over a time, the distance it falls would exactly equal one-half the gravitational con stant times the square of the time of flight. The effect of the atmosphere is to restrict the fall of a bullet. This does not imply that shooting through an atmosphere gives better perfor mance than shooting in a vacuum, because, though the bullet drops less$28.pitfalls · sultantsHOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT by LesIie Nelson , May 1980Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the microcomputer field , filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial I industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high : freedom , more satisfying work and doubled or tripled income. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COM PUTER CONSULTANT provides comprehensive background infor mation and step-by-step direct ions for those interested to explorethis lucrative field :· Established consult ing markets · How to get started · Itemizedstart-up costs · Are you qualified? · Beg inning on a part-time basis· The Market ing Kit · Should you advertise? · Five marketing tips· Getting free publ icity· How much to charge·When do you need acontract ? · Sample proposals · Which jobs should be declir.ed ·No. 16Future markets · The way to real big money · Avoiding the legalHow consultants' associations can help you · The National Register of Computer ConHow others did it : real-life sample casesand much more.HlliE-L\.\<.:E SOt"'TWARE MARKETl.NG ..H .J . M·Hrn~"~ ·: H .\ I' I' H I. I l' .\ T I O .\ SFREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING 3rd edition , June 1980Wr iting and selling compu ter programs as an independent is a business where · you can get started quickly , wi th little capital investment · you can do it full time or part time · the potential profits are almost limitless. Since the demand for computer software of all kinds is growing at an explosive rate , the conditions for the small entrepreneur are outstanding .Th is manual will show you how to sell your own computer programs using these proven techniques : · direct to industries · through consulting firms · through manufacturers of computer hardware · in book form · mail order · through computer stores . It will show you how to profi tably sell and license all types of software ranging from sophisticated analytical programs selling for thou sands of dollars , down to simple accounting routines and games for personal computers.for a given time of flight, it takes longer to reach a given range, and thus the total drop for a given range is greater. A bullet fired in a vacuum would retain its muzz:le velocity, as the absence of air implies an absence of anything to impede its progress.The British Textbook of Small Arms, 1929, likens the effect of the air to a simulation of a gravitational con stant that decreases with range. Thereby the vacuum equation may be used, but using a different constant f instead of g. This is approximated by the equation f=g-0.429g (M - W)!M, where W equals the ve locity at the given range, and M equals the velocity the bullet would have at the same range had it been fired in a vacuum; for all ranges M would be equal to the muzzle veloc ity. This equation is only a correla tion with the facts and is not meant to actually explain the mechanism ofThe book will guide you step by step through the process ofbullet drop under the influence of air.$30.No. 32 marketing , advertising , negotiating a contract, installing software,training users and providing maintenance and support. It also contains sample software contractsBut it is acceptably accurate down tothat have been used in actual software transactions . Also included are tips on how to negotiate withvelocities where W> M / 3 (see-----------------------------------, a large corporation, ways of avoiding personal liability, techniques for obtaining free computer time and hints on how to run a free- lance software business while holding a full-time job.ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept. 211111!!!111 ·reference 1). To determine an actual trajectory,the curve of the bullet path versus285 Bloomfield Avenue · Caldwell, N.J. 07006i.....:=JI range is tilted up just enough so thatOrder books by number. Send check, money order (U .S.$), VISA or Master Charge II. Publisher pays 4th class shipping . For Air Mall shipping add $2.50 per book In USA and Canada, $5.00 In Europe, $8.00 elsewhere . N .J . residents add 5% sales tax.IIthe curve crosses a horizontal lineI (from the muzzle) at the given rangeo No . 10D No. 16D NO. 32D Check enclosedD Credit card I where the gun is to shoot on target .City _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ state _ _ _ _ _ _ z ip - - - - -I I IIThis is effectively accomplished for small angles of elevation by subtract ing from the drop, at the range, anI amount proportional to the productCard#Exp .I_ ~o~~t::.'.,~i~!1~'2.:~d~c;:r~~e~ ~~2~~~.e_:4~b~~': ~~ :..E=~~l,:e,;_ _ .Jof the bullet drop at the targeted276 September 1980 © BYTE Publ;cations IncCircle 189 on inquiry card.range times the ratio of any range to the targeted range (o=d-Dr!R, where o = modified ordinate relative to the horizontal, d =drop at any range, D=drop at targeted range, r=any range, R=targeted range). A table of discrepancies between the path of the bullet and the horizontal is modified for the difference between the angle of the line of sight and the horizontal (crossing at the targeted range). Thus O=o-h(R-r)!R, where 0 = the ordinate from the line of sight, and h = the separation of sight and bore; h usually varies from 0.75 to 2 inches.For any given target range, the maximum height reached by the bul let above the horizontal while travel ing to that range is H=48T2 inches. Maximum height and midrange tra jectory are nearly identical over the limits of practical shooting distances.Crosswind Though the effect of air resistanceon bullet drop is somewhat odd, the effect of a crosswind is downright confusing. One would think that a bullet in a crosswind might do one of three things: it might quickly begin drifting with the wind if it were light relative to its lengthwise sectioned area, or it might resist the wind tenaciously if it were massive relative to this area, or, most likely, it should do a little of both; drifting to the ex tent that it is light and resisting to the extent that it is massive. In any case its crosspath acceleration should ap pear to be smooth as its sideways speed approaches that of the wind.In truth, though, a bullet will drift an amount equal to the product of the component of the wind perpendicular to the axis of the bullet multiplied by the difference between the time the bullet takes to reach any range and the time it would take to reach that range were it fired in a vacuum. This time of travel in a vacuum equals the range divided by the muzzle velocity. It is hard to believe that both a slow moving bullet and a fast-moving bullet (ie: bullets moving slower or faster than the speed of sound) drift less for the same ranges than bullets moving more nearly at the speed of sound, even though the fast-moving bullet gets to the target sooner and the slow-moving bullet gets there later. A bullet fired at a speed faster than the speed of sound at first ac celerates sideways moderately, then accelerates considerably in drift whileCircle 190 on inquiry card .ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE For YourC/PM®orS-100 SYSTEM"SHIVA®" is a highly-sophisticated VIRTUAL-PERSONALITY® multi-level multi user multi-tasking executive (operating system) for S-100 based systems. It provides your microcomputer system immediately with power comparable to that of large frame maxi-computers for a remarkably small price, yet SHIVA® requires surprisingly little R.A.M. area, and is conversational!!! SHIVA's® English-like input/output is interactive, dynamic, and may be reconfigured or exilanded by the user. And SHIVA® gives you the freedom to expand indefinitely . .. with tremendous hardware and software choice: SHIVA® supports hard disks and floppies ... R.A.M. addressing beyond 64 kilobytes . .. time-sharing .. . multi-level user-reconfigurable password protection . . . and features shell-commands similar to UNIX® in structure!! SHIVA<!'> is compatible with CI PM® and CI DOS® for easy implementation and near universal software support!!! SHIVA® is available for 8080, 8085, MC6800, 6502, and Z8~-based systems. Versions are in devel<>J>ment for ZILOG Z800C>-'9 16-BIT, INTEL 8086® and INTEL 8800~ 32-BIT PROCESSORS . .. And Omega Research® is dedicated to non-obsolescence and s:i-stem superiority in software choice . ... SHIVA® supports BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, a MACRO ASSEMBLER, DATA BASE MANAGEMENT, ALGOL-60f PASCAL . . .. interfaces in development for UNIX®, C, LISP, PL/I, APL, and RT-I ®· And needless to say, SHIVA® is very fast . .. .. .SHIVAl!'J .... $350 -- Available on 8" I.B.M. Soft-Sectored Disks and 5" C/ DOS® (Cromemco) Diskettes. Includes complete Documentation. ..M.C. & Visa orders accepted"SHI VA· :· " VIRTUAL- PERSONALITY ·." and "OMEG A RES EARCH ·., a re trademarks of OMEG A RESEARC H."RT-11 · .. is a tradema rk of DIGITA L EQUIPMENT CO RPORATI ON. "UNIX · " is a tra demark of BELL LA BORATO RIES "C P/ M·" is a tra demark of DIGITAL RE SEARCH OF CALIFORNIA "CI DOS"' is a tradema rk of CROME MCO, Inc. "Z-80·" a nd "Z·BOOO" a re t ra dema rk s of ZI LOG, Inc. " INTEL·,. is a trademark of INTEL CORPORATI ON* 2 Nhcoen·sheipamgr·enetm. penrito. ' Ftoorredteutamileodf "m·fo"r"m'aM t10n onf t m - · I·i.I-I l- l-EIE·.-ll "SHIVA®," send $1.00 postage and handling to:P.O. Box 479l~ liliiliil11Linden, Ca. 95236 (209) 334-6666CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TA X9 am to 5pm Mon .-Fri.0 19 80 . llh~1c_J l n te r.,ystem~ Inc. C P/M regi '>fPred rr.H lem.uk of Digit JI Re<.eJ rc hSeptember 1980 © BYTE PubHcations Inc 277Listing 2: This is a sample run of BALISTIC producing a calculation of bullet parameters. Note that the Sierra Handbook (reference 2) also gives the ballistic coeffi cient as 0.285. Compare the velocities for standard conditions.RANGE0100VELOCITY 3800 3405200 3045300 2713400 2 405500 211 7 FOR QUALITY... RUN WITH HAYDENNew! DR. DOBB'S JOURNAi. OF COMPUTER CALISTHENICS & ORTHODONTIA Vols. 1, 2 & 3 (The People's Computer Company Series) Vol. 1 reflects the changes that took place in personal computing in 1976. Vol. 2 (1977) chronicles the emergence of the small computer as a useful tool. Vol. 3 (1978) looks at the growing interest in programming languages . along with articles on specialized applications and utilities . Vol. 1, #5475-0; Vol. 2, #5484-X; Vol. 3, #5490-4; each $18.95 New! BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (Gilder)114 ready-to-run BASIC programs for the hobbyist and engineer. Programs include designing filters . attenuators . matching networks . and histogram programs. Other programs do standard deviation averages. means . and much more. #0761-2, $8.95New!PROGRAMMABLE POCKET CALCULATORS(Mullish & Kochan) An examination of scientific ca lculators pointing out special features . architecture . and programming techniques . Calculators cove red are the : Novus Mathematician PR . Sinclair Scientific Programmable . HP-25. HP-55 . HP-67. and more . #5175-1, $8.95Available at your local com uter store!Or Call TOLL FREE, 24 hours a day, ( 1-800-827-3777 . ext . 302)' TO CHARGE YOUR ORDER TO Master Charge or Visa' Minimum order is $10 00 : customer pays postage or handling. "From Missouri . call ( 1-800-892 -7655 . ext 302) Hayden Book Company, Inc.50 Essex Street. Rochelle Park . NJ 07662Price subject to change without notice.278 September 1980 © BYTE Publications In cREADYRUN50*CALCULATE BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT <YES/NO)? YESINGALL S OR BRITISH 1909 TABLE S? BRITI S H WIND SPEED:8 Mi le s Per Hour CRO SS WIND ANGLE : 32 DeSrees From Broad s i de CARTRIDGE!.22/250 WE IGHT!55 Gr a ins CAL IBER: . 2 24 Inch NON STANDARD CONDITIONS <YES / NO) ?YES TEMPE RATURE:68 Desre es Fahrenheit PRESS URE: 29 . 00 In c he s Mercur~ ALTITUDE:2150 Feet MUZ ZLE VELOCITY:38 00 Feet Per Second !<A NGE: 400 Yards FINAL VELOCITY:2460 Fee t Per SecondBALLISTIC COEFFICIENT: .285 FORM FACTOR: .550 ?TO 500 OR 1000 YARDS? 500 MU ZZLE VELOCITY:3800 Feet Per Second .22/25055 Grains . 22 4 Caliber BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT: · 285FORM FACTOR: · 550 Ba se d on BRITISH 1909 Balli stic Tab le s WIND8.0 MPH FROM 32.0 DesreesCROSS WIND 10.0 FPS TEMPERATURE 59 . 0 Des rees F PRESSURE 29.53 I nch e s Hs ALTITUDE 0 Feet RANGE VELOCITY ENERGY MA X HEIGHT DROP DRIFT TIMEYARDS FT /S EC FT·· LB SIN.IN.IN.SEC.03800503601100340915032242003046250287530027103502552400239945022505002107SIGHT ON AT:200RANGE Ya rdsTRAJECTORY In.1763 1583 1419 1 2701133 1009897795703 618 542 Yards0 - 1. 5.o· 0.o .ooo · 1 · 3.3 1. 3.·,1,.041 .083 .83.01. 2 .129 .1,.5~.:-o.J"8'.9"2.2 .176 3.6 .227 3.813.45.3 .281 5.518.97 . 4 .338 7.625.89 . 9 . 399 10 .334.2 12.9 .463 13.644.2 16 .4 .532 SIGHT HEIGHT: 1 . 5 Inches 50100150200250- .1· 7.8 - .o - 1.7300 - 4.4350400 -8 . 2 - 13. 3 ?ATEMPERATURE!68 DeSrees FahrenheitPR ESSURE!29.00 Inche s Mercurw ALTITUDE:2150 Feet MODIFIED C .300 TO 500 OR 1000 YARDS? 500 MUZ ZL E VELOCITY:3800 Feet Per Second .22/25055 Grains .224 Caliber BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT: . 300FORM FACTOR: .522 Based on BRITISH 1909 Balli s tic Ta blesWIND8.0 MPH FROM 32.0 Desree sCROSSWIND 10.0 FPSTEMPERATURE 68.0 DeSrees F PRE SS URE 29.00 ! nches HS ALTITUDE 2 150 FeetRANGE VELOCITY YARDS FT / SEC03800503611100342815032522003082250291830027603 5026074002 46045023175 002178SIGHT ON AT:200RANGE YardsTRAJECTORY In.?JENERGY FT-LBS1763 1592 1435 1291 1160 1039930 830 739 656 5 79 Yard s0 - 1.5MAX HEIGHT DROP DRIFT TIMEIN.IN.IN.SEC..o.o .o . ooo · 1· 3· 1 .040 · 31. 3.5 .083 .83.01. 2 .128 1.5 2.4"8'.8"2.1 .175 3 .4 .225 3.713.2s.o .278 5.418.76.9 .334 7 .425.49 . 3 .393 10.033.5 12. 1 .4 56 13. 143. 2 15.3 .523 SIGHT HEIGHT: 1.5 In c he s 50100150200250-.1· 7.a.o - 1. 6300 - 4.3350400 - 8.0 - 1 2 .9 Circle 192 on inquiry card.transiting the speed of sound (slowing down in its motion toward the target), and then settles back to drift ing at small incremental velocities from there on.The logic behind the observations is that the amount of deceleration af fecting a bullet traveling close to the speed of sound is large (as a measure) due to turbulence. At both higher and lower speeds, the combined effects of base drag, skin friction, and nose drag are changing less over a given range, and so the bullet travels this distance nearer to the time it would take were it able to maintain its initial velocity. Were the bullet able to ar rive at a given range in the time it would take if it could maintain its muzzle velocity, this would imply an absence of air resistance, an absence of wind, and thus no drift. This sup ports the dependence on the time dif ference .Also affecting the horizontal path of a bullet is a gyroscopic effect caus ing the bullet to point away from its initial line of flight. As the bullet falls, additional air resistance appears on the bottom of the bullet. This leads to asymmetrical torques around the center of mass which cause the bullet to attempt to tilt around a horizontal lateral axis, but because the bullet is spinning, the gyroscopic effect resists the turning moment and redirects it by 90 °, thus causing the bullet to yaw and veer away from the line of the bore. The effect is minor and only amounts to 6. 7 inches at 1000 yards for a 150-grain, full-jacket 30-06 bullet.The Program BALISTIC, listing 1, is written inNorth Star BASIC for use on a North Star Horizon co~puter and may need modification for use with other BASICs. An exclamation point (!) is North Star BASIC shorthand for PRINT. · The backslash ( \ ) is the multiple-statement-per-line separa~ tor; commas separate print items. Line 60 of the program sends the clear-screen command for a Soroc IQ-120 terminal, an Escape-asterisk (ESC-*) sequence. Lines 1540 and 1550 modify the North Star BASIC disk operating system output routine so as to reconfigure output to either the standard serial port (terminal) or secondary serial port (printer), and thus doing away with the need for device designation parameters in allCahlorn1a re sident s add 6% tax We are experiencing telephone difficulties, please keep trying.(212) 986-7690MAIL ORDER ONLY ~ . ~ QUALITY · DEUVERY · SERVICE,. 60 E. 42nd St. Suite 41 l New York, NY 100171--~~~~~~~.......~~~~~~~.......~-/ -41tllitiii.r...APPLE16K - $ 959 48K - $1059~.__,.. -·/ COMMODORESK -$79516K - $888SUPERBRAIN*ATARI32K - $1088 2022 - $695*32K - $2495 64K - $2695400 - $4952040 - $108864KQD - $3395800 - $7888050 - $1435*32K add-in memory8032 - $1495only $10 with purchasePAPER TIGER440G - $880~ · ·· · ·~'~ .Cl \Ii&TEXAS INSTRUMENTS99/ 4 - $995NEC SPINWRITER5510 - $2795 5520 - $2990l .' 'i:*XEROX 1740 RO - $2619 1740 SR - $2995 1750 RO - $2795 1750 KSR - $3170 1730 - $2195M~ACIeLrtifOtedRChDeckE(PRersOonaNl oLr CYompany Checks require 2 week. to dur .)*<DENOTES ITEMS SHIPPED F.O. B. NYC)PHONE (212) 986-7690We pay all shlpeing and ln·u!ance charges except Uems marked with asterisk.Micro Computer Discount CoVISA, Muter-Charge add 5% N.Y.S . Raidenu add appropriate saln uu.60 E. 42nd St., Suite 411 , New York, N.V. 10017September 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 279PRINT statements. Lines 1540 and 1550 should be replaced with ap propriate routines or just RETURNs on all computers where such execu tion might cause havoc . BALISTIC runs in 5300 bytes, but can be shortened by deleting spaces and remarks, and by merging statements onto fewer lines. BALISTIC may also be shortened by excising the routine for the constants of one or the other ballistic tables.Operation The program is self-prompting forthe most part, as shown in listing 2. It operates in two major modes: simulating bullet performance based on parametric input or calculating normalized ballistic parameters based on experimental data (after which it returns to the simulation mode). Units are English, and terminology is characteristic of the shooting sports (7000 grains per pound). Pertinent in formation is repetitively printed so that it is not lost in the shuffle. A suitably placed GOTO statement bypassing these lines saves paper when you are compiling records such as handloading information.When the computer prompts for the caliber, the bore diameter plus the depth of one groove is expected: the diameter of the bullet is a suitable alternate. If the ballistic coefficient, C, is not known, but the form factor, i, is known, entering 0 for C allows the computer to prompt for i. When the computer prompts for the max imum range to which to calculate, any range may be entered, not just 500 or 1000 yards. But when the pro gram asks for the "SIGHT ON RANGE, " a range listed in the table must be used (other than 0). The question mark following the trajec tory table prompts for an "A", "P", 'T", 'W ", or a carriage return-for new atmospheric data, printer or ter minal output, new wind data, or reiterate.Conclusions I hope all the major factors that affect bullet performance have been in cluded, so that accurate results are possible. The greatest, though un quantized, limitation is that the bal listic coefficient changes with velocity for projectiles differing from 1 in form factor. The farther from stan-Programming? dard this deviation, the less accurate ly will the calculated results match the real bullet performance, since the standard projectile will be less of a model for the actual bullet. Even so, the calculations tend to match actual performance within 1 % for velocity and 2 % for bullet path out to 500 yards or more, and compare nicely with published cartridge manufac turers' information and reloading guide data . Do not expect especially accurate results for blunt-nosed bullets or slow-moving boattails, though. But the accuracy is probably consistent with random variations in the actual physical conditions such as spatial variations in wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity, bullet imperfections and variations in weights, etc. Reduction of published data might indicate a mathematical relationship between bullet geometry and the way the ballistic coefficient changes with ve locity, and thus the equations in the program might be modified for more universal simulations.See the references for other sources and additional information . Hatcher's Notebook is extremely in teresting reading on a variety of shooting subjects. Other reloading guides are also valuable.So go ahead, load BALISTIC, and take your computer to the range.·A Best Seller That Speaks for Itself , --i--·--1· ·U ·j~ . 1 ! .- _ 1,1 ;;, ' ;."" .JI-··- I. 'THE ART OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMINGBy Donald E. KnuthPraised by many critics as the best books in their field . The Art of Com puter Programming , Volumes I, II and Ill , are part of a projected seven volume omnibus su rvey of com puter science now being completed byDonald E. Knut h.A hypot hetical assembly language called MIX has been deve loped by the author to illustrate programming exampl es throughout the series. MIX is easily co nverti ble to other assembly languages . Prof. Knuth writes with style and wit (among many memorable quotes is one from McCall's Cookbook )' Thi s classic work belong s on th e reference shelf of everyone seriou sly in terested in computer science .Please Check :D VOLUME I, FUNOAMENTAL ALGORITHMS 634pp. Hardcover #007-090 D VOLUME II , SEMINUMERICAL ALGORITHMS 624pp. Hardcover #008-090 D VOLUME Ill , SEARCHING AND SORTING 722pp . Hardcover #009 -090$2 3.50 $23 .50 $23 .50...~BITS. Inc. Books to erase the impossible P.O. Box 482 Peterborough, N.H. 03458Postage and handling Sl.75 per book Please check: D VISA D MasterCharge D Check or money order Call 24 hours a day: 800-258-5477 N.H. Residents 924-3355References1. Hatcher, Maj Gen Rel Julian S. Hatcher 's Notebook, Third Edition, The Telegraph Press , Harrisburg PA. 1966. Library of Congress number 62-1 2654 .2. Sierra Bullets Reloading Manual, First Edi tion , 1971 , Sierra Bullets , 10532 S Painter Ave, Santa Fe Springs CA 90670.3. Walters, Kenneth L, " Crosswind Deflec· lions: a Cast Bullet Anomaly ," Gun Digest, Thirty·third edition , 1979, DBI Books Inc Northfield IL.Give to the college 9f your cl101ce.~!;: Counc11 lor Financial A id 10 Educa11on . Inc. ..:.. 680 Fifth Avenue . New Yo rk . N Y 10019f!l!I ~ A Public Servtce of This Magazine & The Advertising Council280 Sep tembe r 1980 if~ BYTE Pub licat ions IncCircle 193 on inquiry card .Circle 194 on inquiry card.SPECTACULAR Introductory Offers- -. _ BASF "FLEXYDISK" SV," Diskettes * 10 @ $24.00Superior QualityI i i data storage medium, t certified and8" Disks·10 @ $24.00~!.n~~ ~~~~age pag~~ @ $ S.OO~ _ ,guaranteed 100% error free .Write for Quantity discounts."Single Sided I Single DensitySfD CASSETIES "Super ferro Dynamic " Using the lines! Agfa PE 611 tape in a professmnal quality housing.C-10 CassetteSonic weldedhousing10 @ $7 .005 Screw housing 10 @ $8.00Cassette album page $1.89Wr~e for quantity discountsLIBRARY CASE 3 ring storage album. 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AU equipment is infactory cartons w ith the manufacturers warranty Eau ipment is sub1ect to pnce change and availability without notice.OMPUTER SPECIA[JIES 6363 EL CAJON BLVD., SUITE 205, SAN DIEGO, CA. 92115 · 17141 579·0330Circle 196 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 281An Interrupt-Driven Real-Time Clock for the TMS 9900 Thomas G Morris Jr 861 St Mary Ave San Leandro CA 94577 One of the first things many com puter enthusiasts feel the need for is a real-time clock for their personal computers.With many different methods available for the computer to main tain the time of day, I decided that any real-time clock should have a reasonably low software overhead and simple hardware approach .Processor Overview One of the 16-bit microprocessorsnow readily available to computer users is the Texas Instruments TMS 9900.The TMS 9900 is a 16-bit processor using a memory-to-memory architec ture that allows multiple register files (known as workspaces) to reside in memory . A workspace is defined assixteen contiguous words of memory, The status register contains the curaddressable as registers RO thru RlS. rent state of the processor (ie: flagsThis method increases programming and interrupts) . The workspaceflexibility and produces a faster pointer register points to the firstinterrupt-response time than other word of the current workspace.processors have; a context switch may be performed without the use of Addressinga stack. The TMS 9900 has both word andbyte addressing capability. The byteRegisters The processor contains three hard ware registers. They are: addressing mode is internal to the processor and references the leftmost byte of a workspace register. There are seven main addressing modes.These are given along with the· program counter (PC)assembler mnemonics in table 1.· status register (ST) · workspace pointer (WP)Interrupts The TMS 9900 utilizes sixteen vecThe program counter contains the address of the instruction following the currently executing instruction.tored interrupts. The interrupt vec tors are contained in hexadecimal memory locations 00 thru 3C and consist of the interrupt workspacepointer and a pointer to the interruptcode. When an interrupt has been1. Regi ste r 2. Reg ister Indirect 3. Register Indirectwith Auto-Increment 4. Direct (Symbolic) 5. Indexed 6. Immediate 7. Relative(MOV RO ,R1 ) (MOV *RO,R1 ) (MOV *RO+,R1) (MOV RO ,@ Label) (MOV RO ,@ Label(R1)) (LI RO,> FFFF) (JMP $+3) Table 1: The 7 main addressing modes of the Texas Instruments TMS 9900 16-bit processor, given with assembler- mnemonic representation. Additional address ing modes can be simulated by subroutines called through extended-operation (XOP) instructions.About the AuthorTh o mas G Morris Jr works for Genera l Elec tric as a minico mputer systems software mialyst. His perso 1ial co mputer is a Tecl111ico Super Starter system with 32 K bytes of pro gra111111able memory. 2 K bytes of prog ram mable read-only memo ry, and 2 K bytes of read-on ly m emory containing a m onito r and disk handler . Peripherals include an B-i11cl1 floppy disk, paper tape reader, a Southwest Technical Products AC-30 cassette unit , and a T exas In struments 733KSR terminal.282 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Publ ica tions IncCircle 197 on inquiry card.SORCERER SOFTWARESYSTEM 2 bv Richard Swannetl. loads mto lhe lop ol available RAM and becomes an mtegrat pall ol the BASIClanguage All commands are smgle ke'(Slroke SYS TEM 2 ·S wunen m l80 and p1ovu1es ll'lt following lea1uresI SCREEN EDITOR. Un lhe ed1to1t o1nse11 . replacr. delete 01 ruboul charatlers 1n vour BASIC p1og1am Wal ch lhe hne change on lhe meen1 Gone are 1he days ol typing m a whole hne 10 change one cha1acte1 12 FUNCTION KEYS. SYSTE M 'l allows 12 keys 10 be programmed 10 1ep1esen1 one or mo1e characlm or up loseve1at 1mes ol te·I each ' Alle1 a key is programmed. by simply ht1hng key. all the 1e11 is sent 10 the p1ocessoi1 u ~ I as 11 vou 1vped 11 1n on lhe keyboard' function keys mav be used 1n all modes ol ope1a11on. including theed11or This leatu1e is handy 101 leng1hy and 01 oflen used commands and may include multiple slatements3 RENUMBERING ROUTINl W1lh a smgle keyslloke your progiam is renumbe1ed Start.ng lme numbe1 andincrement may be changed4 BASIC BUFFER PROTECTOR. SYSTEM 2 sends a !CR) when lhe BASIC BUFFER is full This p1even 1s BASIC lromc1ash1ng5 PRINTER DRIVER. Simply h11 CTRL P to direct ou lput to Cen 1romcs p1m1e16 AIVIYAL ROUTINl II NEW 01 CLOAO are lyped. 01 RESET is ht! by m1stake. you1 program may be recovered Thisis a sa lety deviceOTHER FEATURESRUNSTOP stops eiecut1on until any otrie1 key is h11CLE AR clears screen then sends a (CA I H11 ClEAR 10 starl on 'new pageCTRL characlm such as ESC . lF and ClEAR don·1 1e1urn ?SN ERRORRUB doesn't require lhe SHIFT key 10 be depressed Ttns quickens ed111ngIncludes a Real T1me Random Numbei Gene1a101Retuins automatically to BASIC afte1 TAPE CRC ERROR while CLOAOmgSuppiesses prema1ure CALF N01:mally , 11 RUB 1s used e11ens1vely while lyptng ma BASIC hoe. lhe cu1so1 willd1 op down to !he ne r l lme befo1e ieachmg the end of the cu11ent line SYSTE M 2 prevents this ·SYSTEM 2 requ11es 21( of memory and ·S available 1n 8 16 32 & 481( ve1s1ons$JS.SOAS232 PAINTER DRIVER. Requiies 250 bym of memory and 1s ielocatable Su1 1able tor MONIT OR. STA NDAR DBASIC 'N ORD PROCESSOR PAC & OEVHOP MENl PAC Stoies each character 1n a butler then sends lhe whole lmeat once , which solves t1mmg problems$10.00COMBINED SYSTEM 2 & RS2l2 PRINTER DRIVER. SYSTE M 2 w11h the RS23 2 prmter dnve1 mstead ol Cen11omcsp11n1e1 driverM0.00LUNA LANDER. Wun en m Z80 and Basic and requmng 16K . lUNA LANOER uses giaph1cs lo the lull Land you crallon the moon m real time But be careful to land sofl ly. otherwise you will see you1 LA NDER crumple before your ve1yeyest$15.00SYSTEM SOFTWARE1 Kent Street, Bicton, 615 7 AustraliaProgram comes on casselle aod mcludes full documenta11on. Specify sue of RAM . Prices m Aust ralian Dollars. Add $ 2 tor overseas a1rma1I. SORCERER 1s a trade mark of EXIOY INC.Circle 198 on inquiry card.MRURO PRORC MP-250 PLOTTER $695 wiih L20 Plot package $795with L20 &L3P packages $950MALPO PLOTTER ... Uses 11 " by 8-1/2 " or an y fe n g1h pape r.Resoiu1Ion I s 200 s t eps per I nch . 0 .005 · 1rackJ ng err o r. Mauro X-Y vec 1 or sof1~ore wl1h pe n con tra [ l s ovaiabie for 8080 / lBO, 6502 , ~ 6800 mJ c r o- p r ocessa r s. Requ ir es 5 bl t 5 o f a pat"n/ ;P.! uu t pu1 po rt. RPPL!:: , TRS-80 , rrnd RS232ln 1erf aces are avcJobfr. as l /O Op1Iuns.Ll:RPRC SOt!\.JRF~E - S uppo rt r; r. omµJc!e ?.f} &. pc r sper: tJ ve µ Jo t l ng , l n~ '. udJ :i g RSC1 I and C U \" Vf1 gr.nnra1lun.n·10 ! lab'.o 05r e fat! ve '. l n:O: ! ng ! : b r n r! os Cl.HO/ fol" M:CR::JS8VT c o m pa 1! ~Insco t ·,arr. p r cdur.is , f"OHTRRN- 1\0 , COflOl.· ·8 0 , Cll!'ii ' I! H< ll!1S I C ,and Mf'.)CRO· 00 ! n G)/ M :: :::mi.m t ! Ll!n fl Io!i U:l n· : il:k-]'/.t(' d! sks.J t· 3-· 1/ ..i · ::cR·rr!STr.,1 :'c r n n1t nd d1s~5.:...2n - :-:-'i :; !ut pa ;; k~3c. C c~ t n f :is i...v c r 2U r. :-~rJc n ,I. n ,~l.t : d ! ng ~RLCG~~ ) cc m p nt l ~ [ c cc [~ !; r. u :: ~ m, f)L~:·r n:-:! \..::-lt_!\t.. .--;o :_Jr> - iJ crsp r.-: "!! vc p: n ~ u~ :-: ~·.s_e. L··.- C'u:l 1 l! ~n::; n\t~ '"ontr!r. s . Cop a b'.o o i :!v"Q:.11 '. .i.J , r ' 1-13'1S , nr~ : M.rn ! O: . n~ ~ n u ch mo r a. <S e o &c;f ~ U Yfr 3 !"! n~ o vr. l .L.1:-~APri C.. ~f-~i <V I Cl~-~ ( r; 1r. I l .') 1-1',. 1' ~82..: 5 MED ] TERRR:--!Frl:"J WR\ ~HCRHtv~L'.. -,·o c;1 Q '..jl);lf) ilt:AL r~R I N(.)U IR I t:S >lRt: 1. .\' l n nCJ>/"' I· · .. ·9l·t · .. · lt , .... o .. ..... 1. .,f 0 1 g1 1 ,. / R ··· a .. c:h 0 t "" ·"'J CROGOl'"'T ' " u , .. .,o .. ...... 1. of MH::POGo..·-,, lnc .t:FICA.....CD-P ,. o , .... o. ...... 1. .. , c .. 11r ..... , .. c .... P" ''" .. .,.. .. .. .. ., , · .BUILD YOUR COMPUTER BREADBOARDS & INTERFACES FASTER AND EASIER \NITH NE\N VECTOR PLUBBORDS EASY TO USE!COST EFFECTIVE! CLEAN HOLES! 4610 Series - For STD BUS-WW, solderable and unpatterned models4608 Series · For Intel/ National SBC/BLC 80-WW/ solderable, or unpatterned8804 Series · For S100 5 models available4607 · For DEC LSI 11/ PDP8-11, Heath H-114609For Apple II,SuperKim, Pet Commodore with Expandamem4350 · For Tl 980 Com puterJ/tifljjf&teelWnief1mtJX1111J INCO·.aw·o12460 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, CA 91342 (213) 365-9661 TWX (910) 496-1539Available through Distributors or Factory Direct ff not available locally.74801Circl e 199 on inquiry ca rd .BYTE September 1980 28360Hzr-----,2FROM 60Hz GENERATOR614 A12 QA2 Ro(I l 3 R9(2)Ro(2) 2ICI7490 .;-68CcBIC2 7490 6 R9(1 l7Ro(I l.;-103 Ro(2)10 Hz14 A8I HzCc 59 CeI Hz OUT+5V 0 vENABLE DISABLERESET 30 nS MINIMUMFROM BUFFERS ON IC3 (60,10,0R I Hz)+5V3_ _ _ IC3L!~o~_J10 Hz OUT4r-----------,DPR CLRa..:-----...!.Il_I 1,0--L'IIFROM1-9:_+1-<I COMM UN IC AT IONIREGISTER IC4 7474I1 1c3I1L..7: _40_4 ________ ...JIUNIT PORT 3 CLOCKQ6Q LATCHEDOUTPUT TOINT /IFigure 1: Schematic diagram of the circuit for the real-time clock, with enable, reset, and disable states shown. !Cl (a 7490) is wired in a divide-by-6 configuration.detected, all lower-priority interrupts are inhibited until the current inter rupt has been dismissed . The only ex ception to this is the reset function (which has a priority level of 0) .When an interrupt has been de tected, a context switch is performed by fetching the new workspace pointer and program counter values from the appropriate interrupt vector locations. During this same time period, the old workspace pointer, program counter and status registers are saved in the new workspace regis ters R13, R14, and R15 respectively. When the interrupt has been dis missed by the interrupt subroutine, the processor is returned to its preinterrupt state by issuing a return (RTWP) instruction.Input/Output The TMS 9900 employs a directinput/output (110) interface method which is designated the communica tion register unit (CRU) . The com munication register unit provides for a maximum of 4096 bits of 1/0 capability. From 1 to 16 bits may be set or reset at a time; additionally, single bits may be tested for their value.Clock Hardware The heart of the clock assembly is acrystal-controlled, 60 Hz time-base generator sold by many electronic firms. The time-base generator pro duces an accurate square wave with a 50% duty cycle, which is fed through IC3, a 7404 inverter (see figure 1). This buffered signal is then directed to ICl (7490), which is set up as a divide-by-6 counter. The resulting 10 Hz signal is then divided by IC2, pro ducing the final 1 Hz frequency.The 10 Hz and 1 Hz frequencies are buffered by IC3 and made available for use as the minimum interrupt rate. One of the three rates is then directed to the clock input of IC4, which produces the necessary latched output. IC4 (7474 dual-0 flip-flop) is needed to guarantee that an interrupt will not be missed, regardless of the level chosen . The exception: if a higher-priority interrupt monopolizesNumberIC1 IC2 IC3 IC4Type7490 7490 7404 7474+5V5 5 14 14GND10 10 7 7STCLKRDCLKZERO INTERVAL TIMERPLACE INTERVAL TIMER INTO RORETURNRETURNFigure 2: Flowcharts of routines to operate interval timer.the processor for longer than the basic interrupt rate, the low-priority interrupt may suffer.Hardware Interface The clock interface to the computerconsists of a simple 2-wire hookup. One wire from the communication register unit port is connected to pin 1 of IC4, clear (CLR), via two sections of the 7404 inverter IC3. This connec tion provides both the reset and the284 Septembe r 1980 © BYTE Publications In cCircle 200 on inquiry card.FOR SERIOUS USERSOF 8080, 8085, OR Z80 COMPUTERSPRINTER WIZARD - Now add powerful capabilities to your printer . Free your computer for use while simultaneously printing backlogged output on a first-in first-out basis . Transparent operation without noticable slowing of the computer. Allows continuous computer and printer operation on programs having sporadic output. Will backlog up to 100 pages when used with a disk system . Adds optional automatic paging with numbers, adjustable margins on 4 sides, indented overflow lines. Occupies lessthan 2 Y2 K.Documentation onlyEX80M103 EX80M103D$45.00 $ 7 .50DISASSEMBLER - Disassemble machine code into stan dard source language. Modify or relocate existing programs such as DOS or BASIC using your existing assembler (not included) . Disassembles any 8080, 8085, or Z80 code, in cluding embedded data blocks and "trick " codes . Generates symbol and label tables.Documentation onlyEX80M217 EX80M217D$75 .00 $12 .50ALL EX COM products are f ull y supponed and warranted indef initel y against original defect s. Ava ilabl e on single or double density NORTHSTAR 5 ~ "diskettes, 300 or 1200 baud c assettes (specify ). Washingt on residents add 5 .3% t ax .ExcoM P.O . Box 1802 Bellevue, Washington 98009 U.S.A . Telephone (206) 641 -65 77 Circle 201 on inquiry card.DEC LSI-11Components Dependable service at discount pricesDomestic and Exportm·n· LDrnpu1er Supp~·ers.. ~nc.25 Chatham Rd ., Summit, N.J. 07901 Since 1973 1111111111111n111111111111 (201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476 © Mini Co mputer Supp liers , Inc . 1979PROFESSIONALHALF A MILLION TAX RETURNS CAN'T BE WRONG! (OR THEY HAD BETTER NOT BE)INCOME TAX SYSTEM FOR TRS-SO* MODEL I OR II Our system, which prepared 500,000 1979 retums, features the following :1. Full interactive user control , in tax-form language only, line by line.2. Screen display of full 1040 and all schedules. prior to printout.3. Change o f a single amount item automatically c hanges and re-computes ent ire return .4. All printout formats IRS and state approved.5. Stores Preparer's Identification for automatic print ing at bottom of page 2.6. Bu ilt -in Validation Check tests entire system . hard ware and software.7. Spec ial Printer Adjustment routines , Line Length . etc .8. Selection of closed or open output formats-for standard Form 1040 or open name-box types.9. Software control of text position on page. Makes forms-alignment simple. Permits use with non· adjustable prin te rs.10. Fills in pre-printed Forms or you can use overlays . Your choice.11 . Automat ically computes: Tax · SDI Overpayment · Wages Total from W·2's · Earned Income Credit · Income Averaging · Maximum/Minimum Tax· Least Tax Method · All Percentage of Income Limitations · All Fi xed Limitations· many , many more.12. Full support through the tax season-no charge.13. Inexpensive yearly updates in accordance with tax· law changes.14. Modular construction-lets you order only the type and size system you need.PRICING STARTS AT $189.95 (1040 & SCHEDULE A) 25-Page Descriptive Manual $7.50 (Refunded on Order) Minimum System Required: Model 1, 32K, 1 Disk Drive·rRs.ao 1sa1rademerkotTandyCorp. r-vi~CONTRACT SERVICES ASSOCIATES 706 SOUTH EUCLID· ANAHEIM. CA 92802 ·TELEPHONE (714) 635·4055* * * * 20 Years of Service****Circle 202 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 285APPLE HOR APPLEHPLUSdisable signal to IC4. By momentarily bringing this line low, the current in terrupt is dismissed, and further inter rupts are enabled . However, if this line is held low, all clock interrupts are inhibited until pin 1 of IC4 is once again a logic 1. The other connection is made between pin 6 of IC4 (Q) and one of the interrupt inputs of thecomputer, line 1 in this case. This line signals the processor that an interrupt has been requested by an external device, and is active low .Software The software necessary to drive thereal-time clock is shown in listing 1. To set the time of day and enable theSTIMGET ADDRESS OF WHERE TIME IS KEPT, PLACE IN RO INCREMENT RETURN ADDRESSShipped direct to you!s99900 (Plus Shipping)We have orchard fresh Apple products ready to ship. Immedi ate delivery. Send cash or cashiers check for quick ship ment. Orders with personal checks shipped after bank clearance .16K UNITS .... .. $899 32K UNITS ...... $999 48K UNITS ..... $1099 Apple Disk Drive $550 Pascal Language Card$450Above plus $20 shipping charge.IMPORTANT-No shipments made with in the state of Illinois.MIGHTY MICROS P.O. 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Give to the college of your choice. clock hardware, a call is made to the entry point STIM . This call instruc tion is followed in memory by the address of the memory location where the time of day may be found . This address pointer is placed into register RO and the return address set by the first line of STIM code. The value to be used for hours is then compared to the maximum value allowed (eg: 24 for a 24-hour clock). The same sequence of events occurs for both the minutes and seconds values. If the number to be used is greater than the maximum allowed or is negative, no further testing is done. Instead, the clock is cleared, the hardware is enabled, and a return is made to the calling routine. The calling routine must then set the interrupt mask to allow inter rupts at the chosen level.To obtain the time of day, a call to the GTIM routine is made . The call instruction is followed bv the address of the memory locatio~ where the time will be stored.To access the interval timer, the entry points of STCLK and RDCLK are used. STCLK will reset the timer to 0, and RDCLK will place the cur rent value of the interval timer intothe caller's RO. When the clock hardware generatesan interrupt, control is transferred toCK INTRESET I DISABLE INTERRUPTSINCREMENT INTERVAL AND RATE TIMERSNOZERO RATE I NCR EM ENT SECONDS COUNTNDZERO SECONDS INCREMENT MINUTES COUNTNOGTIMGET ADDRESS OF WHERE TD STORE TIME INCREMENT RETURN ADDRESSMOVE HOURS INCREMENT ADDRESS ROZERO MINUTES INCREMENT HOURS COUNTNOC YES! I wo uld like to know m ore abo ut the Art icle Reprint Service. Plea se sen d me full de tails on how I ca n order.CJ Pl ease include ca tal ogue of avai labl e t i t les.Nam eT111elnst1tul1onl CompanyDepanmenlAd dress__ StaleMail to: University Microfilms InternationalArti c le Reprint Servi ce 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arb or, Mic higan 48 106L--------------.1MOVE MINUTES INCREMENT ADDRESS ROMOVE SECONDSZERO HOURS,- - - -,I L_D_IS_MS_f-----('1...J,,RE-ENABLE I NTERRUPTSRETURNRTWPFigure 4: Flowchart of routine that reads Figure 5: Flowchart of procedure for dealthe clock.ing with a clock interrupt.288 September 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc64K MEMORY FOR THEHEATHKIT HS* COMPUTER AssembledKit$750 615 480 345$650 525 400 27564K (56K) 48K 32K 16KMemory Expansion Kit16K$125PC Board Only - With Documentation $ 50Phone for Free Brochure714/830-2092*HEATHKIT and HS ore Registered Trademarks of the Heath Co.- TRIONYX ELECTRONICS Circle 206 on inquiry card.DISK DRIVE WOES? PRINTER INTERACTION? MEMORY LOSS? ERRATIC OPERATION? 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Mass . 01760Dept.BlA REFURBISHED "SELECTRIC" ASCII TERMINAL FOR THE SMALL BUSINESSMAN OR SERIOUS HOBBYIST. The AJ 8411/0 terminal. Now available from dealers nationwide. Demand for our AJ 841 1/ 0 computer terminal has been great. And now it's getting even greater. So call your local computer shop dealer right away. Supply is limited! You may never have another opportunity like this one to buy your own professional terminal.The AJ 841 features:· Choice of serial RS 232 or parallel interface · ASCII code · 14.9 cps printout · High quality Selectric printing · Heavy-d uty Selectric mechanism · Off-line use as typewriterDocumentation included · 30-day warranty on parts and labor (details availableon request)Call toll-free now For location of your nearest AJ dealer, call toll-free : 800 I 538-9721California residents call 408/263-8520.-='I ANDERSON~JACOBSONCircle 207 on inquiry card.BYTE September 1980 289the entry point CKINT. The interrupt is then reset, and further clock inter rupts are inhibited by holding the clock line of the communication register unit low. Next, the interval timer is incremented, as is the rate counter . The rate counter is then compared to the basic clock frequen cy. If the result of the comparison isless then 0, interrupts are reenabled and the interrupted program re sumed. If the result is greater than or equal to 0, the rate counter is reset to O and the seconds counter is incre mented. The same process that was used for the rate counter is then ap plied to the seconds, minutes, and hours counters . Lastly, interrupts arereenabled and the interrupted pro gram resumed.Conclusion The method presented in this article will allow users a flexible and in expensive way to maintain the time of day on their personal computer with low software overhead.·Listing 1: Routines that keep tim e using th e real-time clock , written in assem bler for the 9900 m icroprocesso r.00000004 0004 0000 0006 00740000 0 000······················································· ·· THI S I S A REAL lIME CLOCK DRIVER PROGRAM FOR THE· TE XAS IN S TRUMENT ~ TM S9900 MICROPROCE SS OR.· WRITTEN BY: TOM G. MORRI S·861 ST. MARY AVE·SAN LEANDRO, CA 94577·· TD E:S. TABLI :S H THE COF.:RECT TIME OF DA Y, I :s::s:UE· A CALL TD STIM. E.G. BL ~ S TIM·DATA TOD·· WHERE TOD POINT S TO AN OUTLINE LI ST THAT· CONTAINS THE TIME OF DA Y IN THE FORMAT· TODHOUR S· TDD+l MINUTES· TOD+2 SECOt·JD :S:·· IF ANY OF THE VALUE S APE INVALID, THE TIME I S· SET TO MIDNIGHT ( OO:oo:OO) .·· TD DETAIN THE CORRECT TIME OF DAY, I SS UE· A CALL TO GTIM. E.G. BL ~GTIM·DATA TOD·· WHERE TOD POINT S TO AN OUTLINE LI ST WHERE THE· CORRECT TIME OF DAY WILL BE STORED. SEE ABOVE .·· AL SO AVAILABLE TO THE USER I S AN INTERVAL TIMER· THAT INCREMENTS AT THE INTERRUPT RATE, AND· I S RE SET BY A CALL TO STCLK. E.G. BL ~ S TCLK·· TO F.'EAD THE ItHEF.:VAL TIMER, I :S:S UE A CALL TO· RDCLI<. E. 1::; .·· THE CURRENT VALUE OF THE TIMER WILL BE RETURNED· IN THE USER S RO .························································· TITL / REAL TIME CLOCK DRIVER /RTCIDT·· DEFINE INTERRUPT VECTOR S· AOF.:1::; ··,. 0 0 04DATA RTCl,l:S:;woRK SPACE POINTERDATA CKHH;INTERRUPT HANDLER·+ DEFINE LINKING & REGI STER S· ROF.'. G + DREGListing 1 con tinued on page 292 290 September 1980 © BYTE Pub lications IncCircle 208 on inquiry card.Reliable BusinessBookkeepingSoftwareORDER ENTRYMICROSOFT CP/MB. PET, APPLE II , MICROPOLIS: $350/ea .GL, A/P, A/R, INVENTORY, PAYROLLTRS·80 MOD I: $100/ea. CBASIC-CP/Mi:t $200/ea. ATARI , PET , APPLE II , TRS·80 MOD II , MICRO POLIS, VECTOR, EXIDY , DYNABYTE, CROMEMCO, MICROSOFT CP/MR: $140/ea. They all work toget her'Buy simple, effective programs designed specifically for your machine. Call us once for same week delivery on a product you can use the day you receive it, and two years from now when your company is twice as big.Order today by UPS COD. We'll pay postage and handling on Am .Ex., Visa, Mastercharge, or pre paid orders.r.-- -- - 467 HAMILTON AVE. PALO ALTO, CA. 94301Circle 209 on inquiry card.TRS-80* EQUIPMENT16K MEMORY KITS $49.954116's 6 MONTH WARRANTY INSTRUCTIONS INCLUDEDDISK DRIVES40 TRACK - $325 2·DRIVE CABLE77 TRACK - $47524.95PRINTERSMICROTEK MT80P Bl-DIRECTIONAL 125 CPS UPPER & LOWER CASE 1 YEAR WARRANTY $695CABLE - 24.95DISKETTESMEMOREX OR BASF 10/ 26.50 YOUR SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR FULL REFUND MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES CORPORATION 7314 MATIHEWS·MINT HILL RD. CHARLOTIE NC 28212704-545-0826-- -- -- "TRADEMARK TANDY/RADIO SHACK CORP1~ SHOW AND FLEAMARKET - 80 I~ Saturday, Sept. 27 9·0 00 AM s·oo PM& Sunday, Sept. 28, 1980 10:00 AM - 4:00 PMI· · COMMERCIAL EXHIBITS ·· OUTDOOR FLEAMARKET · USER FORUMS ·'.1111RAIN OR SHINE'.1111I~HOLIDAY INN (North) CONVENTION CENTER at Newark International Airport(Exit 14 NJ Turnpike- Take Service Road)ADMISSION $4.00 in advance-$5.00 at Door1 ~~~ FOR REGISTRATION. EXHIBITOR OR FLEAMARKET INFORMATION CO NTA CT __~In::Rfj-- -~~~i.=:~.~~:.:.. -- ~-~- !Circle 210 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 291Listi11g 1 co11tinued :00 04 06 o:::: OA oc OE 3C 1 0 1:=-: 12 0 1 141··=-·· 0 00 01A02 03 040~506 07o::::09 OF20 2 0 04E 0 00OC 24 045f:0026 0026 C020 OOOC 0 02A 045B002C 0 02C C03f: 0 02E CC2 0 0 0OA0 032 CC2 0 0 0o::::00 :~:6 C420 0006 0 03A 045f:·· DEFINE ENTPY POINT S· DEF STCLK,PDCLK, STIM DEF 1::;TJM,Cl<.ItH·· THE FOLLOWING PARAMETER S WILL BE MAINTAINED· IN THE RTC WORK SPACE AREA (DE DICATED)·F' TC l.1.I :: : B:::::. 4 RATE f: ::.::: c-: SEC ::: f:: .::: c-:;RTC WORK SPACE i: NE XT 3 2 LDC ~ ) ; I tHEPNAL T1MEF.' ; ::.Ecmm:: MHE f: :::::: 2; MitKITES HR ::f: : :::: 2; HOUR : T!MER B: :::: 2; ItHEPVAL TI MEF.: c~I >: T"r'DATA 60;MINUTE S/S ECOND S CHECK TFOUR DATA 24 HEF.:TZ DATA 1; HOUR : : CHECI< ; : :ET TD I t'H. PATE i: 1, 1 o, t· O.oB: :::: 4; P 1 0-F.· 11DATA 0; F' 12 CPU f:A:: EB: ::: 6; p 13-F.:15·· THE FOLLOWING EQUIVALENCE S ARE USED· S INCE THE INTEPF'UPT HANDLING WORK SPACE· DVEPLA"r' S THE VA~IABLE STOPAGE APEA·>:'.P ATE EOU v=·. L..>=:::: EC S EOU F'.-·:-··; ItHEF'NAL T HlEF.: ; ::Ecmm::: :< Mit·E EOU P4; Mit'lUTE S :=< HF.::: EOU P5; HOUF.:::. >: TIMH'. EOU Rt.; I tHEF.'VAL TI MEF.· ::.;:::I >:'. TY EOU F.."I"'.';CLO CK CON STANT S>< TFOUF.: EOU p··'-=·' >:HEF.:TZ EOU p·:;.;INTEPPUPT FPEQUEN C"r' CLOCI< EOU 15; CLOCK CPU OFF SET ···· STCLK: PE SET THE INTERVAL TIMEP TO ZEPD·STCLK EOU $ CLP ;iJT I MEF.:; CLEAF.· TI MEF.: B ·F.:11;PETURN TO CALLER ···· RDCLK: PETUPN TIMEP VALUE TO CALLEP IN PO·F.:DCLI< EG·U $MDV ;iJT I MEF.:, F.: 0;PLACE TIMEP INTO ROf:·P 11;PETUPN TO CALLEP···· GTIM: GET THE TIME OF DAY·GTIM EOU $ MDV ·R 11+,F.:0;GET ADDP PNTP,PETUPN ADDR MDV ;iJHP :::' +F.:O+; :: TOF.:E HOUF.' S MDV :)Jt-1 IN:: , +F.·O+; : TORE MINUTE :: MDV ;)J :S:Ec:::, ·R 0; :: TORE :::Ecmm ::: f:·P 11;RETURN TO CALLER ·· STIM: SET THE TIME OF DA Y·AL SO, ENABLE THE REALListing 1 continued on page 294292 Sep tembe r 1980 © BYTE Publ ications IncCircle 211 on inqu iry card .Circle 212 on inquiry card .~ MYCHESS ~I; ~11 ·;!\y&~!~ ~Winner of 5th West Coast$150 APPLE-TIME~ LComputer FaireFor Your APPLE ... The Ultimate -Micro-Chess TournamentMYCHESS3112Atari2112Atari2Boris/Sargon 2.5lV2Voice Challenger1USCF rating 1568 (June Supplement) fro m ove r 60 rat ed gam es - hi ghest ever any micro-program.eZSO Assembly program eWill display best lin e of play ·Searc hes on oppon ent's time eOver 850 opening moves ·Tournament time contro l eWill print game out when overeWill save game on disk for later play·S et up any position · 9 level s of play - Will solve anymate-in-5 problemAvailable for CP/ M®. COOS"'. North Star"' . (CP/ M"'. DOS"') $50.00 CLOCK/CALENDAR BoardMORE FEATURES FOR LESS· 12 or 24 HR Format · Perpetual Calendar MM DD VY · Crystal Controlled Time Base · Ultra Fast Time/Date Setting · 4 Interrupts Available · Months Of On-Board Battery---,. ,· -"' -- BackupSet it & forget it. .....- """""MANY MORE FEATURESTSRSO & 5100 MODFI S AVAii AEHTSRBO is a Trademark of Radio Shack a Div. of Tandy Corp . -Apple is a Trademark of Apple Computer Inc.,....---t~ ::::\, Cp o0mBpoux/T5i3m43eDealer Inquires. ..._-_____Computer Services Huntington Beach . Ca 92646 (7 14) 536-5000 l I2431 Lyvona Anchorage, AK 99502 Makers Of Quality Low Cost I ,Microcomputer Components ~CP/M®1 - based Business Software for TRS-80®2 computers on .... . . the fastest Mod-II CP/M with the most features!!!· Over 610,000 bytes/disk · Downloading package included · 1,200 baud operation of serialprinters without data loss · Single drive backupMOD-II CP/M .... . . ... ...... .. $250.00· Mixed single/double density on any of 4 drives (even a 1-drive system)· Ultra-fast disk operation · Emulation of cursor addressing forany of several "dumb" CRTsMOD·I CP/M .... . ............. $150.00· Auto-LF printer support & ASCII top-of-form software (LPlll)· Supplemental document describing our implementation· User-settable function keysCBASIC2" 3 (Mod I or 11) ........ $11 0 .00The following software for Mod-II CP/M only unless otherwise stated (*-requires CBASIC2):RM/COBOL<>4 - Only COBOL for CP/M with alternate keys (multi- MAGIC WAND" 5 - Full-feature word processing, true proportional key JSAM), CRT screen handling, interactive debug, Z80 code.and spacing, file merging, and use of full-screen editor for sourcethe most useful Level 2 features. Compatible with Tandy'sprograms or data .. .... .... ........ . ..................... $400.00COBOL-but runs faster! .... ........ . ... .... ... . . .. ... $495.00 RPA(Residential Property Analysis)· Analyzes income and expense,PMS (Property Management System) - Interactive, menu-driven financing, taxes, inflation and depreciation on home, condo, orsystem includes full G/L, budgeting, cash journal, delinquency apartments over a user.-selectable time: Shows payoff in terms oflist, tenant activity/rent roll , complete audit trail and reportsROI, Cap rate, cash-on-cash. Amort1zat1on schedules and*on vacancies, lost rent, and vendors ........ .. ...... . $650.00*demo disk & manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...75. ·00·APH (Automated Patient History) · General-purpose question-worksheet · ·: · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. $300.00 demo disk & manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.00*RBC (Rent/Buy Comparison) - Sales or investment tool to compare renting and savings account investment vs. purchasing a particularasking, answer-printing system furnished as self-administered * property ................................................. $250.00*rev1ew-of-systemsgeneralpat1enth1story(Mod-lalso) ... $175.00demo disk & manual........... ............... ... .. 35.00*Osborne & Assoc. CBASIC source programs (Mod-I also):Payroll w/Cost Accounting ........................... $250.00* General Ledger w/Cash Journal ... .. ... . .... . ... . ..... $250.00* Accts. Payable/Accts. Receivable ...... . ... . ...... $250.00* O&A CBASIC Books (ea.) ..... . .......................... $ 20.00~tim ® 6 media: (Qty. 100 prices)51/·" single density ...................... ... ... . .... . . $2.50 ea. 8" single density . . ....................... . ............. $ 3.00 ea.e "' 8" certified double density ... .............. ... ....... $4.00 ea. 450' tape cartridges .. .... .. ......... . ................. $20.00 ea.~~~~~l!- l.!,. LS~~ NRegistered trademark of: 1Digital Research· 2Tandy Corp. e3compiler Systems, Inc.~Distributed in U.K. by:l?\'j Microcomputer Applications Ltd.LS 8041 Newman Ave., Suite 208"4 Ryan-McFarland Corp.11, Riverside Court,Huntington Beach, CA 92647· 5small Business Applications, Inc.Caversham, Reading, England(714) 848-1922esverbatim Corp.TEL: (0734) 470425BYTE September 1980 293Listing 1 co 11tir11.1ed:o:::: c o::::c c o::::B 03E ::::: :::: 1 (I 042 141 1 044 c:::::::::o 04:;:: ::::::::: 1 0 04C 14UC 04E c::::::~:n 0:12 :::::::: 1 0 U56 14 07(15:=: c::::: 1 0O":·C O":·C 04CC O":·E 04E 0 062 1DOF 064 (145f: 066 066 04E 0 06A 04EO 06E 04E 0 072 1 OF 4001 (I OOOA OOOE(I 0 o::::(100E (I 0 06(1004A :=-: 6074074 lECIF 076 o~.:=:.:.(17:=: (1~1:=:207A :::::24207C 11 ODO?E 04C2 o::::: 0 05::::: :=: 0::::2 :::::1 c::::0:::::4 11 o·::i0:::::6 o4c :=: 0::::: ::::: 0":· :::: 4o:::::A :::::1C4o:::::c 11 (15o:::::E 04C4o o·~o~.:=;~.o·;.2 ::::2 os(1'?4 1 1 (I 1o·;i;:. 04C5o·;i::::: lDOF 09A o::::::::: 00 09C· ·~ T 11'1TIME CLDCI<. ·EOU MDV c _IHEMDV c JHE MD\I I --JHE$ ·F'l 1+, F' (I ·F: 0, ;iJTFDUF' CLERF: ·F.: O+, ;iJHF.: :S: +F' (I, ;).I S I ><1 Y CLERF' ·F: O+,;iiMitE ·F: o, ;i1 :~: I >< T '{CLERF'GET ADDF.: PNTR,RETUF.:N ADDR CHECI< HDUP. :S: INVALID, CLEAR CLDCI< :s:ET THE HDUR :s: CHECI< MI tiUTE:S: INVALID, CLEAR CLDCI< :~: ET THE MI NUTE:S: CHECI< :s: ECDND :s: INVALID, CLEAR CLDCI< MD\I ·F' o, ;ii :S. EC::S::s:ET THE :s:Ecmrn s F.:TF:t·iEOU CLF' CLF.:~: f:Of:$ F' 12 ;).IF' A T E CLDCI< +F' l 1; PRE :S:ET CRU BA:S:E ;INITIALIZE RATE ;ENABLE REAL TIME CLDCI< ;RETUF'N TD CALLER CLERF' EOU $ CLP ;))HF: :S:;CLEAR OUT THE CLDCI< CLF: ;>1r·1IrE CLF: ;).ls:Ec :s: JMP F.:TF.:t·i;ENABLE CLDCI<., RETURN·· THI S I S THE MAIN INTERRUPT HANDLING SECTION.· HEF.:E THE TIME OF DAY I S KEPT, ALONG WITH THE· INTERVAL·Cl< I rH ECllJSf:ZmeI t'iC C._IL TCLF.: I rKcTIMER ·$ CLDCI< :< TI MER ><F:ATE XF.: ATE, XHERTZD I:S:l ' E ><R ATE ::-:: :s:E c:s: >:::S:E C:S: , >:: :s: I :=< T\' ; DI :S ABLE .." RES:ET ;UPDATE TIMER ;INCREMENT INTERVAL ;cHECI< AGAINST FREQ. ; D I:S: MI :s: :S: ItH ; F:E:S:ET F:ATE ; :sEcmrn :s: courn _IL TCLR 1 r·1ccDI S M :~: :-:: :s:Ec :s:>: M1 r·1:s><MI r·c ' >=::s: I :=< TY ; F:E:S:ET :s: Ecotrns: ; MI r·iUTE :S. CDUtH JLTCLRIt'iCcDI :S:M:S >: MI ti :S :=< HR :S: >< HR :S: , >< TFDUR ; RE:SET MititlTE S: ; HDUF::s: coutn JLT DI :S:M:S CLR :=< HR :S:; RE :s: ET HDUR:s: EOU $ :s:BO CLDCI<PTl.1.IP·;ENABLE INTERRUPTS ;RETURN TD INT. LDC · 01)74 Cl< ItH ·0012 HERTZ · 0 0 OA Rl (Il::·I::· CLE AF' OH Hi;< : Of: Rl 1OF CLDCI< 0 ::::: MltE (II-- R12··:.-:=: DI :S: r·E00 RO OD R 1:=:· · ·2C 1::;T IM01 R 1 OE F.:14· 0 OOF F' 1502 p. ·L=.·o:::: F····-:··04 F'.4O~· F'5(I 0 U6 F.'6· 0 026 RDCLK OUOE ..c;:. I >=: T \· ·07 F·''" 0 0 F:1C 2 0 :s:TCLI<·o::::: p.·C-·· 0 0 RTCl,_l :S: :=:c :S: T IMo·::i F'. '? ~.c F:TRN 1 0 TFDUF'(14 PATE o;:. :s:Ec :s: oc T IMEF:o o o·::i ><HERTZo~. >< HF· :s(14 :=< MitE02 :=<F:ATEo:::: >:::s:EC S(1007 >=::s: I >< TY0 ::-: >=:TFDUF'.06 ><TI MEROUTPUT F:EAD\' ·-;.·Listing 1 continued on page 296294 Sep tember 1980 © BYTE Pub lica tio ns In cCircle 2.13 on inqu iry card .Circle 214 on inquiry card .WE CAN'T WAIT FOR EVERYONE ELSE TO CATCH UP!While other software dealers only promise TAX SOFTWARE in the future - CPAids has it NOW! And we've even added more schedules! MASTER TAX PACKAGE: Schedules - A, B, C, D, E, F. G, R/RP, SE , TC , ES .Forms - 2106 , 2119 , 2210 , 3468 , 3903, 2441 , 4625 , 4726 , 4797 , 4792, 5695, 6521.Available on North Star and most CPI M compatable 8" soft sector computers.Trust CPAids , the people who started it all. Like you , we just couldn 't wait any longer.Call Toll Free 800-321-24301640 Franklin Ave . · Kent, Ohio 44240· Finally, a company spec ial izing in software for the APPLE l I or l I Plus and only APPLES! All your software shopping can now be done under ONE ROOF at TREMENDOUS SAVINGS! Because we sell software and only software , we rece ive discounts from ALL major Suppliers, such as :HAYDENCREATIVE COMPUTING PERSONAL SOFTWAREPROGRAM MA MICROSOFTand MANY OTHERSand WE CAN PASS THESE SAVINGS ONTO YOU, the APPLE USER!If you are tired of page thumbing looking for APPLE programs, and want the best prices on ALL programswritten for the APPLE, send for our FREE 40-page catalog and a $1 coupon good towards your first order orcall us for our price on any APPLE program written and order by phone. MIC, VISA, BankAmericard accepted .IF WE HAVEN'T GOT IT, IT HASN'T BEEN WRITTEN!!'Trademark of APPLE Computers Inc .Software Concepts948 Danvers Ave., Westerville, OH 43081(614) 882-8007Hours: 10AM·9PM Weekdays 12Noon·5PM Saturdays Closed SundaysNEW PRODUCTSLo-Res Graphics Pads Verbatim 5" Diskettes CASTLE ADVENTURE!$ 1.75/ea. $ 2.65/ea.(Ouan 1) $17.95/diskCircle 215 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 295List ing 1 co ntinued:OOOOORTCA000090004COOOOC0074AOOOEB003CB0018B0001A0018BOOOOA00207FlF6FB04EOCOOOCB045BBC020COOOCB045BBC03BBCC20COOOABCC20C0008BC420C00067F170FB045BBC03BB8810C0010B1411BC830COOOAB8810COOOEB140CBC830C0008B88107F1ABFCOOOEB1407BC810C0006B04CCB04EOC0004B1DOFB045BB04EOCOOOAB04EOC00087F18FFB04EOC0006B10F4B1EOFB0586B0582B8242B110DB04C2B0583B81C3Bl109B04C37F193FB0584B81C4B1105B04C4B0585B8205B1101B04C5B1DOFB038050074CKINT 5002CGTIM 7EFD8F50026RDCLK 50020STCLK 5003CSTIM 0009l7F610FED I T/ A:SM .·· LDAD?Listing 2: A program to demonstrate the use of the real-time clock.······················································· ·· DEMON STRATION PROGRAM FDR THE+ TIME OF DAY CLOCK ROUTINE·+ WRITTEN BY: TOM G. MORRI S+861 ST. MARY AVE+SAN LEANDRO. CA 94577·+ DEMON STRATES THE USAGE+ OF THE RTC SOFTWARE·· ······················································ ·TITL ' RTC DEMONSTRATION'0000 0000E>=:IDT IDT·· DEFINE LINKING & REGI S TER S· RDF.:G +0000DF.:EG·+ DEFINE EXTERNALS & ENTRY· REF STCLK.RDCLKREF :s:TIM.GTIM2D48 2D880000REF RTC.DID· DEF E>=:MPL·Dlf'iD:O< DP 5DDUT D::<DP 6·+ STORAGE FDR TIME OF DAY·HF.::s: e :ss 2: DEC I MAL If'iPUT :DECIMAL OUTPUT; HDUF.::s:0002 0004MI~E f:S :S 2 SEC:S: B:s::s: 2; MIf'iUTE :S: ; S:EC rn-111 s:0006000:::: ODOR 00 OOB ODOR OOD 4~·4E ~.445TIO::= B:ss 2: ItHERVAL TI MEF.'·+ TE >< T :S TDF.'AGE·CRLF f:YTE > OD, > OA· 0ME ::;:s: oBYTE TEXT> OD, > OA ' ENTER TIMEOFDA Y(HH:MM:S S)°' '01 1 5220 5449015 4D45 204F019 4620 4441OlD 5''.:120 2848J021 483A 4D4DListing 2 continued on page 298296 September 1980 © BYTE Publications IncCircle 216 on inquiry card.AIVIV0 UIVCIIVG:IVEW!MICROSTATA complete statistics package for business, scientific, education and research work. No other package has the features of MICROSTAT. For example:· File oriented with COMPLETE editing · A Data Management Subsystem for editing, sort ing, ranking, lagging, data file transfers PLUS 11 data transformations (e.g., linear, reciprocal, exponential. etc.) · Frequency distributions · Simple and multiple regression · Time series (including exponential smooth ing) · 11 Non-parametric tests · Crosstabs/Chi-square · Factorials (up to 1,000,000!), permutations, combinations · 8 Probability distributions · Scatterplots ·Hypothesis test (Mean, proportion) ·AN OVA (one and two-way) · Correlation · Plus many other unique featuresUsers manual: $10.00 (credited towards purchase)and includes sample data and printouts. Uses NORTH STAR BASIC 32K of memory, one or two diskdrives (2 recommended). Printer optional. Price: $200.00·ECOSOFTPhone ordersP.O. Box 68602(317) 253-6828Indianapolis, IN 46268Circle 217 on inquiry card.FLOPPY DISK FACTORY DIRECT FLOPPY DISK FACTOa:0ufTI-<0<l:TILL~ UJ.,nm-l0r>0Q.lJQ.0l-<J.....I LL· Buy factory direct from the manufacturer of floppy disks0uwaf: Cisold exclusively under other well-known brand names.·Save distribution costs on reversible 5.25" floppy disks, which are 1ODD/a certified for 40 track, dual side, double density and all other standard applications..,nl>-la>:0uf· 500fa savings on 5.25" floppy disks with new factory direct 2.2 megabyte capacity "Diskit".· Factory-direct "Diskit'', includes twelve floppy disks and accessories, plus a head cleaner disk and solution0TI-<0<l:LL~ UJpackaged in a bookcase binder for easy access , handling and ~torage . "Diskit" complete for the introductory price of only $49.50 plus $2.50 freight and handling.Normal price $59.50. Order now and save $10.00TI.,nm-lCi[CA residents add 6 1/20/a sales tax).r>Q. Q.0·Available in hard and soft sector configurations ; when ordering indicate number of sectors 1, 10 or 16.·Send check or money order to:0lJl-<J.....I LLuwaf:0a>:0Factory Direct0 []jP.O. Box 60759 Sunnyvale, CA 940BB.7,'For VISA or MasterCard call toll-freeln>(8001 824-7888-lIn Calif. morn 852- 7777 In Alaska & Hawaii morn 824-79190-T<IufAsk for Operator 980<l:TI::l >1810Add0l::l1:J3!:!10 A!:!Ol:J'if::l >1810 AddOl::l l:J mOmikron's Mapper+ NEWDOS/80 8"Drives for the TRS-80 NEWDOS/80 is Apparat's latest upgrade to NEWDOS. Features include variable leng1h records, chaining, and drivers specifically con· figured for Omikron's MAPPER II. $150.MAPPER II adapts the TRS·80 to run both 5" and 8" drives. With NEWDOS/ 80, storage is increased to 300K per 8" drive. $99 plus $10 per cable connector.MAPPER I adapts the TRS-80 to run the vast. library of CP/M software as well as the TRS-80 software. All Lifeboat Software may be ordered for the MAPPER I. All MAPPER I CP/M soft ware is compatible with the CP/ M for the Model II. With MAPPER II and 8" drives, the Model I becomes disk compatible with the Model II.Standard features include lower case support, serial and parallel printer drivers, and an ad dressable cursor. MAPPER I is supplied with complete utilities including a memory test, a disk test, a copy program, and a proprietary program for converting TRS-DOS files to CP/M files. $199.WORD PROCESSING-MAPPER I supports professional word processors like the Magic Wand and Word Star (see reviews in June 80 Kilobaud). Omikron's implementation includes a blinking cursor, auto repeat, shift lock, de bouncing, and an input buffer that eliminates missed characters. Magic Wand super discount price $299.FIELD PROVEN DESIGNS-After one year of MAPPER production, Omikron has established an impeccable reputation for reliability, integrity, and user support. Omikron's customers include the US Government, major corporations, uni versities, medical doctors, and professionals in all fields.SYSTEMS-Omikron sells complete systems featuring Model II compatible Shugart disk drives. Call for prices and delivery.FOREIGN ORDERS must include full payment in US funds plus $25 for air shipping and handling.See review in July 80 BYTE By Jerry Pournelle.'CP/ M is a TM of Digita l Resea rch. TR S-80 is a TM of Tandy Corporati on .Circle 218 on inquiry card . ·Listing 2 co ntin ued :0025 0 02·;.002B 002C 002E 00:32 0 0:3E. 00:3A oo3 E 0042 0046 004A 004E 004F 00:. 3 0057 o o:.B 005F o oi::. :~: 0 06 7 oo.-:.·;. 00.::.7:3A~·:3 5:32'3t 20:3F 00 ODOA 5448 4520 4E55 4It42 4~152 204F 4E0 20 5449 434!: 5 3 20 454C 4150 ~. 3 4:, 4420 4·:;.5 3 3 A2 000 2041 4E44 2054 4845 2043 4F525245 43!'.:·42054 4·;.4n 45c: O 4·;.5 3:~: A2000OE.AOE.A OE.A ft 3 00 0 (I (I (IOE.E 02E 0 00It6 072 OE.AO 0 OCA O?E. 0 0 OI: 0 7 ::: 2It6 0 (I (I (I 0 07 C 2It60 (I 0 02 o::: (I 2D6 (I 0 (I 040:::4 OE.AO OO CAo:::::: ooo:::o:::Ao ::: E09 0o·;.4OE.AO0 0 0 0OE.A 003 oo(I (I 0 0(1(1(10 (I 001o·;.:::o·;.::: o·;.A O':'!E OA 0 OA4 CtAE. OAA OAC OAE Of:2 OB4 OI: ::: OB C OC 0 OC4 OC:::2C40 OE.A 0 C140 OE.A 0 0(t0 0 OE.A 0 0 02C 2D::::, OE.AO 0 04F 2DAO 2CAO 2ItA 0 2CA 0 2DAO 1 OE70 0 0 00000OOCA0 OCA(I 0 (I (I (I 067 0002 006 7 (I (I 040 OCAME SS lBYTE 0 BYTE > OD, > OA TE XT ' THE NUMBER OF TICK S ELAP SED I S :B\'TE 0 ME SS 2 TE XT AND THE CORRECT TIME I S :B\'TE (ICOLOt-1 E1~1U $-3·· ·PROGF.:AM BEt::; H EE ".·'El'iHEF.:EE>:MPL ECJIJ $ LIMI (ILl.o.IP I MYl.·J:S:BL ;iJTYPE DATA ME :~s oIt Hi ;iJHF.· :sIt IN ;iJMltEIt Hi ;;:i :s:EC :s:BL .i1T YPE DATA CF.'LF· BL ;)J :S:T IMDATA HF.::s: BL ;)J :S:TCLI<·l.o.IAITLIMI 1EC1U $mp (II:L ;iJF.:DCLI<:.MDV PO, R5I:L ;iJGT IMDATA HF.·:s:BL ;iJTYPEDATA ME :s::s: 1ItOUT F.:5 BL ;iJTYPE DATA ME :s::s: 2 ItOUT ;JIHR:s:OUT ;>1COLOl'i DOUT ;iJM I N:s:OUT ;iJCOLON DOUT ;iJ :S:EC:S:._IMP l.1.IAIT ·+ TYPE THE ME SSAGE POINTED+ TD BY THE RETURN ADDRE SS·TYPE EOU $;INHIBIT INTERRUPTS ;GET A WORK SPACE ;GET TIME OF DA Y ; HOUF.::s ; MHiUTE :s: ; :s:ECDNIC ; I :s::s:UE l'iEl,t LI NE ; SET THE TIME OF DA Y ;ZERO THE INTERVAL TIMER ;ALLOW LEVEL 1 INTERRUPTS ; 1.o.IA IT FOF.: INPUT ; PEAD THE TI MEF.: ; :s:AVE THE VALUE ;READ THE CLOCK ;PRINT ' THE NUMBER OF TICK S ··· ';PRINT ' AND THE CORRECT ··· ' ; PR I NT HOUF.::s ; PF: I NT MI NUTE :S ; PR nn :s:ECONit :s: Listing 2 continued on page 300298 September 1980 © BYTE Publications In cCircle 219 on inquiry card.What TECO* does for minis, TED will do for your micro.Like TECO *, TED is a character-oriented editor thatgives you everything you 'd expect. Plus, you get manythings you wouldn 't expect.II> 36 command/ text buffers II> 32-entry push-down stack II> Sophisticated macrosTED and user manual $90Manual alone$20Coupon furni shed withII> Conditional & iterativemanuals purchasedcommand execution II> Conditional & absolutebranchingseparately wo rth $20 towards purchase of TED.II> Multiple open filesYou 'll also find some elegant enhancements amongTED 's 90-plus commands.TED 's compatible with Z-80*-based systemssupporting standard CP / M* . We recommend at least24K bytes RAM . TED 's supplied on CP I M*-compatible8-inch disks.SENDFORFREECOMMANDSUMMARY8'small system designPO. BOX 4546 MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE 03108 TELEPHONE 603-432-7929'TECO® D1g1tat Equipmen t Corp . Z-80 " Z1log Inc. CP / M ® D1g1 tal Resea rch IncCircle 220 on inquiry card .CATCH THE S-100 INC. BUS!Integral Data - " Paper Tiger" 440-G Printer u/lc w/GraphicsS.D. Systems PROM 100 Programmer KitS.D. Systems Z-80 Starter KitGodbout .Econoram X-32 " Unkit"Godbout 3P&S Interfacer " Unkit "LIST PRICEDUR SPECIALCASH PRICE1195.00 950 .00200 .00 340.00 599.00 199 .00* 171 .00 * 275.00 512 .00170 .00· included free with every S. D. Systems board is an additional $25 .00 manufacturer's rebate coupon .Subject to Available Quantities · Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts . Shipping & Insurance Extra .We carry all major lines such as S.D. Systems, Cromemco, Ithaca lntersystems, North Star,Sanyo, ECT, TEI, Godbout, Thinker Toys, Hazeltine, IMC For a special cash price, telephone us.Hours : Mon .-Fri. 10 A.M.-6 P.M.Bus .. .. ... S- ~ (] (] "·nC.Address . . . .. 7 White PlaceClark, N.J. 07066Interface . . .. 201-382-1318COMING SOON:P~ISMT.M. Circle 221 on inquiry card.The CompleteIntormation ·__....---ManagementSystem ·ar. Busin.es.sAnother Business Solution From:(nnAG) MICRO APPLICATIONS GROUP 7300 CALDUS AVENUE VAN NUYS, CA 91406Circle 222 on inquiry card .BYTE September 1980 299Listing 2 contin ued :0 OCH Co:::::E:0 OCCMD'..IT\'F'E 1 EOUF'AGE- 3 PTC DEMDNSlPATIDN·F.:11+, F.:O$;GET POINTEROOCC D070 OOCE 1601 OODO 045B 0 OD2 0 OD2 2C:?. 1 OOD4 lOFBoon.:.0 OF 6T'i'F'E2·M\'l.1.l:S:·MD\IB ·F.:(I+' F.:1 JtlE T\' F'E2 E: ·P 11 EOU $ OUT Pl ._IMF' T\'F'ElEtlD;GET A CHARACTER ; HULL I S HlD ;F'PINT THE CHAPACTEP; 11.IOF.: ~::S F'ACE t=tF.·Et=tt::· ( COLONo::: CF.:LF ·2D48 DIti· 00 E>: IDT · 6A E>:: MPL OOA2 ·::iTIM· 00 DID 00 HP :S:·2D:::::: DDUT0 0 OB ME :s::s o2C ME :S: :~; 14F ME :S::S: 2 0002 MHED6 M\'1..J :S:I) (I u0 F:: I)01 R1· OH P 1 0· OE P 14· OF F.:1505 P5· 06 P6·:,.c F.:DCLI< · 0 0 F.:TCOO OB Rll ·0002 F.:2 ·0007 F.?0 O04 :S: EC:S:· · ·01-- P1 203o:::p···:-·· p· ·'=-·''32 :STCLK·OOOD